以分布在天山北坡的7种野生果树幼苗为研究对象,测定比叶面积(SLA)、木材密度、叶片厚度、茎皮厚度及根、茎、叶器官的N,P,K含量等功能性状指标,分析影响植物功能性状的环境因子。结果表明: 7种野生果树幼苗各项功能性状测定指标均差异显著(P<0.05),新疆野苹果木材密度最小,酸枣木材密度和比叶面积均最大,但叶片厚度和茎皮厚度均最小,胡桃比叶面积最小,但茎皮厚度最大; SLA与叶N含量呈显著正相关(P<0.05); 不同树种的根、茎、叶器官的N,P,K含量,除茎P含量差异不显著外(P>0.05),其他均差异显著(P<0.05); 酸枣和新疆桃的根、茎、叶器官N,P,K含量均相对较高,辽宁山楂和胡桃各器官养分含量均相对较低。7个树种的叶N含量平均为28.4 mg·g-1,较报道的国内外陆地植物叶片N含量平均水平高,叶P含量平均为2.20 mg·g-1,也相对高于国内陆地植物叶片P含量平均水平,近似于全球平均水平; 新疆桃和酸枣的养分利用率较低,辽宁山楂和胡桃的养分利用率较高,其他3个树种居中。
Plant functional traits can reflect their adaptability to environment and their ability of utilizing various resources. The major functional traits of 7 wild fruit tree species in the northern slope of Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang were measured and analyzed. The functional traits include specific leaf area (SLA), wood density, thickness of leaf and bark, and the N, P, K contents in roots, leaves and stems. The results showed that Malus sieversii had the lowest wood density among the 7 tree species, while Zizyphus jujuba var. spinosa had the highest wood density and SLA, but the lowest leaf and bark thickness among the 7 tree species. Juglans regia had the smallest SLA, but the highest bark thickness among the 7 tree species. The SLA was significantly and positively correlated with leaf N content (P<0.05). The nutrient contents in leaves, stems and roots were significantly different among the 7 tree species except P in stems. Z. jujuba var. spinosa and Amygdalus ferganensis had higher nutrients contents in the three organs than the other tree species, while J. regia and Crataegus sanguinea were lower nutrients contents in the three organs than the other tree species. The average leaf nitrogen content of the 7 tree species was 28.4 mg·g-1, which was higher than the average value for terrestrial plants worldwide. The average leaf phosphorus content of the 7 tree species was 2.20 mg·g-1, which was higher than the average value for plants in China, but close to the average value for terrestrial plants worldwide. The studied wild fruit tree species could be categorized into three types according to their nutrients utilization efficiencies: (1) low efficiency type: A. ferganensis and Z. jujube var. spinosa; (2) middle efficiency type: M. sieversii, Prunus divaricata and Armenioca vulgaris; (3) high efficiency type: J. regia and C. sanguinea.
全 文 :!!"
" !
#$
#
% $ # %
$
#$
%
& ( )
&()*+(, &(-.,) &(*(,)
./01!"!*/1#$
2345!% $ # %
*+,#
" %$## 6## 6%7#
-.,#
" %$#% 6$= 6$=$
/012
"
&ýjü(D¤112
%$$9$!$#8 ( #
òÉ~ýjü(Dm;/A(Dëã¤1O0
,Wa(W%$$9#8!
,WB::%$$9$!$( $
! ä_沬Ü
$
ªd7;
9
CXzìTefü
I
!
R~q
#
?
#
?
?
#
?
?
%
?
%
?
?
<
#1
òæ&()DEmK&XY×ØFk^DE;
?
æq&qK&XYF×Øvwxyz
?
7c
#$$$7##
%1
Õåæç&()DEm
?
æ¯
"<=$$$# <1
Õåoi)
?
èòvâ
"<$$=%(
!
?
"
! ?
ô¹¨ªd7;T
9
CXzìDEN?
!
ð*Ó
&-,()
véâ
)
Y]
)
~B]
Çu
)
~
)
}T
*! !^q
»Åefü
±
!
I$%L¶efü
T×ØE0
$
" 9
CX
zì1efü
ð*±X±
@m$1$=(!
ÕåCªvé⤧
!
hévéâ·Ó ¤i
!
0 Y]·~B]¤§
!
XêÓ ¤§
!
0~B]¤i
# &-,
F
*
»VX±&nï
@m$1$=(#
Ó÷Tu
)
~
)
}T
*! !^q
»
!
²~
^
»ÓX±è
@n$1$=(!
¥X±
@m$1$=(#
hé
·ÕåêTu
)
~
)
}
*! !^q
»nNñ®
!
ë¯dì·Xê}=»nNñã
$ 9
/T
*
»
%"1! AK*K
6#
!
ñRïTæçè`8L¶ Y
*
»:®
!
^
»
%1%$ AK*K
6#
!
»nN
®aæç`8L¶ Y
^
»:
!
ózaÏÐ:
#
Õåê·héT=øûñã
!
ë¯dì·Xê
T=øûñ®
!
¥
<
/Ãò
$
#$%
" ?
ªd7;
#
ÕåCª
#
Xê
#
í
#
ë¯dì
#
hé
#
Õåê
#
îêr
#
efü
&()*
! &9#"1=!%???
+,-./
! ,???
+01*
! #$$# 69!"""%$#%##$ 6$$8< 6$9
3)#$>//():,,7$)6 0%)1&()#$;-#&/(*W +$70-%&;-,,:E,1,/
()&H,M(-&H,-):$(E,(*;#)/H#)2(%))/
DC iE>K@CG
#
?HG>KaC>KC/
#
?;E>KBE
#
?DC H@L>K
%
?;EG/B/>KYEG>K
%
?&C>FEG
<
#1!"#$%&(%)(#*>("2):6-8#%./ :.3,(.7".)*+)%)">("2)(#Q/7,.,2)(%),.
S.2),);)"*>("2):6-8#! :.3,(.7".)%./ @()"6),.! 1B,."2"Q6%/"7#*>("2)(#?<",=,.8 #$$$7##
%1L,-,Q6%/"7#*>("2)(#?L,.,.8 "<=$$$# <1V,.=,%.8 Q8(,6;-);("?.,3"(2,)#??(;7c,"<$$=%(
3&-#1&" ? 0^G>4SC>34E/>G04NGE4O3G> NLS0L344@LENGTGM4GVE0E4Q4/L>PEN/>AL>4G>T 4@LENGVE0E4Q/SC4E0EJE>KPGNE/CO
NLO/CN3LO5+@LAGU/NSC>34E/>G04NGE4O/S9 RE0T SNCE44NLLOML3ELOE> 4@L>/N4@LN> O0/ML/S+EG>O@G> /`C>4GE>OE> DE>UEG>K
RLNLALGOCNLT G>T G>G0QJLT5+@LSC>34E/>G04NGE4OE>30CTLOML3ESE30LGSGNLG&-,(! R//T TL>OE4Q! 4@E3Z>LOO/S0LGSG>T
VGNZ! G>T 4@L*! !^ q3/>4L>4OE> N//4O! 0LGPLOG>T O4LAO5+@LNLOC04OO@/RLT 4@G49%-;22,"3"(2,@GT 4@L0/RLO4R//T
TL>OE4QGA/>K4@L9 4NLLOML3ELO! R@E0LN,Z#AB;2=;=;&% PGN52A,.2% @GT 4@L@EK@LO4R//T TL>OE4QG>T &-,! VC44@L0/RLO4
0LGSG>T VGNZ 4@E3Z>LOOGA/>K4@L9 4NLLOML3ELO5f;8-%.2("8,% @GT 4@LOAG0LO4&-,! VC44@L@EK@LO4VGNZ 4@E3Z>LOO
GA/>K4@L9 4NLLOML3ELO5+@L&-,RGOOEK>ESE3G>40QG>T M/OE4EPL0Q3/NNL0G4LT RE4@ 0LGS*3/>4L>4@m$1$= (5+@L
>C4NEL>43/>4L>4OE> 0LGPLO! O4LAOG>T N//4ORLNLOEK>ESE3G>40QTESLNL>4GA/>K4@L9 4NLLOML3ELOLF3LM4^ E> O4LAO5NU
=;=;&% PGN52A,.2% G>T Q7#8/%-;2*"(8%.".2,2@GT @EK@LN>C4NEL>4O3/>4L>4OE> 4@L4@NLL/NKG>O4@G> 4@L/4@LN4NLLOML3ELO!
R@E0LfU("8,% G>T 1(%)%"8;22%.8;,."% RLNL0/RLN>C4NEL>4O3/>4L>4OE> 4@L4@NLL/NKG>O4@G> 4@L/4@LN4NLLOML3ELO5+@L
GPLNGKL0LGS>E4N/KL> 3/>4L>4/S4@L9 4NLLOML3ELORGO%"1! AK*K
6#
! R@E3@ RGO@EK@LN4@G> 4@LGPLNGKLPG0CLS/N4LNNLO4NEG0
M0G>4OR/N0TRETL5+@LGPLNGKL0LGSM@/OM@/NCO3/>4L>4/S4@L9 4NLLOML3ELORGO%1%$ AK*K
6#
! R@E3@ RGO@EK@LN4@G> 4@L
GPLNGKLPG0CLS/NM0G>4OE> @E>G! VC430/OL4/4@LGPLNGKLPG0CLS/N4LNNLO4NEG0M0G>4OR/N0TRETL5+@LO4CTELT RE0T SNCE44NLL
OML3ELO3/C0T VL3G4LK/NEJLT E>4/4@NLL4QMLOG33/NTE>K4/4@LEN>C4NEL>4OC4E0EJG4E/> LSE3EL>3ELO" #( 0/RLSE3EL>3Q4QML"
QU*"(8%.".2,2G>T NU=;=;&"PGN52A,.2%# %( AETT0LLSE3EL>3Q4QML" 9U2,"3"(2,! @(;.;2/,3%(,6%)% G>T Q(7".,6%
3;-8%(,2# <( @EK@ LSE3EL>3Q4QML" fU("8,% G>T 1U2%.8;,."%U
=,> ?(-7/" ?>/N4@LN> O0/ML/S+EG>O@G> /`C>4GE>O# 9%-;22,"3"(2,# f;8-%.2("8,%# Q(7".,%6% 3;-8%(,2# 1(%)%"8;2
& ( )
!"
"
?
OG>KCE>LG# N,Z#AB;2=;=;&% PGN52A,.2%# Q7#8/%-;2*"(8%.".2,2# @(;.;26"(%2,*"(%# M0G>4SC>34E/>G04NGE4O
??
L¶efü
¯ó$ãXY)DET=/v°
©c
aLE3@ ")%-U! #777# fNEK@4")%-U! %$$!#
³&
Å
! %$$!# cL")%-U! %$$8(!
L¶efü
²ì±$
%L¶ñ¦
)
XË
)
¤
®û·¤3EÿTX¶)
Ê
,3ZLN0Q! %$$<(!
=0,-L¶TXËJ
)
·¨
®
)
véâ
)
Ó
OML3ESE30LGSGNLG! &-,()
§`f+
)
Y`a»· FïÅPY
)
X·
¶DÅÊ
/N>L0EOOL> ")%-U! %$$<($
efü
T
DE©ífÀÁøL¶TX
)
PY·X¦BÅ
ÊãÏ£L¶/>
)
û
)
û·XY?Z:H
TX¶Îþ
)
X¶F×ØÎþTnÜ
!
÷>fo
ßGX¶NXY?ZefT$%
;EGJ")%-U! %$$!#
fLO4/VQ")%-U! %$$8# /^/N4LN")%-U! %$$"# cE0LVNG>T
")%-U! %$$7# aLEOO")%-U! %$$7# H@G>K")%-U! %$##($
DE5é
!
L¶ôUO£ùTÊYü
!
¾¿Ý
EñRST×Ø
!
ÕÖ¶¨Ó÷×Øù
T¹HË
cC43@E>KO")%-U! #77!(!
FL¶XËn
ïTefü
éç÷E
!
¿FL¶ÅÕ·
¸ÀïTü
NéçE
!
E¯X¶¦
§·×ب÷>Üaû
!
N÷TXYQ-
ÇXYef¨ÀÓ÷TÁ
,3ZLN0Q! %$$9# &CTE>K
")%-U! %$$"($
L¶efü
TDEN×ØO;
Pgé·L¶éY)DE»ßøTÛ¶Ü
!
q/LNOL0AG>
Å
#778()\COLRL0
Å
%$$%(
DE5é
L¶>çT`aÓ¯=/¨Àv°XYÇ%Tef
ü
±
!
=©ôÏ£L¶T@·efÊ
!
÷>»Ï£û:T`=+¿
P
!
9XØò
aRð¿`Ól>
!
L¶Rm*a
!
L¶ YT`
aÓ²ì§a
#!!
L¶XËé`+¿
#
ÏÎ
!
9
L¶ YT`aÓñi>
=0ia
%$(!
L¶XË
éa+¿
!
NL¶ÕnXË+¿=ôX
±ÕÖL¶TX¶
$
¨ªd7;EF
# $$$ [# 8$$ A
Tòd\
;
)
];
!
¹ÎÕåCª
9%-;22,"3"(2,()
îêr
@(;.;26"(%2,*"(%()
í
Q(7".,%6% 3;-8%(,2(
Ç
Xê
f;8-%.2("8,%(
ÅöQTC&
!
¯¨ò6q
r8\d8ñ>T
%
Eü
&
¦ &~J
!
¯!6x
Z[\¦ &Tòwû
!
»¯7© wx
o3ó´T/E
³Õ>
! #79<($
Õåªd
7;ÊôT8
)
CD×ØÝÕåCª
)
Xê
)
C
îêŨ¥89<Ýb7T!6xL¶9?
ß;5[
)
~sTû÷ôk°
!
L¶Ó¨
Àñ®T_é@
!
¿¸NaDEòæL¶9?~
sRSÅM¨À®T(Dé@
$
òÕåCª
M1¯éªTß;òzÎ=
³õ
! #7"%#
yö
! #7"7 (!
¯!6xòwL¶Î=
ÐÃæ
!
#77%(!
ÝMÆnæ¨ÀæþÇ%TX¶TUü
duk^¶·òæiI4~vwk^L¶
$
0
aó$ã÷øÞTO;§5ÇoA!ÅEF
!
ú
èÕåCXO;üýÁv
!
C&ÙÚ
!
4bG
$
ôÕåCª
!#7=7
$ÕåC
ªUZ©O@Ä
7 <$$ @A
%
&Y
ùÅ
! %$$$(!%$$8
$Z©O@XGÕåCª
= $$$ @A
%
ïñÅ
! %$$8($
E±§[ª
d7;CXûTXY()DE·k^£ÜÖ
Ó»
$
zì¯K&XY?ZòT=/v°öQp
!
$;¨¶TUüT]l
)
û{h·ÅÕÅ
RSò52Îv°Ü
&RGAQ")%-U! %$##(!
zì
Tefü
Ï£BzìN×ØTEQ-
Ú«Å
! %$##($
Aâ²RNªd7;c°CX
zìTefü
Ê~ð*
!
ßà·¬L¶
efü
/G
$
Beªd7;c°CX
zìTefü
!
~=O´IC&TXY
efm*/G
!
CXTO;k^
)
éY¤L
M()1
$
#?
£y9OP
£y9paÕåæçÕ;ÌTC&§
)
!
8p
!)!
EF
# %$$ [# 8$$ A!
j¸~Jd8!j
!
CD[\i`üCD
!
$[
! [" e!#
%
C[
<1$ e! 9
%C[
%< [%" e!
à#
Ø
#<$
ª
!
À#Ø
#=$
ª
!
$,d>
% =$$ @
ô
H
! n#$ e
[
< $$$ e
DE
!
$½:
==$ [
9$$ AA$
£y U ó ì I 9 T C & i Ø
"$ @A
%
!
CXX
!
òÕåCª¹
¤i
!
ØT
!$h!
}¯îêr·í
!
T
#$h
DE
!
¥CX¹n
Nñ
!
&çXÀªdVú0
F,&"27"#"(,()
Õå
û2
$.,6"(% )%)%(,6%(
Å¥CXL¶
$
%?
DE©í
a
%$##
$
9
%¨£y9C&ç©ÕåC
ª
)
Xê
)
í
)
ë¯dì
1(%)%"8;22%.8;,."%()
î
êr
)
hé
N,Z#AB;2=;=;&% PGN52A,.2% ()
Õåê
!8
?!
#$
# ªÅ
"
ªd7;
9
CXzìTefü
I
Q7#8/%-;2*"(8%.".2,2(
Å
9
CXTXË[
)
®¨
!$ [8$ 3A
T£«Xzì
%$
ê
!
s
=üý
!
zìTu
)
~
)
ÁU
!
ð*
8Hpefü
PY±·}=»
!
8
Hpefü
PY±ð*!vR
%$
ê
!
ü
ê©Á
%
Y 0~T&Ä
!
u
)
~
)
=ð*
!
=
êvR
!
;À£yLê8H}ÁUM©
¨LêcsT÷=©cÇH
$
ð*TL¶efü
PY±,-
"
Y
)
Y]
)
Y"¶o
)
~B]
)
véâ
!
=»±,-
"
)
~
)
uTÏ
*)
Ï
)^
Ï
q
»
!
u Y·"¶o©ªÓ
$
Y
øT&ï
Jö
G>/>_O3G> -ETL#$$(
T&©
ª
#
Y]·~B]øi?ð*
#
Y
"¶oð*¯
"
uìI YþÄÿ"\.x
yz
!
¨
"$ e
ç"3¥
!
ª÷
Jö
&GN4/NECO:O<%<5O!AGF1<%$ K!T g$1$$#(#
véâ
ð*¯øP:íð*>
!
Uó¨
9= ["$ e
"
% [<
ª3¥
!
÷íð*o
!
©ªâ
$
£yð*©íNõ©¼úÅ
%$$7(
L¶û
BC²H
$
ð*L¶}=»
!
\.xy
zTL¶Uó¨
"$ e
¥[ù"
)
!
÷Á
Uó
!
_9hb!¬
!
Ï
*
»ì"*`í
!
Ï
^
»ì´³ÔÓí
!
Ï
q
ȓ#m
©íð*f
$
FI
NO@AW
*4=öÈ5PV-KL¥6
#
¹
!
Ó÷þefü
TPY±
X±
@m$1$=(!
ÕåCª·íT Y]
ñi
!
$1%< s$1$#(AA!
iFXêT Y
]ÓX±
@n$1$=(!
0X±ia¥
T Y]
!
hé·ÕåêT Y]ñ§
!
i
ÓX±
$
0X±§a¥T Y]
$
/«hé·ÕåêT Y]ñ§
!
0iTÓ
Qñi
!
²ÕåCªÓ FiÓ
X±è
!
¥CXTÓ X±§ahé
·Õåê
!
XêTÓ ¤ã
!
X±§a¥CX
@m$1$=($
~B]¾iø§Txk1}Xê
)
ë¯d
ì
)
í
)
Õåê
)
îêr
)
ÕåCª·hé
!
òX
ê
)
ë¯dì·íT~B]ÓX±
@n
$1$=(!
héT~B]X±§a¥
$
h
évé⤮
!
$197 s$1$<(AK*AA
6<
!
Õå
CªTvé⤧
!
$1=< s$1$% ( AK*
AA
6<
$
²îêrFhéTvéâÓX±è
!
¥véâX±§ahé
@m$1$=($
2
@A
4=öö*78ÌÍV-I-¥6
!
;#
-LGS4@E3Z>LOO]AA
Ó
&-,]
3A
%
*K
6#
(
~B]
&4LA4@E3Z>LOO]AA
véâ
;L>OE4Q/SR//T]AK*AA
6<
(
ÕåCª
9U2,"3"(2,#( $1%< s$1$#G #8#19# s%#5#=GV $1%8 s$1$<3 $1=< s$1$%T
Xê
fU("8,% %( $1%% s$1$#GV =719= s95$
QU3;-8%(,2<( $1%< s$1$#G #<71%< s#95!=V $1ë¯dì
1U2%.8;,."% !( $1%$ s$1$#V 7<179 s#$5=%3 $1<= s$1$%GV $1=" s$1$%3T
hé
NU=;=;&% PGNU2A,.2% =( $1#= s$1$$3 #"%17$ s%=5!#G $1%% s$1$#T $197 s$1$
QU*"(8%.".2,28( $1#= s$1$#3 #971%< s%<5#!G $1<# s$1$#V3 $18# s$1$%3
îêr
@U6"(%2,*"(% 9( $1%$ s$1$#V #$81$9 s#<5%9V3 $1<$ s$1$
& ç@@
s
¤b
!
÷=ÆcdÓ÷GX±
@m$1$=5;ESLNL>40L4LNALG>OOEK>ESE3G>4TESLNL>3LOE> 4@LOGAL3/0CA>@
m$1$=(5
ù÷
+@LOGALVL0/R5
NOGAW
*4=öÈ5STðñC(9D¥6
<1%1#?
klB`UJvw
?
%
¹
!
C
XT
*
»X±
@m$1$= ( !
*
Ȭ
%$ AK*K
6#
ôH
!
hé Y
*
»
¤®
!
<918 s%1$ (AK*K
6#
!
ë¯dì¤ã
!
%$19 s$19 (AK*K
6#
$
hé
)
Õåê·íT
*
»nÎþÓX±
!
îêr
)
Xê·ë¯
dì
*
»nÎþÓX±
@n$1$= ( !
*
»i§xk1}¯hé
n
Õåê
n
í
n
ÕåCª
n
îêr
n
Xê
n
ë¯dì
$
CXT
^
»X±
@m$1$= ( !
îêr
^
»¤®
!
!1# s$1% (AK*K
6#
!
X
ê
)
í·héT
^
»ñã
!
#1= s$1% (
AK*K
6#
DE
!
¥Ãò
$
CXT
q
»ÓX±
@n$1$= ( !
ÕåCª
)
í
·îêrT
q
»ñ®
!
71! s$1% (
AK*K
6#
DE
!
Xê
q
»¤ã
!
"1" s$1% (
AK*K
6#
$ 9
/ T
*
»
%"1!
AK*K
6#
!
^
»
%1% AK*K
6#
!
q
»
71% AK*K
6#
DE
$
=8
& ( )
!"
"
?
2
GA
STö*ðñC(9D¥6
;#
&ML3ELO
`»
*3/>4L>4
a»
^3/>4L>4
Ú»
q3/>4L>4
-LGS
~
&4LA
u
a//4
-LGS
~
&4LA
u
a//4
-LGS
~
&4LA
u
a//4
ÕåCª
9U2,"3"(2, %918 s#1#V3 "1% s$1"V 717 s#1%V #17 s$1#3 #1% s$1% #1! s$1#GV 71! s$1%G 919 s$1!V3 "1% s$1%V
Xê
fU("8,% %%17 s$193T 91% s$1!V "18 s$18V #1= s$1%3 #1% s$1% #1< s$1#GV "1" s$1%V 91= s$1#3T "1% s$1%V
í
QU3;-8%(,2 <#1! s%1%GV 918 s$1"V #<1= s%19GV #1= s$1%3 #1$ s$1# #1$ s$1#V 71! s$1%G "1$ s$1%V 917 s$1%V
ë¯dì
1U2%.8;,."% %$19 s$19T 918 s$19V 71% s$1%V <1$ s$1!V #1< s$1# #1! s$1$GV 71% s$1%GV "1$ s$1
NU=;=;&% PGN52A,.2% <918 s%1$G #!1$ s#1
QU*"(8%.".2,2 <<19 s#1!G "1$ s$17V #%18 s#1#V #17 s$1#3 #1% s$1# #1% s$1%GV 71< s$1%G "19 s$1%G 917 s$1%V
îêr
@U6"(%2,*"(% %!19 s$173T "1! s$1"V 718 s$17V !1# s$1%G #1< s$1# #18 s$1#G 71! s$1%G 91% s$1#T 71# s$1%G
<1%1%?
xB`UJvw
?
%
¹
!
hé~
*
»¤®
!
#!1$ s#1<(AK*K
6#
!
X±®a
¥~p
*
»
@m$1$= (!
Xê~
*
»¤
ã
!
91% s$1!(AK*K
6#
!
²héè
!
¥~p
*
»ÓX
@n$1$=($
T~p
^
»
ÓX±
@n$1$=(!
M¨
#1! [#1$ AK*
K
6#
$
T~p
q
»X±
@m$1$=(!
Õ
åê~p
q
»¤®
!
"19 s$1%(AK*K
6#
!
îê
rT~
q
»¤ã
!
91% s$1#(AK*K
6#
$
<1%1
yB`UJvw
?
%
¹
!
CX
Tu
*
»X±
@m$1$=(!
í
)
hé·Õå
êTu
*
Ȭ
#% [#7 AK*K
6#
!
¥u
*
»
¨
#$ AK*K
6#
ôù
!
héu
*
»¤®
!
#71$ s$1"(AK*K
6#
!
XêTu
*
»¤ã
!
"18
s$18(AK*K
6#
$
CXTup
^
»
X±
@m$1$=(!
¨
#1$ [#19 AK*K
6#
!
Fu
*
n
Ó»ñã
$
²íè
!
¥Tu
^
»iiÎ
þÓX±
@n$1$=($
CXTu
q
»X±
@m$1$=(!
CXTu
q
»
¨
817 [71# AK*K
6#
!
CîêTu
q
»¤®
!
71# s$1%(AK*K
6#
!
²FhéÓX±è
@n
$1$=(!
X±ia¥Tu
q
»
@m$1$=(!
ë¯dì¤ã
!
817 s$1#(AK*K
6#
!
X±§a
¥Tu
q
»
@m$1$=($
NONAW
*4=öÈ5:
)
;
)
¾ðñ
McY
¥a`ã
º
#
"
Ó÷ Y
*]^
Ó@X±
@m$1$=(!
héFíT Y
*]^
Ó@ñi
!
Ø
%!17
·
%$17!
ia
%$#
ë¯dì·îêrT
Y
*]^
Ó@ñã
!
817
·
!81$!
§a
#$!
X±ãa¥
#
ÕåCª
)
Xê·ÕåêT
Y
*]^
Ó@ÎþÓX±
!
¨
#! [%$$
~
·u}T
*]^
Ó@§a
#=!
Ó÷~T
*]^
Ó@ÓX±
$
íuT
*]^
Ó@Fhé·Õå
êÓX±
!
0F¥uX±
@m
$1$=($
²íè
!
¥Tu
*]^
Ó@nÎþ
ÓX±
@n$1$=($
º
#?
Ó÷}T
*]^
@Óñ
WEK1#?+@L/NKG>E3*]^ NG4E/OE> TESLNL>44NLLOOML3ELO
NOSA
¥¾Z[
":D3#
n¾¿C(9D#q
²RN
9
/TÓ
&-,(
F Y
*!^
»~
L^GNO/>
nïü£y
"
Ó
&-,(
F Y
*
»VX±&nï
Fg$1"9!
!
# @
g$1$# (!
F Y
^
» n ï ü Ó X ±
Fg
6$1<Ó F Y
*
»nï
ï?>º
%$
!?
?F@?
L¶Ó
&-,(
T
!
ïïÏ£Ó÷¶
TXËQ-s
!
¾¿f¨÷=×Øç*ñ
$
T
&-,
ÿ®
!
m*mdO;Tf+ÿ!
ÿø
88
?!
#$
# ªÅ
"
ªd7;
9
CXzìTefü
I
º
%?
Ó
&-,(
F Y`»nïï?
WEK1%?+@L0E>LGNNL0G4E/>O@EM VL4RLL> &-,G>T 0LGS*
aXË
!
0N YTt/k^Óo
!
»½Mg ¶¶
$g
a/OOG4/")%-U! %$$7($
¨L¶Ë#~sR
Sò
!
Ó÷¶TXËJ
)
X訞
)
O;2ÁÅX
YQ-·X¦B©Mé«ü
!
¾¿¶
þ¦§
!
|~¶ñ
#
Gè
!
TvéâF
L¶:xúV-nï
!
F:øÁû·""±
f+V&nï
!
~B]F¥-.®·¥±f+n
ï
/N>L0EOOL> ")%-U! %$$<# G`NZL4O4LUE> ")%-U! %$$9#
/N>RL0")%-U! %$$7($
A£y;ð*T
9
CX
ìvÓ
&-,(
Ï£BÓ÷fo¨
÷=×ØòË#ñ
$
I
&-,
F Y
*
»VX±&nï
!fNEK@4
Å
%$$!(
NÏÐ
#9=
/
89
% =!"
L¶TDE1
!
Y
*
»ÿ®
!
L
¶
&-,
ÿi
!
mÿÜÿ!
YX.+ÿ®
!
¥
nïDE»yëB~zT?
/^/N4LN! #777#
a/OOG4/")%-U! %$$7($
¾véâ·~B]ã
M
!
hé
)
îêrvéâñi
!
fiT:ø
Áûñ¥CX®
!
"±üf+ñ\
!
»
fFX訖g˕
# 2OC>Z/QG
Å
%$$9(
1
¶Tvéâÿã
!
X訞ب
!
0úè
>@Ó*·"%ü
#
Xê
)
ë¯dì·í
~B]ñi
!
Í¥-.®ÅÓ§×ØEF
f+ñ!
ÕåCª·hé~B]ñ§
!
Í¥-.®ÅÓ§×ØEFf+ñg
$
óãæçÕ
;89ÕåCª&«éiµ»é?
!
Ç"M
&"®.I´
!
fF~B]·véâ§À
ï
QÜÅ
! %$$"($
L¶ Y
*!^
»F
*]^
Ó@ÊDE
q/LNOL0AG> ")%-U! #778# +@/AMO/> ")%-U! #779#
:NGGZ@LZZL")%-U! #777# )0OLN")%-U! %$$$# \COLRL0!
%$$!(
"
YT
*!^
»·
*]^
Ó@Ï£L¶
N98j¸TE
!
Y
*!^
»Fmÿf+
·XËV&nï
!
F Y³ZV-nï
$ \COLRL0
Å
%$$%(
DE`8XY?ZL¶ Y
*]^
T@
1
!
9
*]^ m#$
>
!
ÕÖ
*
ôX±ÕÖL¶
TX¶
!
9
*]^ n%$!
ÕÖ
^
ôX±ÕÖL¶
TX¶
!*]^
Ó@¨iÎþ>
!
nNX¶T
ÁF
*]^
Ó@ï?ÓX
$
A£yð*Tí·
hé
*]^
@ia
%$!
ë¯dì·îêr
*]^
Ó@§a
#$!
¥
*]^
Ó@¨
#$ [%$$
E±
!
¨~ªd7;TCXéY>
!
Nj¸Õ
n
*
fñX±8ÕÖë¯dì·îêrTX
¶
!
Nj¸Õn
^
fñX±8ÕÖhé·í
TX¶
$
)0OLN
Å
%$$$(
NÏÐ`8L¶DE5é
!
Y
*
»
%$18 AK*K
6#
!^
»
#177 AK*
K
6#
# cG>
Å
%$$=(
Nòæ`8L¶TDE5é
!
Y
*
»
%$1% AK*K
6#
!^
»
#1!8
AK*K
6#
!
Y
*
»FÏÐ:ÓT
!
¿
^
»
ãaÏÐ:
!
1òæ`8j¸FÏÐnÓ
!
^
»(ã
$
%
¹
!
ªd7;
9
c°C
*
»
%"1! AK*K
6#
!^
»
%1% AK*K
6#
!
»®aÏæ·ÏÐ`8L¶ Y
*!
^
»T:
$
±>
!
¨ªd7;
9
£
yCXT£«¹9ç
!
j¸
*!^
=»
®aæçè`8j¸
*!^
=»:
$
»
À)1L¶ Yñ®T
*!^
»¯L¶Í
bã[NfÏ(¿T=Eµ¿
aLE3@
")%-U! %$$!(!
±ãM
! 9
CX Yñ®T
*!^
»»f¯NX˨ã[×ØT=ef
üE
$
=øÁû²ì¯±m*(p=;f
X.T"¶o
!
u2åñTT
@GME>
±
í
@GME>! #7"$# :ENZ ")%-U! #7"8# &GS/C_`G4/>T/
")%-U! %$$=# ;C3E3")%-U! %$$7(!
ôL¶X¶FL
¶=TÓ@Ü=øÁû
!
,øL¶
}5ö=»T)Ü=øÁû±
!
±@ÿi=øÁûÿ®
!
±@ÿ§=ø
Áûÿã
$
uLêìvu
)
~
)
}T
*! !^
q
»
!
héu
!
~
!
T
*! !^q
»
%71!! %<17!!"1< AK*K
6#
!
£yð*ò¤
®
!
Õåê}ahé
!
u
)
~
)
T
*! !^q
»
%#19!#917!!!17 AK*K
6#
!
ë¯dì·Xê
u
)
~
)
T
*! !^q
=Ȗ
!
¥Ã
ò
$
¨=*SH1Õåê·hé*+
X˨ñ,Tj¸H
!
"-.f+ñ
!
ë¯dì
·Xêfo¨=-_Tj¸HXË
!
"-.f+
ñ!
¥Ãò
$
±
!
¨CXéY>
!
Õ
åê·hé©ñ,Tj8
!
=ñ-_
Tj¸ùféYë¯dì·Xê
$
/«XË
N=ÑÒTÑ°~=O£yI
!
0¾=/
gÏ£BCXXËNj¸=°Ò·ET
98
& ( )
!"
"
?
efü
$
u=øÁû
!
ôÙ;DET
9
/
<
~
"
Õåê·héYa=øû
ñãJ
!
ë¯dì·XêT=øûñ®J
!
¥
<
/Ya=øÁûòÅJ
$
E F + ,
QÜ
!
íÖ
!
ä_æ
!
Å
1%$$"5
ÕåCªO;k^NQÉ@
5
"±9DE
!%=8( " 98$ 698=5
©¼ú
!
y/
!
á°0
!
Å
1%$$75
L¶ûTc°ç»
)
©í
·BC²H
5
X¶TUü
! #98( " =<< 6=!"5
ï
?
ñ
!
³
?
)
!
S)K
!
Å
1%$$85
ÕåCªxPYF1o)F
»TUüôÇÊü
(ê
5
L¶wxO;)R
!9 <( " %9$
6%985
ÐÃæ
1#77%5
òæL¶)B5
7c
"
()«]^
5
&Yù
!
23«
1%$$$5
ªdC&O;
---
æçC&BÿDE
5
7c
"
òæ&«]^
5
Ú«
!
Ø
?
½
!
ä_æ
!
Å
1%$##5
E̪j\ã8ï&ÁÂ&vA
L¶zìTefü
I
5
L¶XY)R
! <= #% ( " #<$$
6#<$75
y
?
ö
5#7"75
ÕåCª·ÕåCí
5
Õåo()
!<# 8 ( " <<
6³
?
&
!
sª
1%$$!5
L¶ ³ZÇnï ü
TXY)DE~
[
5
L¶XY)R
!%"8( " "!! 6"=%5
³Õ>
1#79<5
æçC&TXY8Ê·û)¿À
5
L¶)
R
!#=%( " %<7 6%=<5
³
?
õ
1#7"%5
ÕåCª
5
èòvâ
"
Õå¢Â«]^
5
,3ZLN0Q; ;5%$$<5/AAC>E4QGOOLAV0Q! >E3@L3/>OLNPG4E/>! G>T
GTGM4EPLLP/0C4E/> E> 3@G>KE>KL>PEN/>AL>4O5(>4LN>G4E/>G0d/CN>G0/S
0^G>4&3EL>3L! #8!<( " #8= 6#"!5
,3ZLN0Q;;5%$$95,4NGE4_VGOLT GMMN/G3@ 4/3/AAC>E4QGOOLAV0Q"
MGN4E4E/>E>K/SOML3ELO4NGE4PG0CLOE>4/RE4@E>_G>T GA/>K_3/AAC>E4Q
3/AM/>L>4O5)3/0/KQ-L4LNO!#$%( " #<= 6#!=5
:ENZ ) !` .E4/COLZ ^`5#7"85*E4N/KL> GPGE0GVE0E4QG>T >E4N/KL> COL
LSE3EL>3QE> 0/V0/0QME>LO4G>TO5)3/0/KQ! 89#( " 87 6975
:NGG0TGLZZLf \! c//S4AG> ; , 1^#7775 +@LNLO/CN3L VG0G>3L
@QM/4@LOEO/SM0G>4OML3ELO TEPLNOE4QE> KNGOO0G>T5 d/CN>G0/S
.LKL4G4E/> &3EL>3L!#$%( " #"9 6%$$5
@GME> W&5#7"$5+@LAE>LNG0>C4NE4E/> /SRE0T M0G>4O5,>>CG0aLPELR
/S)3/0/KQG>T &QO4LAG4E3O!!"##( " %<< 6%8$5
/N>L0EOOL> dc! -GP/NL0&! \GN>ELN)! ")%-U%$$<5,cG>TV//Z /S
MN/4/3/0OS/NO4G>TGNTEJLT G>T LGOQALGOCNLAL>4/SM0G>4SC>34E/>G0
4NGE4OR/N0T_RETL5,CO4NG0EG> d/CN>G0/S:/4G>Q!=#!( " <<= 6<"$5
/N>RL0f q! ,3ZLN0Q;;5%$$75/AAC>E4QGOOLAV0QG>T O@ES4OE>
M0G>44NGE4TEO4NEVC4E/>OG3N/OOG> L>PEN/>AL>4G0KNGTEL>4E> 3/GO4G0
G0ES/N>EG5)3/0/KE3G0` />/KNGM@O!97#( " #$7 6#%85
;EGJ&! c/TKO/> d\! +@/AMO/> q!")%-U%$$!5+@LM0G>44NGE4O4@G4
TNEPLL3/OQO4LAO" LPETL>3L SN/A 4@NLL 3/>4E>L>4O5 d/C>G0/S
.LKL4G4E/> &3EL>3L!#=<( " %7= 6<$!5
;C3E3+! :LN4@/0T ;!-G>KL>SL0T_cLQOLNa! ")%-U%$$75` Q3/NN@EJG0
3/AAC>E4ELOE> NL0G4E/> 4/VE/AGOOMN/TC34E/> G>T >C4NEL>4COL
LSE3EL>3QE> 4R/PGNEL4ELO/S;/CK0GOSEN@2";/)2;8% 7".Z,"2,PGNU
7".Z,"2,G>T PGNU8-%;6%(E> TESLNL>4S/NLO4O/E0O5&/E0:E/0/KQG>T
:E/3@LAEO4NQ!!#!( " 9!% 69=<5
)0OLNdd! WGKG> fW! ;L>>/aW!")%-U%$$$5*C4NE4E/>G03/>O4NGE>4OE>
4LNNLO4NEG0G>T SNLO@RG4LNS//T RLVO5*G4CNL! !$"" =9" 6="$5
\COLRL0&! q/LNOL0AG> `5%$$%5.GNEG4E/> E> >E4N/KL> G>T M@/OM@/NCO
3/>3L>4NG4E/>O/SRL40G>T M0G>4O5 L^NOML34EPLOE> 0^G>4)3/0/KQ
)P/0C4E/> G>T &QO4LAG4E3O! =#( " <9 68#5
\COLRL0 &5 %$$!5 *]^ NG4E/OE> 4LNNLO4NEG0M0G>4O" PGNEG4E/> G>T
SC>34E/>G0OEK>ESE3G>3L5*LR @^Q4/0/KEO4!#8!%( ! %!< 6%885
cG> f D! WG>KdB! \C/;-!")%-U%$$=5-LGS>E4N/KL> G>T M@/OM@/NCO
O4/E3@E/AL4NQG3N/OO9=< 4LNNLO4NEG0M0G>4OML3ELOE> @E>G5*LR
@^Q4/0/KEO4!#8"#( " <99 6<"=5
cLd&! fG>KHc! fG>KD 5^%$$85,4LO4/S4@LKL>LNG0E4Q/S0LGS4NGE4
NL0G4E/>O@EM /> 4@L+EVL4G> 0^G4LGC5*LR @^Q4/0/KEO4! #9$!( " "<=
6"!"5
cE0LVNG>T c! G`4@ELOOL> :1%$$75:E/TEPLNOE4QE> G3/AM0LFR/N0T"
3/>O/0ETG4E/> G>T MN/KNLOOE> SC>34E/>G0VE/TEPLNOE4Q NLOLGN3@5
)3/0/KQ-L4LNO!#%#%( " #!$= 6#!#75
cC43@E>KO` d! qN//> ; c1#77!5W/NGKE>KE> 0^G>4O" 4@LN/0L/S
A/NM@/0/KE3G0M0GO4E3E4Q E> NLO/CN3L G3YCEOE4E/>5 ,TPG>3L E>
)3/0/KE3G0aLOLGN3@! %=#( " #=7 6%<"5
q/LNOL0AG> f! L`C0LAG> ,`5#7785+@LPLKL4G4E/> *" ^NG4E/" G>LR
4//04/TL4L344@L>G4CNL/S>C4NEL>40EAE4G4E/>5d/CN>G0/S,MM0ELT
)3/0/KQ! <<8( " #!!# 6#!=$5
G`NZL4O4LUE> -! /^/N4LN-! :/>KLNOW5%$$95-EK@4_TLML>TL>40LGS4NGE4
PGNEG4E/> E> !< 4N/ME3G0TNQS/NLO44NLLOML3ELO5,ALNE3G> d/CN>G0
:/4G>Q! 7!!( " =#= 6=%=5
2OC>Z/QG22! &@L>K+q! G`@ACT *,! ")%-5%$$95.GNEG4E/> E>
R//T TL>OE4Q! R//T RG4LN3/>4L>4! O4LAKN/R4@ G>T A/N4G0E4QGA/>K
4RL>4Q_OLPL> 4NLLOML3ELOE> G4N/ME3G0NGE>S/NLO4/> :/N>L/(O0G>T5
,CO4NG0)3/0/KQ!<%%( " #7# 6%$#5
/^/N4LN-5#7775\N/R4@ NLOM/>OLO/S#= NGE>_S/NLO44NLLOML3ELO4/G0EK@4
KNGTEL>4" 4@LNL0G4EPLEAM/N4G>3L/SA/NM@/0/KE3G0G>T M@QOE/0/KE3G0
4NGE4O5WC>34E/>G0)3/0/KQ/S^ 0G>4O!#<<( !<78 6!#$5
/^/N4LN-! fNEK@4& d! G^Jc!")%-U%$$"5,NLSC>34E/> 4NGE4OK//T
MNLTE34/NO/STLA/KNGM@E3NG4LO2 )PETL>3LSN/A SEPL>L/4N/M3EG0
S/NLO4O5)3/0/KQ! "79( " #7$" 6#7%$5
aLE3@ ^:! )0OR/N4@ ;&! fGE4LNO` :! ")%-507775\L>LNG0E4Q/S0LGS
4NGE4NL0G4E/>O@EMO" G4LO4G3N/OOOEFVE/ALO5)3/0/KQ! "$8( " #7==
6#7875
aLE3@ ^:! 20LZOQ> d5%$$!5\0/VG0MG4LN>O/SM0G>40LGS*G>T ^E>
NL0G4E/> 4/4LAMLNG4CNLG>T 0G4E4CTL5 N^/3LLTE>KO/S4@L*G4E/>G0
,3GTLAQ/S&3EL>3LO/S4@Lr>E4LT &4G4LO/S,ALNE3G! #$# <$ ( "
##$$# 6##$$85
aLEOOd! :NET0Lda! /`>4/QGd !`")%-U%$$75)ALNKE>K@/NEJ/>OE>
VE/TEPLNOE4QG>T L3/OQO4LASC>34E/>E>KNLOLGN3@5+NL>TOE> )3/0/KQ
G>T )P/0C4E/>! %!7( " =$= 6=#!5
a/OOG4/;a! c/SAG> f ,! WNG>3/,1%$$75;ESLNL>3LOE> KN/R4@
MG4LN>O3/_/33CNNE>KS/NLO4G>T OGPG>>G 4NLLOGSL344@LS/NLO4_
OGPG>>GV/C>TGNQ5WC>34E/>G0)3/0KQ!%&GS/C_`G4/>T/a! ;L0LM/N4L !^ -G30GC d !^ ")%-U%$$=5cQVNET G>T
30/>G0PGNEGVE0E4Q/S>C4NEL>43/>4L>4G>T >C4NEL>4COLLSE3EL>3QE>
:;6%-#A);2O4G>TOE> />K/5W/NLO4)3/0/KQG>T G`>GKLAL>4!%#$
<( " #7< 6%$!5
"8
?!
#$
# ªÅ
"
ªd7;
9
CXzìTefü
I
&CTE>Kq *! -GP/NL0&! @GME>
)
W &! ")%-5 %$$"5 &3G0E>K
L>PEN/>AL>4G03@G>KL4@N/CK@ 4@L3/AAC>E4Q0LPL0" G4NGE4VGOLT
NLOM/>OLG>T LSL34SNGALR/NZ S/NM0G>4O5\0/VG0@G>KL:E/0/KQ!#!
=( " ##%= 6##!$5
&RGAQ.! +LNV/NK@ d! ;LF4LNq\!")%-U%$##5,NLG0OLLTOLYCG02
&MG4EG0QLFM0E3E43/AMGNEO/>O/SOLLT SG0G>T OMNE>KNL3NCE4AL>4E> G
4N/ME3G0S/NLO45)3/0/KQ-L4LNO!#!%( " #7= 6%$#5
+@/AMO/> q! G^NZE>O/> d,! :G>T & a! ")%-5#7795,3/AMGNG4EPL
O4CTQ/S0LGS>C4NEL>43/>3L>4NG4E/>OE> GNLKE/>G0@LNVG3L/COS0/NG5
*LR @^Q4/0/KEO4!#<8!( " 897 68"75
fLO4/VQ !` fNEK@4(d1%$$85-G>T_M0G>4L3/0/KQ/> 4@LVGOEO/S
SC>34E/>G04NGE4O5+NL>TOE> )3/0/KQG>T )P/0C4E/>! %# = ( " %8#
6%8"5
fNEK@4(d!aLE3@ ^:! fLO4/VQ !` ")%-U%$$!5+@LR/N0TRETL0LGS
L3/>/AE3OOML34NCA5*G4CNL! !%"" "%# 6"%95
H@G>K& :! &0EZ dW! H@G>Kd-!")%-U%$##5&MG4EG0MG4LN>O/SR//T
4NGE4OE> @E>GGNL3/>4N/0LT VQM@Q0/KL>QG>T 4@LL>PEN/>AL>45
\0/VG0)3/0/KQG>T :E/KL/KNGM@Q! %$%( " %!# 6%=$5
!
!"#$
?
z{|
"
78