Artemisia halodendron is a dominant species of desert vegetation and an important sand-fixed plant in northeastern China. In this study, inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers were applied to investigate the genetic diversity and differentiation of five natural populations of A. halodendron . A total of 230 bands were amplified by 12 ISSR primers, of which 226 were polymorphic. Percentage of polymorphic bands (PPB) and Shannon‘s phenotypic diversity index ( Ho ) were respectively 98.26% and 0.329 6 at the species level,and 61.22% and 0.285 3 at the population level, showing a high level of genetic diversity. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that 90.1% of the total genetic diversity occurred within populations. Based on the clustering analysis(UPGMA), the five populations were divided into two groups: the Hulunbuir Sandy Land group and the Horqin Sandy Land group. The Mantel test showed that genetic distance was significantly positively correlated with geographical distance.
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