在秦岭南坡中山地带天然林分布区选择火地沟流域,分别对流域内大气降水、林内雨、枯透水、壤中流、支沟溪流水和流域出口径流重金属Cd,Pb,Mn和Zn质量分数进行2年的测试,采用比较和变化机制分析的方法,就森林生态系统对降水中重金属的作用进行研究。结果表明: 降水通过森林生态系统形成流域出口径流,Cd,Pb质量分数分别降低0.721和6.482 μg· kg-1,Mn,Zn 分别降低0.012 8 和1.467 4 mg·kg-1,降雨输入的Cd,Pb,Mn,Zn有90%以上被吸附固定; 从降水到林内雨再到枯透水,Cd,Pb,Mn,Zn质量分数依次降低,壤中流Cd,Pb,Mn质量分数有不同程度上升,Zn则降低,溪流水Cd,Pb,Mn质量分数急剧降低,但Zn则上升,流域出口径流Cd,Pb,Mn,Zn质量分数均有不同程度上升; 降雨径流过程中,林冠层对Cd,Pb质量分数的阻减量分别为0.697和6.194 μg·kg-1,对Mn,Zn分别为0.008 9和1.476 3 mg·kg-1,构成阻减重金属元素的关键层次,其次为枯枝落叶层。
This study was conducted in a small watershed of Huodigou, which is a part of natural forest region located at a medium altitude on the south-facing slopes of the Qinling Mountains. Water samples were collected from rainfall, throughfall, litter drainage, subsurface flow, stream water in the tributaries within the watershed, and flow water at the watershed outlet for two years. The samples were analyzed for Cd, Pb, Mn and Zn mass fractions. The effects of different components of the forest ecosystem in the watershed on heavy metals in water during the rainfall-runoff process were studied with comparisons and mechanistic analyses. The results showed that Cd, Pb, Mn and Zn mass fraction decreased by 0.721 μg·kg-1, 6.482 μg·kg-1, 0.012 8 mg·kg-1 and 1.467 4 mg·kg-1, respectively, and input of Cd, Pb, Mn and Zn through rainfalls was immobilized over 90% by the forest ecosystem. Cd, Pb, Mn and Zn mass fractions decreased stepwise with the rainfalls through out the canopy and the litter. In subsurface flow, Cd, Pb and Mn mass fractions increased while Zn mass fraction decreased. In tributary stream water, Cd, Pb and Mn mass fraction decreased sharply but Zn increased. In flow water at the watershed outlet, Cd, Pb, Mn and Zn mass fraction increased in varying extent. The canopy reduced Cd, Pb, Mn and Zn mass fraction by 0.697 μg·kg-1, 6.194 μg·kg-1, 0.008 9 mg·kg-1 and 1.476 3 mg·kg-1, respectively, and therefore was a crucially important layer of the forest ecosystem for reducing the heavy metals in water during the rainfall-runoff processes, followed by the litter layer.
全 文 :! !"" ! ###
$ % % &$ ## %
& ’ ( )
’()*+,)- ’)./-* ’)+)(-*
/012!"*+02##
+034*
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
$ % % &
\]W|~&‘y&
’,-#1$15
B#2 %&E&([F)e};6)P 8! 6#$#%%2$2 S%\]y&
! "# m\]&
\l"/W9/;+zZ/LQ; (7*89*:;9 <;J>d"gh $$?i’*TUTx93423dK?~l*
Jy&
A #*:;*<; deI/ %2%#$ > 9 #2!=6 ! B?{@?A #*IC#q? (7*89*:;*<;
q &%CgHX3$/{2?IW@&BCu@gLW*(7*89*:;*<;J>d"aCI/*1A/ (7*89*:;J>d
"q+,I8H:*<;gI/*"/W (7*89*:;J>d"=>I/*\ <;gH:*/;+zZ/ (7*89*:;*<;J
>d"(q+,I8H:2ICZ/bIA*&ptZ (7*89J>d"?O_>de# %2=&69=2#&!!?{@?
A #*Z
:;*<;de# %2%%> &9 #2!6= 5 B?{@?A #*$/O_LQ;A}?@&tC*5C#g^IJts
$%&x y&
NOP#x$%%> A #$ A $!s
IQRSx%&E&([F)&1IQRSB%>%>%$#"S2TU&’qLM(5RSB$%%#D%!Ss
!""#$%& ’" (’)#&% !$’&*&%#+ ’, -#./* 0#%.1& 2, 3.%#) 45)2,6 %7# 8.2,".11D85,’""
9)’$#&& 2, %7# -5’42%.,6 (’)#&% :)#. ’" %7# ;2,12,6 0’5,%.2, 8.,6#
$2 =1-#1-% 4,31"-,# 9"*$(3 /+"(;(3$2 ’$($,*+5 >3,31"- <,-%#1-% 6#$#%%2
52 ?$; @,A &"* 7%*1+)#3)*,# ’$(")*+$( ,-. /-01*"-2$-3,# ’$2$.1,31"- 1- @"$(( B#,3$,) "& 7%*1+)#3)*$ C1-1(3*; <,-%#1-% 6#$#%%S
:<&%).$%x ,EHI IJK7L MFI N0;7KNJG7 H; F IBF11 MFJGOIEG7 0P QK07H?0K*MEHNE HI F RFOJ 0P ;FJKOF1 P0OGIJ OG?H0; 10NFJG7 FJ F
BG7HKB F1JHJK7G 0; JEG I0KJEDPFNH;? I10RGI 0P JEG SH;1H;? :0K;JFH;I 4 TFJGO IFBR1GI MGOG N011GNJG7 PO0B OFH;PF11*JEO0K?EPF11*
1HJJGO 7OFH;F?G*IK9IKOPFNG P10M*IJOGFB MFJGO H; JEG JOH9KJFOHGI MHJEH; JEG MFJGOIEG7*F;7 P10M MFJGO FJ JEG MFJGOIEG7 0KJ1GJ P0O
JM0 LGFOI 4 ,EG IFBR1GI MGOG F;F1LUG7 P0O (7*89*:; F;7 <; BFII POFNJH0;I 4 ,EG GPPGNJI 0P 7HPPGOG;J N0BR0;G;JI 0P JEG P0OGIJ
GN0ILIJGB H; JEG MFJGOIEG7 0; EGF3L BGJF1I H; MFJGO 7KOH;? JEG OFH;PF11DOK;0PP RO0NGII MGOG IJK7HG7 MHJE N0BRFOHI0;I F;7
BGNEF;HIJHN F;F1LIGI 4 ,EG OGIK1JI IE0MG7 JEFJ (7* 89* :; F;7 <; BFII POFNJH0; 7GNOGFIG7 9L %26$#!?{@?
A #*
=2!>$!?{@?
A #*%2%#$ > B?{@?A # F;7 #2!=6 ! B?{@?A #*OGIRGNJH3G1L*F;7 H;RKJ 0P (7*89*:; F;7 <; JEO0K?E OFH;PF11I
MFI HBB09H1HUG7 03GO &%C 9L JEG P0OGIJ GN0ILIJGB4 (7*89*:; F;7 <; BFII POFNJH0;I 7GNOGFIG7 IJGRMHIG MHJE JEG OFH;PF11I
JEO0K?E 0KJ JEG NF;0RL F;7 JEG 1HJJGO 4 ); IK9IKOPFNG P10M*(7*89 F;7 :; BFII POFNJH0;I H;NOGFIG7 MEH1G <; BFII POFNJH0;
7GNOGFIG74 ); JOH9KJFOL IJOGFB MFJGO*(7*89 F;7 :; BFII POFNJH0; 7GNOGFIG7 IEFOR1L 9KJ <; H;NOGFIG74 ); P10M MFJGO FJ JEG
MFJGOIEG7 0KJ1GJ*(7*89*:; F;7 <; BFII POFNJH0; H;NOGFIG7 H; 3FOLH;? GVJG;J 4 ,EG NF;0RL OG7KNG7 (7*89*:; F;7 <; BFII
POFNJH0; 9L %2=&6!?{@?
A #*=2#&!!?{@?
A #*%2%%> & B?{@?A # F;7 #2!6= 5 B?{@?A #*OGIRGNJH3G1L*F;7 JEGOGP0OG MFI F
NOKNHF11L HBR0OJF;J 1FLGO 0P JEG P0OGIJ GN0ILIJGB P0O OG7KNH;? JEG EGF3L BGJF1I H; MFJGO 7KOH;? JEG OFH;PF11DOK;0PP RO0NGIIGI*
P0110MG7 9L JEG 1HJJGO 1FLGO 4
=#* >’)4&x P0OGIJ GN0ILIJGB2OFH;PF11DOK;0PP RO0NGII2EGF3L BGJF12GPPGNJ
F‘dLQ;ji<‘r~py\?A}*w
m<=_B!^spqLQ;:bY{>(Zt_
q}*cu5mWAJ>d"?-/ZWJqii
ZL~?+,sp;Q;%&I*’NoU?KZ
Fo;6?(j*-oA?LQ;hFoIWgq
y&
’+BZjT(Mr0vlA@L~?y&W}R
#?qX{@A*NzTU;6.L‘-Xd@_
?,’s
S-*TB]@;y&
GA}s#YCq2c_*ZFoIW#q9y&
/;+zZ/#+?LQ;J>d"ghTxd
K*g*wy&
;?+,4523B()*+, !" #$ -*#$$.2g!VK*
!"".2/*01*202 !" #$ -*!"""2345 !" #$ -*#$$’2^ ‘
)ZK*#$$#26478*94 !" #$ -*#$$:Ss"y&
A}B‘0-m^Z?34ef*Z;Q1LQ;
(j?;6r&NV<=q*2+J&ptgh@
A*g]l!8+,WALQ;J>d"?@&t
CsJ|g\]W|~&‘MW&
o5IWALQ;J>d"my&
}&019/@rs()a#s
! ’O|?f
W|~&‘B::;#’<.::;#"< /*!$%;#’<.!$%;:$<
=S|;\]&
6B*;7LAH4\/+/:WAs&‘*m
##>#’ ?1#*D5 ! .@$ A # .@: 1*<8 :$ A :’;soa
#57>LHg|oa*$(o7 % A !# B*>$&
(IW>! !:$ 11*E~^A; @." %*Izg?
!$%0@1$ .%z*&(L8 @@>!Cs&‘01
E~#29y&0B~t21S*&(X8t’$ D1*
/0\;E~#q^;I).;I3J(;9);s
y&WX# #$RS &$*@$$TEcrl&nJ?
MW&*F_Hd# :C<>*vY4&<>*D5
! .$$ A ! %$$ 12Y3&<>*D5! %$$ A # #$$ 12
=I?=tuJv+&<>*D5# #$$ A # ’$$ 1s
y&4^f ":>%C*[\8m $>" gHsE~/&
Doqx234B%&!’(&) #$*!+# ),8 - #(&"!)!’’#"#SIk
YB,*+&) "#-&$#!./’0*)SI_gYB,*+&) #’0#+1**SI|
3B2!"&$# #$-/E )*+!+)*)SIV;3B 2!"&$# $&0*+*.!’#SI
a!B,*(!# 3*$)/+**SIpg?=B 4-*!) .#’5!)**SIg8
B,/6&$&) 1#7*1*#+#SKs
W|l/;#W|~&‘B1F?VW^W
‘*[5WiKBK !S*1t .>’ ?1*Mt !>& ?1**
m @>#" ?1#*D5! &.. A # !:$ 1*&(<8t :’;*
ElRln
45\JK6-PIJ8,s
K ! ’O|/;WA
F*9- ! =GH08*102I,+ J,I08KL07
# 56~l
!"# g9
FoIWgq/;y&
BC9gLWBK #Ssmi/&BCbIA*%$
qD@e/?(<*’O|&‘ @.!$ %D@e/
>BJ,#IW~>? !>&!C*J&BC? !>""C
BURxK*#$$$S*ZWJ~_+,x>*J56+
"5+pM+s@z01tv*?IW*a(#‘
k^@w01Wd‘i/1A/*+zc#y&0
1vt!fq2J*J|MY*-6F*x;q^s
K # FoIW-m^Z
F*9- # ML0 I8,D0 4N 8,*2J,I08 IL8459L45I N480KI 0D4KOKI01
&’ & ’ ( ) .’"
;#i{*W|~&‘01B^f); !"! #
$%"% &&{&’() $7|**F;qzietgJ?1F
Cp#$*w4%(<|vZ/s1A/]^Ali/"/W*urElR/;+z/+s
?FoIW@/;+zZ/*W6y&
J>d"v<34sJ56g;#58ElU?,
-oL*i{+,tCWALQ;J>d"*WrZ
i’tughTxdK93423dK*o5IW
ALQ;J>d"0-m^Z?34*Uvy&<
GA}+,LQ;J>d"?@&tCs
!"! GHihjij
FoIWBICSI&BCIgLWI1A/I\l^W
‘+z"/WBrOP\l"/WS9/;+z
Z/s
FoIWN^M|;W|llzQo*l/;
+zt $*% &*d *CMsICt$r*4,"RM
N^CWv;j!Ks&BCmW|l/; $*+l^W‘&kN^s$*+ \l^W‘*mde#
,"!9 -"+ .&+*N^MmlR1I7^*HTHI
AIk9QIAIRg,X0[id@*y\l /CBK
*SsCr*4,"RMN^&BCv;*Wr!Ks
gLWdem $*+\l^W‘g^IJtkN^*
N^Mm\l9
Ks\l"/W9/;+zZ/cwm $*+\ll
z9/;+z7TKs
K * &BCN^Md@
1’23 * 4.5672.89:: ;6::<;=’6( >’=<> ?:9;<@ ’( 9 =5’A7=95B
FoIWI&BCUzST|%t9N^s9
H>q^*^ [_9K*pw-=gq*%w-
<9BWdkvd:f+,i’tus
1A/WKT^x#$%s#u*m $\lQI
R9
K 0 gLWN^Md@
1’23 0 C’==<5 @59’(92< ;6::<;=’6( >’=<> ?:9;<@ ’( 9 =5’A7=95B
kxE9m<*HgRI
/s^/@/n‘#I;*Mt $ &*H‘+l?9
71gV1A//+*do4k‘/qv50@*@
-IMde# $%9 / ;&BK !Sso@UgOAoj
W/gq2k@n^/lU*jm@nB.%t0*
Ug"N^@?1A/1qzST|%t^W’B
v5*V;TKs^/@/H4%tC/*C/do
kgQF*g-VDEnC/xCWgqs
K / 1A/^/@/d@
1’23 / D7A>7589;< 8:6E ;6::<;=’6( >’=<> ?:9;<@ ’( >7AE9=<5>.<@
K ! 1A/^W@/v
m’O|&‘*7r(
-/! $$# URxx\]W|~&‘y&
|fT^1A/S9 %$$&$ #.!!%syoWKY
CT^t ’$$ ()*Tr %& * BFNOP*$ +gk
.5s
!"# ij@G
WKi’RS#LQ;A} ,-*./*01*21 J
>d"*5A ,-*./TUFGH’+3NdVV8
Ci{*01I21TUKq+vvVui{s
!"$ q789
% $|*dT^C>m %$ ((gH? !3 CB1
A/ #CSICbIA?RoWK !C*5AFo
IW !3 C*&BC %$ C*gLW %$ C*1A/ &’
C*\l"/W 4$C*/;+zZ/ !3CsFoI
WI&BCIgLWI1A/I\l"/W9/;+z
Z/LQ;J>d"de#RCIW,gWKi{
tu?&()s
4 tu6dK
W|~y&
#"% &’
(AS-*?<=)d8**LQ; ,-*./(#
iy~?I]1?A}*"}94F*Y5z ,-*}
9tFBnT;6.Lq*!"5!SsjTM
FoIWA ,-J>d"x-Bv !S*\IWj
b&ptr*,-J>d"=eI/BK #S*I/Y8
z $93"#!:{;:
< !*1S&BC ,- J>d"B#F
oIWA? !#=*Nw&ptZIWALQ; ,-
q4U?O_lUs&BCjbg^IJtr*,-
J>d"gY>? ,-*5$I=w7c<=I=1I4)lUx ,-
uCC@WA*\N-efjiJus&^?J*+
0zm<1#%zm$IrYb,|*(?q3$
IWALQ;A} ,-?lUs
gLWk^i/1A/*,- J>d"/WH
:*#FoIWA ,-J>d"? !$I>*\K1A
/]^i/\l"/W*,-J>d"~=>I/*
Nwy&01ZWA ,-J>d"34+,xF*w
7601AWi9q2JB->??@ABC- @D:E1>F (EGGCD*
HI0S?5m45J>d"34q@s
LQ;>X01K/3i*r9x/*%;B
L*w]}9#qLQ;>m01A|}m)s&
^J3$J(?LQ; ,-{"c+<=Zg^I
J?d5fCDy&01*\y&01g^IJt
9q2Jt?hiZ01LQ;A}q4F?53
lUB0F7D>-C !" #$ J*!""#2KLEAA? !" #$ J*!""!S*+
zc#q2Jthi3AfqF> HI0B[M{
K*%$$4Ss56vw*01 HI0 fqF>?/7
IN*w601A?LQ;jbM;IO;lU*i
/q2 K*%$$&S*mfW>Q)JA*HI0ZLQ;?h
ilUY5w6BOF&K*%$$%SsU,!K
B%$$%S?56?N HI07iF ,-?i59s
: % k?Klo7bc=li’\m6#yih)q
()*+% ,-)./ 0-1)2 0)33 45)61789 84 1:- ;)1-5 1:58<=: 8<1 85 79 ’744-5-91 >)513 84 1:- 485-31 -683/31-0
WKg{
MNOC? @P QEGCD
,-RB!:{;:
< !S ./RB!:{;:
< !S 01RB(:{;:< !S 21RB(:{;:< !S
&()
0CE1
x3v
SGE1-ED- -CB>EG>@1
&()
0CE1
x3v
SGE1-ED- -CB>EG>@1
&()
0CE1
x3v
SGE1-ED- -CB>EG>@1
&()
0CE1
x3v
SGE1-ED- -CB>EG>@1
FoIW TE>1PEAA $954" $9#3% % 59$&3 !!93"& 4 $9$!3 & $9$%$ " !9&5# & %9%"4 #
&BC M*D@L:*PEAA $9!&% $9!!3 4 !95# 494%! ’ $9$$# ’ $9$$" $ $9$!! ! $9$$5 &
gLW )>GGCD -DE>1E:C $9!$3 $9$53 5 $934# $9"3$ ! $9$$4 & $9$$# & $9$$" 5 $9$!& 5
1A/ SL/?LDPEFC PA@Q "94%" $9&5’ 4 $9""" %9&3" 3 $9$$4 " $9$$3 5 $9$$& 5 $9$$& &
"/W MD>/LGEDN ?GDCE( $9$#& $9$35 & !9$"% %9$53 ’ $9$$! 5 $9$$% 3 $9$!5 ’ $9$!5 "
/;+zZ/ UEGCD?*C-
@LGACG PA@Q $9!!5 $9!!3 ! !9’3& %9%!4 ’ $9$$4 3 $9$$" ’ $9$%$ $ $9$!" "
HI0 ?J>d"jZUi59q2%
B->??@ABC- @D:E1>F FED/@1*HI,SJ’>BgPpK*
%$$&289:K*%$$4Ssmy&01A*HI,J>
d"601q2J[m8@BH@??;CN !" #$ J*!""#S*
fy&01vtBVtSmU!fq2J*mW|~
&‘*+Yf>-z ’9"!=*w01 Vt HI0i5
LQ;?7\psy&01ktB7tSx#XN*
q2Jf>/*W|~&‘+Yf>B# %9&!=*
,,p;01W=v*Z HI0?3$*HI0 J>
d"w6I/*f"3$bIzYCxx?bI*Y
um % W !% *Bh/BgPpK*%$$&S*pg01 7
tLQ;x%Bm*+Nx601 7tmy&
K ! WALQ;J>d"h-m^Z?34
"#$% ! &’()$*+ ,- .’* ’*(/0 1*.(2 1(++ -3(4.#,) ,- 5(.*3 (2,)$ 5#.’ #.+ 1,/#)$ .3(4* #) .’* -,3*+. *4,+0+.*1
67 FoIW 8(#)-(22 97 &BC :’3,;$’-(22 <7 gLW =#..*3 >3(#)($*2
?7 1A/ @;A+;3-(4* -2,52B7 "/W :3#A;.(30 +.3*(12C7 /;+zZ/ D(.*3+’*> ,;.2*. -2,5
A}!^LQ;A}~*?q^?lUsf]&K
B9EE!Sm\]KSgNv*y&21IT21kt
LQ;!^*pxw6s
W|~&‘01 F*G t^LA"de#
E7EEB !H9 E7EE6 CI? 41{+J 6*-mt#rm? >s;#IC(/23BRn<*6HHCS*KIC>
9ICp8(xF,*y&01Mi/ 9o+,i
X?1A/xYo|;01 Ft9 Gt?2*7*
Yo|;01 Gt9I;?2*7BURx*9EEISs
-m/~x*rm/~y*hi/I?iF*-mq
jrml4?!"sCr+QT^?1A/z+ 9
oiX?v;_*p; Gt1A//~y*pgK
IC>9Cp(xF,*Ft1A/mv;_Ap
JT{xF*w1A/wi9 &>f>x-smJ5
6A*TKC>F; 9E 11*>#SC*pg1A/
&>J>d"v*#FoIW? 6EI>s
;FV4/01*p;L\?lU*NNm<*
?k‘TmX8xF*\01 FtX8Yum<*
Hvw+F*pgm<*k‘01 GtX8xFs
;#m 6\l?i{*lR<*01 Ft?X8H
‘# 6H7B 41*A‘# 6!7B 41*k‘# 6B7B 4120
1 Gt?X8H‘# 6B7B 41*A‘# !7E 41*k‘
# B? 41s<*k‘01 GtX8F*5v5 Gt
1A/Wd?7\gps
y&/;<*]/,*Mm<_k‘i/L9
‘HL9t*Wdjb
/BUGpK*9EE629EEWE~pXV,+J? Gt1A/,WW0!/*f
01 Gtmy&
\l"/W]AElR@z/;+z*&>J>
d"rqH:*g6ElRB&^x#tMq@s
W|lk4lRlZxM*&^tM*&ptZ &>
?J(lUI/*F7g^IJIJXW/N;*w
/;+zZ/ &>J>d"rq:-s
?FoIW@/;+zZ/*&>J>d"I/
o IB7HKsW|~&‘Z/A"# E7??*NJzN
Z;7r(/?IW*&(tq BCKzgk‘v?
iXgqW:;*J"+7(
zZ/A &> J>d"B#FoIW? 6?76K*J
(/>TZ/A" E7??dD*gjb/;+zZ/
#+? &>t#IW#q? C79K*cu7r(/?
IC#q? &>q H
!"# $%
FoIWA LA J>d"1-Bv 6SsIWj
b&ptr*LA J>d"67I/BK !S*IY#
C76H?!${M$
J 6*)4>uz !C7!KsgLWA LAJ
>d"gYz@
679<J 6sNw&^?J+0zPb?%z$
IrYb,|?*(ZWA? LA ?q3$J(>
1s
1A/A LAJ>d"rqH:s&^?J4
5$I=1{CD01*w53$? LAE~]^;
y&01‘X&^^@/{s&^<=>*5>8
Z;y&01J>JN~z4>*mW|~&‘+
YT{t# 6 N6EQR*;AZ LA?3Nzq*?*
Ky&
1s1A/ LAJ>d"xgLWrqH:?’c
HB! 66# URxx\]W|~&‘y&
BH:o #$%&’**fz@rm ()I>?W&*w
*+,r-y&01ALQ; -. ?wi9*T !"
vs
&BCA -.J>d"T1A/- &/’s\l
n‘*Z/Z"g^IJN;*IGg^IJZ -.
?O_*x6&BCcw[I;"/W*\p;"/
Wcw}C*mq**w"/W -.J>d"x1A
/rqH:s/;+zZ/A -.J>d"uCr
qH:g6FoIWA -.J>d"-IElRB&
^tMq@s
?FoIW@/;+zZ/*-.J>d"I/
o &)’s(/IC#q? -.q 0)’gHXy&<
GA}3$/{s
!"! #$
,1zt_y~?+>A}*\WAJ>d"N
+hb-sjTM
FoIWI&BCIgLWI1A/I"/W9/
;+zZ/A ,1J>d"(*/;x3*\8Z
f\*FoIWA1-Bv (SsIWjb&ptr*
,1 J>d"IYz )%))& 0 78{98: (*I/o
#4%;’*gLW ,1 J>d"gYptIg^IJt(wJ(LQ;A} ,1*\g&
pt?J(lUxFBK /Ss
1A/ ,1 J>d"IJEqKF34*BT
gLWH:o )%))) # 78{98: (*\"/W ,1J>
d"IYxF*’c6 !"m"/WAJ>d"FY
I/YSs
6"/W8Tx*/;+zZ/ ,1 J>d"
H:o ( I*yo6W|lk4lZxM*&^t
M*g^IJIJXW/N;*&pt9g^IJZ
,1?J(lUI/q@]*w7%6ElRqx>
]^#qq@sIWA? ,1E~J};Fo]^
BU
;+z7|igu*"mZiTU+jE@B 6()
TRBK (S*TRH’_‘n?]^>;?W|l
lz1‘AElR*Wrg@ILkI?~Xcwg
qlRZ/*?f1S/;+zZ/ ,1 J>d"
H:s
|0/;+zZ/x7"/W ,1J>d":
YxF*\?FoIW@/;+zZ/*,1J>d
"%zI/o )%)(6 & 78{98: (*IYz /&’s(/
IC#q? ,1Nq 0)’gHXy&
!"% &$
+>? D1Zt_zq1?*\b>NMA}s
jTM
/.((%*FoIWA D1 J>d"# (%4&/ 4
78{98: (Bv (S*:b
IYz (%4/$ ; 78{98: (*xWJ+;x3Z D1A}
J>d"?~=*Nw&ptO_IWA D1?7xps
&BCjbg^IJtr*WA D1J>d"I
Y4>BK /Ss1A/ D1J>d"gYw01 *+,j+7r- D1?wi928_*y&
01 Et%w7Z D1 q3$/{lU*+zc#
"/WA D1 J>d"zH:?*":YxF*#
)%)(; / 78{98: (*f"/W~E~pXV,+J?
3t1A/,WW0!/*w01 3t‘y>? D1*
J01 EtZ D1 +?q3$/{lU*g+w7
+*1A/ D1J>d"xgLWkI?*psp
g*01 *+,j+7r- D1?i57\*8_*%
?qq3 D153?lU*+6_aKB6))(S?56
tuYSs
/;+zZ/ D1J>d"rqH:*g6Fo
IWA D1J>d"-9W|l/;ElR&^t
M1S&ptZFoIWA D1?3$lUI/q
@s
?FoIW@/;+zZ/*D1J>d"I/
o (%4$/ 78{98: (*IYz 0&’*+;M
(S’O|y&
+zZ/*!"*-.*,1*D1 J>d"deI/o
)%/6(!8{ 98
: (*$%4&6!8{ 98
: (*)%)(6 & 78{98: (9
(%4$/ 4 78{98: (*IYzIW#qJ>d"?
%0’*&)’*/&’9 0&’sIC#q? !"*-.*,1*
D1deq 0;’*0)’*0)’9 00’gHXy&
d_&&’; 4$&>tzsWOUfT!?YRb
r9./*pTW>E~U;cC
;f>ZWJqiXdL~?+,*\|;\]&
)$ & ’ ( ) 4#"
‘W}‘?{] !KSIg‘ !eWI4R !f‘K
|*#S%ghWE~dd‘*)C@wgv>BQ
;>S"##$% > &*h ’(($) > &*"%%# $<(’W
"("$*> &*Q; "’> &*i#T! +|smVW;6
A*,-*./0,-9 ./0120,-WZ$Y
uhWFAfh>?iFfiFBO1oK*(44*2
MjcK*(44)SsTW45Q;%&(4]9
U+?o_zFoIWALQ;?L~J}7Y*
Y5zko(j=JgqFor*$imoiw‘
ls=v*w*lqC#B[UK*(44+Sscu*m
W‘I94ABW}‘*.L9l&y&WXZI
/ICZ/ 13*./*,-(jiZq1*Z.?,YL
BWF&’0XdL~s
(S?IC@&BCu@gLW*LQ; 13*./*
5-*,-J>d"aCI/21A/ 13*./*5-J>
d"q+,I8H:*,-gI/2"/W 13*./*5-
J>d"=>I/*\ ,-J>d"H:2/;+z
Z/ 13*./*5-*,- J>d"(q+,I8H:s
&^?J45$I=1{CD01j/#01?Y
‘d*01 6tmy&
IA*y&
C4w7#y&01*\y&01ZIWALQ;
J>d"?+,*cIW9JI01 7*6tX84
5q2Jf>I^ L9J?+,*01ZLQ;?3
$lU*g4 895 J>d"34Kf36Xd&
?*%+gY<56?Ns
’SICZ/bIA*&ptZ 13*./*5-*,-J>
d"?O_>de# 4$:%+!;{<;
!"*:$"%*!;{<;
!"*
4$44# % =;{<;!"9 "$*+: ’ =;{<;!"*#IWAJ>d"
? #’>*+:$+>*)*$’>9 %%>*$/O_LQ;A
}?@&tC*5C#g^IJts\]+\z&
W&TABHI?L~W}‘*NzS%6B_:I
7LI[LIm\LK:/?v}|9W}@D‘*
I9|‘HE’<(IcntzUW4FI8Ha
l+,:/s1BURxK*(44+S*cum.L9
l&MW&WX?,,*?I/ICZ/ALQ;
J>d"?d828*tH.&1Sk^Jo:?
Dos
) * , -
U
U
U
:;)4WJ
U,!*UGZ ? (44( ?Wi9q2JZ01A*3$h#?+, ?
1U
f>45dddY56 ? %&&)P)Q*((B’Sx#* ! #+?
_ a*URR*Sn9*K ? (44" ?01+@J6"4%13I:),-45&
;5m?M;=B{956 ? ATE’()*’*B(Sx"#+ ! "%"?
O1o*oXz ? (44* ?y&
OF&*U,!*[ { ? (44( ?{|
.i)Q*#B"Sx#* ! %)?
gPp*8Ms ? (44* ?01AWi9q2J45ZLQ;4)6<
=h#?+, ? 1U
) s*gB: ? (44( ?nTy&?W|>1 ? R2&’56*")
B’Sx)* ! :4?
Mjc*UL5*\j‘*K ? (44) ?6701LI7L 13-)>/
cz@ ? |JjQ*(*B#Sx+*4 ! +*’?
nT;6.Lq ? "%#" ?WJBCx3 ? 4o’*% ?&’xAT/u
H’+}(*’" ! "4%?
^‘)Z*ITr*O3T*K ? (44( ?rsgy&|vWWJKf
dK ?
B%Sx(( ! (:?
[M{*I0Z ? (44’ ?{|
|dd ? ;6()*(#B""Sx():( ! ():# ?
d |*p v*gNN ? (44: ?#*/@We}.L-Bz.&W
&TABW}|R# ? &W&T6Wx([**Bi ’Sx"+ ! "%?
89:*=J#*UVW*K ? (44’ ?y&
(%B(Sx’": ! ’("?
URx*g=> ? (44+ ?&W&THI\]W}‘.L62i ? t1
1L*’#B#Sx*4 ! *(?
URx*g 1*Fnw*K ? (44: ?&W&TABHIW}&
()gl*"+B*Sx))% ! ):)?
URx*[=L*DxT*K ? (444 ?\]W|~&‘y&
UGp*[|9*:Pm*K ? (44" ?y&WX+,Z/i/235
6gl ? VWe})Q*":B"Sx+% ! #*?
UGp*:Pm*~9d*K ? (44’ ?y&ZW|bI+,56gl ?
1U
QY*Uz8*)dG*% ? &’xAT&’+}(*"4# ! ")*?
7@ABC 7*DE3FA;E 7? (44* ? GFCHI =I&CB JB2KIL A- /2B< 3IMELA&AE-*&NFE2;NJCBB
C-3 L&I=JBEO C& &OE I@IF;FII- EC< L&C-3L A- PQ RMCA- L2/SIH& &E 3AJJIFI-&
IKMEL2FI &E &NI A-32L&FACB I-@AFE-=I-& ? 7&=ELMNIFAH Q-@AFE-=I-&*’#
":! ""# URxx\]W|~&‘y&
()**+,- . /*0,12*34 5 .’ "66# ’ 7189*:)12 ); <=**)>?,< )1@89=3 A822,1
241)B@4 8 *89<- ;)1,*2 *)=> ’ C)=> C3=,93, C)3=,2- ); DA,1=38 E)B198>*F"
BGSx6!& $ 6!# ’
H)B H*78+8A82*B 7*I)*4=+8J8 . I*!" #$ ’ !&&K ’ 7183, A,28>* =9 LB>+
:1,3=:=282=)9 89< 241)B@4;8>> =9 8 *BLB1L89 81,8 ); E8:89’ D2A)*:4,1=3
M9?=1)9A,92*G6B!&SxGK%G $ GK6K ’
.301=<, . 0*N=3481<* 0 I*C2,,94B=* 7* !" #$ ’ "66# ’ .)L=>=2- 89<
*)>BL=>=2- ); 2)O=3 A,28>* 89< 9B21=,92* =9 *)=> ;=;2,,9 -,81* 8;2,1 *>B<@,
8::>=382=)9’ C)=> C3=,93,*"F!B#SxP%# $ K&&’
Q=,A=9,9 7 .*(,1)A, E*H,>A=*881= H C’ "666 ’ R92,1832=)9* L,2J,,9
:1,3=:=282=)9 89< C3)2* :=9, 389):=,* 8>)9@ 8 4,8?-SA,28> :)>>B2=)9
@18<=,92 ’ M9?=1)9A,928> 5)>>B2=)9*"&FB""Sx"!6 $ "G# ’
TB8>>* N /*H8=9,9* 0 U’ "66" ’ /,)34,A=*21- ); <=**)>?,< )1@89=3 9B21=,92*
=9 J82,1 :,13)>82=9@ 241)B@4 ;)1,*2 ,3)*-*2,A*’ C)=> C3=,93, C)3=,2- );
DA,1=38 E)B198>*KKBPSx"""! $ ""!G’
N)<1=@) D*D?=>8 D*N)<8 V’ !&&G ’ 74, 34,A=*21- ); :1,3=:=282=)9*
241)B@4;8>> 89< *2,A;>)J =9 2J) 4)>A )8+B %&!’(&) *$!+ U’S;)1,*2*
B9<,1 8 3)9218*2,< :)>>B2=)9 ,9?=1)9A,92 =9 QM C:8=9’ 74, C3=,93, );
74, 7)28> M9?=1)9A,92*G&Kx"6K $ !&K’
C289=*W8J .* D>,+*89<,1 D’ !&&% ’ 741)B@4;8>> 34,A=*21- =9 8 *:1B3,
341)9)*,XB,93, =9 *)B24,19 5)>89<’ M9?=1)9A,928> 5)>>B2=)9*"KKxK"#
$ K!#’
45678 %&’?
4 n o p
!&&6$! PK"! ".v?|,,Vc~XZ>{R]/J&0123?+,0Blmx=Y*j(!*
.{SIQRS7#x9SLJLF|@RS,/J&t$u46/7TS[F566v%0B/DG&" $
&KS*c&&’F)56