采用原状土芯法对光皮桦与扁穗牛鞭草复合模式(HN)、光皮桦人工林(H)、扁穗牛鞭草(NC)、柳杉人工林(LS)4种退耕模式细根(草根)分解、影响分解的质量指标及N动态进行研究。结果表明: 各模式细根(草根)分解速率符合Olson单指数分解模型,年分解常数(k)分别为1.06,0.93,1.32,0.86,分解1年后干质量损失率分别为65.49%,60.55%,73.32%,57.51%。在1年研究期内,各模式细根(草根)分解过程中的C/N与细根分解速率呈极显著负相关(P≤0.01),与N含量无关,其中光皮桦细根分解速率还与C含量有关。分解90天后,各模式细根(草根)木质素含量与分解速率关系分别为,H,LS呈显著负相关(P≤0.05),HN呈较弱负相关(P=0.087),NC不相关(P=0.279)。分解1年后N初始含量最高的HN具有最高的N释放率,N初始含量最低的LS具最低的N释放速率,4种模式N释放速率大小顺序为HN(70.12%)>H(56.49%)>NC(46.67%)>LS(21.76%),N初始含量高是导致此现象的原因。
Decomposition and its influencing factor as well as N dynamics of fine woody root (<2 mm diameter) and grass root in four vegetation forms of birch (Betula luminifera)-grass (Hemarthria compressa) compound(HN),birch (Betula luminifera) plantation (H), grass (Hemarthria compressa) (NC),cedar (Cryptomeria fortunei) plantation(LS) which were all founded in the process of converting farmland to forest or grass. This study was conducted in Hongya,China with the intact-core technique. The decomposition rate pattern showed a good fit for the Olsoris single-exponential model and the decomposition constant(k) for the four vegetation models were 1.06,0.93,1.32,0.86 a-1 respectively,with an annual loss in dry weight of 65.49%,60.55%,73.32%,57.51%. C/N of roots was negative significantly correlated with the root decomposition rate for all models during the one year experiment. C concentration of birch was also negative significantly correlated with fine root decomposition rate (P≤0.01). After 90 days lignin concentration relative to initial lignin content of birch and cedar fine roots was negatively correlated with fine root decomposition rate (P≤0.05). As for birch-grass compound model its lignin concentration of mixed roots showed a poorly correlation with fine roots decomposition rate (P=0.087). The rate of N release was strongly influenced by the initial N concentration of the roots. After one year fine root of HN with the highest initial N concentration released the most N and LS with the lowest initial N concentration released the least N.
全 文 :! !"" ! ## -C +,AD N>?I,<+ -G? A>IID< I,
$ % % &$ # %
& ’ ( )
’()*+,)- ’)./-* ’)+)(-*
/012!"*+02#
-345*
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
$ % % &
!m6*W1\uAUuY?e~ +L7"
Q > RST 1 U V W
ATSZ’T)67&’;FExLMNOP TU 6$"%7!Y
! "# wxk{VVb{PWliXYJZUviW1A8+Y5PWl};&A8Y5XYJZUA+(Y5[S};
&A.’Y!m6*W1\uAUuY?e5qr?e1;K+;~ +L7|}DE~!"#$%iW1\uAUuY?
e@(\i 91:0;=+/?eWs*$?eT/A !Y?fu 72%6*%2&<*72<$*%2#6*?e 7$$R;K]?(?fu
6"2!&=*6%2""=*><2<$=*">2"7=~Z 7$DE#M*iW1\uAUuY?e6FB1 (?+i\u?e@(^3
HM^tuA"#%2%7Y*i +[K&u*^ BPWl\u?e@(*i ([K)u~?e &%F$*iW1\uAU
uYI;N[Ki?e@(u8?fu*8*.’^HM^tuA"#%2%"Y*8+^@_^tuA" @ %2%#>Y*+(ntu
A" @ %2$>&Y~?e 7$$ +F][KSj1 8+()Sj1 +‘{(*+F][KS>1 .’(S>1 +‘{@
(*!mW1 +‘{@(T-aZu 8+A>%27$=YA 8A"62!&=YA +(A!626>=YA .’A$72>6=Y*+F][Kj(t
uOW!1k_~
$%&% 6*W1S\uSUuS?eS+L7
’()*+#’>7#2"" -./01#- -23+#7%%7 B >!##4$%%&5%# B %%$7 B %6
vwx#%$%%# B %6 B %"~
+{|}%CH~!()+{|}A<%>>7>7>Y5CHQ\a_R(qI‘|}A$%%6C-(%7-77Y5CHbK@LM)(IcM+{
A$%%"%6$6%%7Y5TSEbKdLMNOP|}A$%%6DE%%6YzTSZ’T)Ead‘_gIviLKef|}yol|~
"Hfgu%&e’~Z?@|?/0k*XMTSZ’T)=hijbk1l|*ZO#LpN~
!"#$ %&&’ (#) *+(,, %&&’ -$.&/0&,"’" (#) 1 -2#(/"., "# !&3+
4(#) 5,$ 620$, &7 8 $+’"#: !(+/;(#) ’& !&+$,’
F0;4 .G .G HGI;JKG DLI;4 MGI; NI; (L3I;
A#$%$& ’&( )%*+,%$+,( +- ./+0+12/%0 3+,&4$,( .5125&&,251*#2/67%5 81,2/70$7,%0 952:&,42$( ;%<%5 6$"%7!Y
<=,’+(.’% EKO0PQ0:GRG0; I;S GR: G;T13K;OG;4 TIOR0U I: JK11 I: + SV;IPGO: 0T TG;K J00SV U00RA W $ PP SGIPKRKUYI;S 4UI:: U00R
G; T03U XK4KRIRG0; T0UP: 0T YGUOLA=&$70% 07>252-&,%YZ4UI::A?&>%,$6,2% /+>@,&44%YO0PQ03;SA8+Y*YGUOLA=&$70% 07>252-&,%Y
Q1I;RIRG0;A8Y*4UI::A?&>%,$6,2% /+>@,&44%YA+(Y*OKSIUAA,(@$+>&,2% -+,$75&2YQ1I;RIRG0;A.’YJLGOL JKUK I11 T03;SKS G; RLK
QU0OK:: 0T O0;XKURG;4 TIUP1I;S R0 T0UK:R 0U 4UI::5 ,LG: :R3SV JI: O0;S3ORKS G; 80;4VI*(LG;I JGRL RLK G;RIORZO0UK RKOL;G[3K5 ,LK
SKO0PQ0:GRG0; UIRK QIRRKU; :L0JKS I 400S TGR T0U RLK 91:0UG: :G;41KZK\Q0;K;RGI1 P0SK1 I;S RLK SKO0PQ0:GRG0; O0;:RI;RA!YT0U RLK T03U
XK4KRIRG0; P0SK1: JKUK 72%6*%2&<*72<$*%2#6 IB 7 UK:QKORGXK1V*JGRL I; I;;3I1 10:: G; SUV JKG4LR 0T 6"2!&=*6%2""=*><2<$=*
">2"7= 5 (?+ 0T U00R: JI: ;K4IRGXK :G4;GTGOI;R1V O0UUK1IRKS JGRL RLK U00R SKO0PQ0:GRG0; UIRK T0U I11 P0SK1: S3UG;4 RLK 0;K VKIU
K\QKUGPK;R 5 ( O0;OK;RUIRG0; 0T YGUOL JI: I1:0 ;K4IRGXK :G4;GTGOI;R1V O0UUK1IRKS JGRL TG;K U00R SKO0PQ0:GRG0; UIRKA"#%2%7Y5 -TRKU
&% SIV: 1G4;G; O0;OK;RUIRG0; UK1IRGXK R0 G;GRGI1 1G4;G; O0;RK;R 0T YGUOL I;S OKSIU TG;K U00R: JI: ;K4IRGXK1V O0UUK1IRKS JGRL TG;K U00R
SKO0PQ0:GRG0; UIRKA "#%2%"Y5 -: T0U YGUOLZ4UI:: O0PQ03;S P0SK1 GR: 1G4;G; O0;OK;RUIRG0; 0T PG\KS U00R: :L0JKS I Q00U1V
O0UUK1IRG0; JGRL TG;K U00R: SKO0PQ0:GRG0; UIRKA " @ %2%#>Y5 ,LK UIRK 0T + UK1KI:K JI: :RU0;41V G;T13K;OKS YV RLK G;GRGI1 +
O0;OK;RUIRG0; 0T RLK U00R:5 -TRKU 0;K VKIU TG;K U00R 0T 8+ JGRL RLK LG4LK:R G;GRGI1 + O0;OK;RUIRG0; UK1KI:KS RLK P0:R + I;S .’ JGRL
RLK 10JK:R G;GRGI1 + O0;OK;RUIRG0; UK1KI:KS RLK 1KI:R +5
>$2 ?&+),% P0SK1: 0T O0;XKURG;4 TIUP1I;S R0 T0UK:RSTG;K U00RS4UI:: U00RSSKO0PQ0:GRG0;S+ SV;IPGO:
\u(W&67892o1!’zx5@?*
\uijun86789‘ITK1)L;z:?
A(IGU;: &$ %0 5*7&&>Y*Aind@?@‘‘?et
j*{u8?e1DE*@o~uY(nXeW&
6789:?J8*VL)L;L7e~ ( mK*
)no{\u?e|}Yh1DE~e&1DE2
o0B,{u86E56l5?15:?‘{*{qr
\u?e_N1DEHnh*Z3&_N#(Xe
\u?e1Lo25~qr\u?e1_N|}6
‘_NA1\u|#;K5VLl6‘Yz%6‘_
NAVL=G5VLU?5VL:?)<<5VL;
nY~Zpq12au1128*qr\u?e1_
N2o(\u1B)*?A\u;KYA!"##$%&’"( !"
#$ )**++,S-./#.&’//0 !" #$ )*1223Y~4*5*I;N[
K56745I;N745I;N75 (T@1mK\u;
K1+;A89/’:/0; !" #$ )**+++S<&"=’: !" #$ )*122*Y*
^BI;N74gnu(,Uu8?eS(1+;
A!’:; !" #$ )**+>?S@A6"0B;C’:/D !" #$ )**+>?SE#FF&’
!" #$ )*1222S6C’. !" #$ )*1221Y*,Dqr\u?e
12o+;{,Xe\u?e6F()Lo}>~
TSon>Qbct6**&K{XTK6*
W1*2o)&U5)p&U5MU5"U=W1*(
))’{^B&UviW11\uzUu6‘K~
?15?e~:?‘{A"q=*1223S122GSQr=*
122GY5UPj/BJBi\u6‘K1u8=\]
XDEA:st=*122GY*A*uY{\u?e89
1DE~no16*W1Iqr\u1?e~^ 4
[K1JB*_O*%6{no6*W1\u?e1
j@DE4e"IXeW&6789ZIv6F
B*\u?e~^ 4ANJB{&n1qr~|D
Ee ?m6**&W1uDE{!*DEno6*
W1\uAUuY?e@(*qr\uAUuY?e1
;K+;*\uAUuY?e6FB 4[KJB~
* DEtA(
DEtG,TSELM6**&L"taTG
[aavMw*ctn~:;u*21H?+I3*2,H?GI J*
1+H1?I3,2H2*I 4*VB)+8W~QnC?pq*S
jp=u ,KL> M*S>p=u ,L, M*$<.p=
*KL> M*$xUk/ * 2>2 C*$5UK * ?+,L> $$*
nze>Qbcu2*VLrsu9
Vz*1U
2~2o*&_‘)PWlA0!".$# $.&*/*1!-#Y5[
SA 2-’3"+&!-*# 1+-"./!*Y5‘}wuMA 0#&4.(#
3!-5#-*#4*$*( P )!/6-+,#$#&+3(*( 7-#/6*(Y~@?)p_
‘55;~U=~
1 DEab
!"# 78h9yh9uH^:;
122G$ ? %F*g+PWliXYJZU
A8!-"9-*# ,+&3-!((#YviW1AE4Y5PWl};&
AEY5XYJZUA46Y5[S};&AQ
g] Kf<.iI*eiIuB7*Zm5 32 A$D
E1sA!XdA/,XYJZU?1.P*ZcW
1VOnMC}g+ 3!m5u 32 A$1!Y*xM
5 3L, A$n"#V$KL$+" *3 A$VVAQr
=*122GY?2 A*8zNOPx ?2 }(OZUB7
%5&’56(*x{T(5)2=;(?]e5
R 1 $$\uzUuAn?xY*H, >2 M*+*R
8,L*-+iW1sAVVn\u;K*E4W1
1\u;K(PWl\uzXYJZUUu;K,
z*?@,D?eVOw+1NLVV/K~)6
-KsVV;K?fu 2L*? O 2L, ;*<._u
2L12 ;AE4YS2L*1 O 2L1 3 ;*<._u 2L*> ;AEYS
2L* O 2L1G ;*<._u 2L*K ;AQ
._u 2L*, ;A46Y~)69U?@*hVV/?f
d ,2AE4*EY51>AQ
[wi1VV/K~
= # <=7OP
$%&’# ()*+,-./-01 02 /3) )4.),-5)1/%6 .60/*
_‘ 5"0./
PWl
0!".$# $.&*/*1!-#
AE4Y
XYJZU
8!-"9-*# ,+&3-!((#
AE4Y
PWl
0 ) $.&*/*1!-#
AEY
XYJZ
A46Y
[S
2-’3"+&!-# 1+-"./!*
AQ
<.l5 S!E7A$ GL? 3 GL3 3 ?L3
}G7"#G 6#=’:0;’ #: A0.#ND (’.9&/D 2LK *22T 2LK *22T 2L3
!"! h9d>|6?@A
122G$ ?% *3x*CU,DVV1/K+i*
kUDiW1\u5UuF])L 65E 45E 55.
;NzI;N1VVeB/I0,1n*^ g$+
1to/}1VV?f/I\]2#O1A35
2L13 $$*K7 G A$ P 12 A$YB$*{zMkGH*4
(;#*b5}VL|}kGJ:~E4*E*46*Q<
W1{zkG1VV?fu *32**32**?2**12 A~
yU 3K2A~x+,u * $1A* $ P * $Y@‘‘Ov
0@‘‘*Hk’#Z@‘‘*]k@‘‘?e{V
L1qr~?fZ ,2*+2**>2*1G2*,K3F$ZVO
&nMzvsAW1VViDAE4*E*46*Q
ViD{Z ?2}(OM*x{T(5)2=;(6
7]e5 R 1 $$\uzUuAn?xY*!$ru5Uu’8*H, >2 M*+*R8,L*-L*U
11 & ’ ( ) ?3"
ViW1\u1?e@(~9*Ri:;*6 ! ""
(*x, #5E $5E %5.;N5I;N[KUD~
!"# B;xy
)L #5E $5E %UD?fwx &’#(’)* ng+
b5<1D $9>b5<=\jTbA>c?*’++,Y*.
;NI;NUDwx"1A-./ 01234Y’@.;?@b
A‘Rc=*’++5SH5=*’++*S-./ !" #$ 6*!789Y~
!"$ uCd>
\u?e@(x ):31/+/WsUV%% ;%& <
2= ’"*1B %1 u\u1F];K*% uk= " k\u
>eR;K*’ u?eT/~/0?@wx )>>?@2
AB@2: ’++C z 0D.33!!6+ 9UG2*\ui;K+;
i\u?e@(1u8wxA={
C !"i?@
#"% $DopEF4GF5^ )HIJ
?e1R 7+FiW1\uAUuY;K]?@
TA| !Y*?eSi~E$*E*$#*F0 ?f]?
C56’*G*C!688G*5+65*G*’768CG*K$$HeB*
?e ! $$>e(?fu C56,!G*5’657G*
’8689G*C765,GS$#j^g C AW1\u?eq
i*^ [( E$*E*F0?eSf~viW1AE$YuAUuY?e1@(], Ei $#,=~iW1u?e>e()6+/Ws?@^ (’ H +67*A) I
+6+!YA# ’Y*ok[C$Xwxk{VVb(4+
1~$?eT/A ’Y?fu !6+8*+67C*!6C’*+698*
;K]?dM 7,GG!k=?fu! +5,*! ’’5*
9,’*! CC,FA# ’Y~
#"! KLEF4GF5)HIJ^MHN/
C6’6! :;<=/> $*%*I;N[K*#;$*I
;N;$*I;N;% (T@1\u;K+;A)342(4.J
!" #$ K*!777S0?:L2( !" #$ K*’++!Y~/# Cf]%iW
1\uAUuY?e@(qi?e6FB1 #;$ ^
HM^tuu8A)!+6+,Y*i $[Ktu
o(_uu81 #;$@T*l6‘i*1\MCM
$N3x**i*1l6‘Kn45T*u8?e1
@(Jf~3i 0?:L2(~iE’u8?eWsGX
hnDE\u5xz?eDEabk*\u #;$i
\u?e@(^HM^tu*Zu8 $[K#i?
e@(^_tu1!"auA0?:L2( !" #$ K*’++!Y~
E$*F0*E*$#?e@(i #[K^^tuu8*A
F0*$#tunHMA)"+6+,YS] %[KzI;N;
$ZO*i?e@(^HMqtu1?f( E$z
$#A)!+6+,YA# CY~
= ! EF4GF5)HOtMPQJg)HRuS^TUxV
&’()! *+,-+../01 +23’4/01. (+45++1 6/1+ -004. ’17 ,-’.. -004. 8’.. -+8’/1/1, ’17 7+9’: 4/8+
W1 M1N2:
zgaF
O2J(233?1/ 2PQ.4?1/ (
’
?eT/ ’
R2@1"D13?41/ (.42
@1/34./4 ’
,+G?ek=
,+G N2@.S 4?"2;N
7,G?ek=
7,G N2@.S 4?"2;N
E$ * < 7C6C!!2= +6++’ 9 " +67*! !6+8 ’’C ! +5,
E * < 7565!’2= +6++’ 5 " +67*, +67C ’8, ! ’’5
$# * < 7+68C’2= +6++C 5 " +67*7 !6C’ !*, 9,’
F0 * < 756C,92= +6++’ ’ " +67*’ +698 ’97 ! CC,
= # EF4GF5)HIJgMHN/^W$$X!
&’()# ;0--+<’4/01. (+45++1 6/1+ -004.Y,-’.. -004. 7+908=0./4/01 -’4+ ’17 23’4: /17+> + < !9
;K+;
TQ.:?4S ?/N2B
E$ E $# F0
) , (’ ) , (’ ) , (’ ) , (’
# +6++5 = +679# +67, +6+’8 = +67’# +69, +6+9, = +69C +689 +6+9, = +69C +689
$ +6*9* +6!* +6+C +6’,’ +68C +65 +67+! +6+9 +6+! +6*,7 +6!7 +6+5
% +6+’’ +67C# +698 +6*7, = +6’+ +6+5 +6’’C +68! +6C* +67,C +6+8 +6++C
#;$ +6++5 = +679# +67, +6+’8 = +67’# +69, +6+!* = +675# +697 +6++!# = +677 +679
.;N #2::Q:132 +6*5* = +6’+ +6+5 +68’7 = +6C+ +6+7 +695’ = +6!’ +6+’ +6+87 +69, +6*’
I;N F?J/?/ +6’97 = +68+ +6C8 +65’’ = +65* +6’’ +6!8* = +6*’ +6,’ +6’’* = +688 +65C
I;N F?J/?/;$ +6!58 +6*, +6,8 +6!C7 = +6*8 +6,* +6+’8 +67’# +69, +6CCC +6,, +6C!
I;N F?J/?/;% +6+*! = +69, +6*’ +6*’* +6’! +6+, +6’+9 +689 +658 +65, +65, +6’
!##L?e@(i;K+;HMtuA )!+6+,Y~04.4?34?@.::S 3?J/?>?@./4 31Q(@23 1> L.(?.4?1/ ?/ 4U2 @1((2:.4?1/ V24W22/ N2@1"D13?4?1/ (.42 ./N
PQ.:?4S ?/N2BA)!+6+,YK
iW1\uAUuY?e 7+F$|IBf$p
A| !Y*F#;K1]?Z4TFGdi??e1 #
Bi‘)u*Z$#;K]?i5?e1[ #Bi
‘)uAO1V?/31/ !" #$ K*!777S&*>=*’++9S#U2/
!" #$ K*!777Y~Z~A?e6FB*I;N[Kii
W1\uAUuY?e@(tu
AUuYI;N[KJBi?e@(|}tu?@~
C’! 9# G i=%5m6*W1\uAUuY?e~ $L7
!"#$%k !"n*# ’.NZ^tuu8*^ B
$!HM<@_A# %Y~4enuh\uAUuY?
e|I@f$p$*qr6*W1\uAUuY?e
@(1S2o1+;(?e6FBI;N[K*A
XYJZUW1kn~
| & \uAUuY?e6FBR;K>e(1JB
’()* & +,-.,/01), 23 4155 -,41(/(/) 23 3(/,
-2205 1/6 )-155 -2205 67-(/) 08, 6,.24925(0(2/
= ! EF4GF5)HIJ4 !5gZM[\H
^TUxVgW]Ju
"#$ %! "&’ ’()#*+,-. #-/ 0#1#2’*’1. ,3 /’4,20,.+*+,- 1#*’4!5
#5#+-.* 6+5-+- 4,-4’-*1#*+,- 3,1 3+-’ 1,,*. #-/ 51#.. 1,,*.
W1
:26,;
zgaF
<,)-,55(2/
,=710(2/
tu8/ !
"2--,;10(2/
.2,33(.(,/0
"# #
$! $ > ##?@#A# B C@C%D% B A@E A@?D# A@A?F
$ $ > &G&@GCG B D@&% B A@EG? A@EDF A@AD#
!" $ > A@EAA B D@CCF% B A@F#& A@C#A A@#FE
HI $ > #?E@&%? B C@FFD% B A@EGG A@ED# A@AD%
D@#@# ?@<=/> )6A=tu?@#$ $!
\uAUuY?e@(i "*+[K*"J!^HMtu*
$i "[Kz "J! HMtu*!" Uu?e@(i
"J!5I;NJ! HMtu*HI i "J! HMtuA#
DY~iW1\u?e1HM<;K+;|}‘bz
g?@~!"#$%iW1\uAUuY?e@(i
"J!^3HM^tu*G?e@(J:1 ??Ked*
_O~A?e6FBqriW1\uAUuY?e@
(1S2o1;K+;( "J!A# CY~
787 EF4GF5)H^V’ 9_C
\u?e6FB*!1!B‘{(W&678
9B !J8Lo16F*{,;XW&6789n
p()LoexAL-7/1.81;14 &’ () @*&EEGY~?eR
EAFM*$!*$*!"\uAUuY![KH@85~O
$ $!W1 !#*&?AF$ae‘{*Z?e #FA F$ !" Uu !
]W@o1,#*K$Bf‘{*HI?e\]$:
6 !,#*#FAF$I:6‘{A| #Y~]3 %mW
1ZO*\uAUuY?e &$$ !1‘{j,#h*
$!*$*!"*HI ‘{1 ! ?fuF][K1
FA@K*CG@%EK*%G@GFK*#&@?GK*$! ‘{1S
i*HI‘{1Sf*q#Wu8‘{~iW1 !F
][K?fu A@GEE ?KA$!Y*A@G#F #KA$Y*
A@%C? DKA!"Y*A@DFA #KAHIY~?e &$$ !F]
[KSj1 $!()Sj1 !‘{(*!F][K
S>1 HI(S>1 !‘{@(*%mW1 !‘{@
(T-aZu $!AFA@KYM $ACG@%EKYM !"
A%G@GFKYM HIA#&@?GKY~
= : EF4GF5)HIJ4 !5g
q"MHN/^TUxV
"#$%: ;+-’#1 1’51’..+,- ’()#*+,-. ,3 /’4,20,.+*+,- 1#*’4 !5
#5#+-.* ()#6+*< +-/’= 3,1 3+-’ 1,,*. #-/ 51#.. 1,,*.
W1
:26,;
zgaF
<,)-,55(2/
,=710(2/
tu8/ !
"2--,;10(2/
.2,33(.(,/0
"# #
$! $ > &DE@GAE B &@FCFA"J!Y B A@EFG A@ECD A@AAA &C
$
$ > &DG@&%# B &@%E%A"KYB
A@C&%A"J!Y
B A@EEE A@EE? A@AAD
!" $ > &AC@EFF B A@E#A DA"J!Y B A@E%& A@??G A@AA? %
HI $ > E%@#EG B &@#E%A"J!Y B A@E?E A@EF? A@AAA D
| # \uAUuY?e6FBKL7
’()* # !(0-2),/ 6N/14(.5 (/ 3(/, -2205 1/6 )-155 -2205 6,.24925(0(2/
% d’
!8> EF)HLMxy
ZW&\u?eDEB*=xJ1b{\u|
}WD?eDE*(}RCLd\u?eDE12
oab~I(;O,-=A#AA&Y{Cn=85+8W&67
89\uDE1 &C#K?L~i:W) ?FKwxO
b~J1bWD\u?eex*(WDznF89
12th1ab*\u?eex(VLl6‘5L‘
znF89_2*iex1!"~AJ1b%TI
>??e@(A^-E=*#AA&SP2)0 &’ () **&EE&Y*
2o(?e135T-{u8?e@(1qr
AI.8,7 &’ () **&EE%Y*35<-IMNVLL‘1|
IZqr?e*Z35
#+eO1l6‘n4TUnqr\u?e@(
A^*V=*#AACSQ2-/R758 &’ () **#AA#Y~’{?e
%# & ’ ( ) %C"
1b1nd*!"#$%&’( =A)**)Yx]XBC~!{
71k{VVb~,pk{VVb[NZmIu8
?11<=:;<5%}1mmR6=.hn,D
1_N*A^,WXJ1b1 )T%LuX%TU
X{\ue5?x1Q#S{u8Xy‘~89z
l6‘891R6eo*Y^(uLeC1l6‘
mrz/K1JB4-~_O|DEu*\uBC
~!{7?e*wxk{VVb~/,VViD(
J~1*k{VVb1;K]?(K{Z6B<.
/+c,dZn(=AiD*dZ1VV/KI5
+,>=\u1;K]?*_O,DVV/(|D
Eab1LM~
!"# EF4GF5)H|KL)HIJ^MHN/
+m6*W1\u$?e@(T-=[u ,-
A./0/)1Y2 3,A 450+61Y2 3A 4*0551Y2 78
A5.0591Y~XYJZUUu?e@($HT,^
g /mW1\u?e@(*3iU|_‘1u8?
e@(a[j,I|_‘1JAauAHJ\=*
)**9Y~PWl\uiXYJZUUuii?e@
(T,PWlh&W1\u?e@(*&UviW
1{\u?e@(#W]aD1W|ex*:"%;$’"$
=A9666Y{[mj&nt_‘u8ii?eDE[
#$u8ii{?e)W|ex~nors_‘^
?e@(no*]|_‘ 2jkmm 2’kmm*Z
’kmmu8 -<,a[HMj,^gmmA8;=>?# !"
#$ @*)**9Y~|DEB[S\u -<,A9).0+.YT,
3,AA*0+/Y*3A.909/Y*,-A4/0+)Y*_O[S\u?
e@(q-,^gW1~\u?eq^W]i Bf
no1 )A$pA| 9Y*3i C#&$DE(D=DF=A9664Y
wx?e1bDE^G)+8W~ntW&noY
f$h1&I\u?e?uf Bi Bf /A$H1
$pnau*^ 2ok_45(wx?e1bl6
‘_‘LfDx1k=()_$<*Zk{VVb
{eou8Xy‘~89zl6‘891R6~F
#;K1]?Z4TFGdi??e1 - Bi‘
)u*1\uF]U6
=*)**AS-(?$ !" #$ @*9666SG’&E(;HD !" #$ @*)**)Y~
@‘‘1?e*$f(F#1?ei@‘‘1 ,[
K^qtuAID##H !" #$ @*96A6Y*!Zu8?eHn
(3i~iW1\u?e@(qi -<, ^HM^
tuu8A%!* @ *5Y*i ,[K&u*3i^g1a
&)’DE!"auA8;=>?# !" #$ @*)**9S-(?$ !"
#$ @*)**)Y~^g;K+; -1*,1*J1*.;
N15I;N<,5I;N15I;N
*W1\u$?e@(1S(+;](u81
-<,~I?#K~^ie’FZ 96A*$]Di]+;;
K{@‘‘?eqr1Ws*:W{u8z’k@
‘‘ZO*,e~^g:?1 J*81[K%x?e
1F#$pA!/*1;K]?Y*ZI;N[KZe
$1?e6FB?OYuLoexAI?#K !" #$ @*
96A+SID##H !" #$ @*96A6Y~{?e 6*F$iW11
\uI;N[KJBi?e@(|}tu?@#$*
kW1 /n*)’.NZ^tuu8A%!*0*5Y*^ B
W1 9NZ@_1^tuu8A# +Y*3q(OCX
I?#K1!’*i^g1a&)’{u8?eDE!"
auA3"%%;? !" #$ @*9664Y~_O*h\u?e|I@
f$p$*,U6*W1\u?e@(1Lo+;(
I;N[K*AXYJZUW1kn~
!"$ EF4GF5)H^V’ %_C
a[s7*,[K@>1)L;Z?e6FB
&W]Q8CXexR*,]{[KDg(l6
‘CXex1!"*Z?e6FB]W:?CXW
![gnu(:?3xAJ#?’E"LL !" #$ @*9665YS,[
K@j1%T#WuQ8!BexRAI"’;#? !" #$ @*
)**+Y~781 ,F][KS>*u * @/.* )1*?eB
\] ,]W$H,#*9A*F$dM ,F][K1
9..0A1*).*F$)@T85*?e 9$$ ,I]W
‘{~Z4Eapk=M*781 ,q#W],#W
!*7$ 78 \u ,[Kndezdl6‘?e}
L{ ,1ox*!oJnF89B‘v ,szd~
#1!o*,1‘{@(|D, , 1x=~3, W
11 ,F][KSjA*0466 A1Y*l6‘4ox1
,HnuY*n!onm ,1(/*\uG[1)L
,?!B*_OZ~A?e6FB , q(8‘{~
3A*04). )1Y*,-A*0+5A /1Y,pZF&k=p)
,#*At{, , F][Ks7q#Wu8‘{~
Z’k&6789zUn6789[NZ3i1D
E!"*-(?$=A)**)Y{aC 95m’km\u?e
DE#$*,‘{@(i ,F][K^HMqtu*
kjbUUu ,CXex@>*iu ,F][Ku
*0+61~A[)t>1DE!"*1 N’L?#LDK =
A9666Y{cdeno{n1f{g(_‘\u?e
DE#$*9 $$\uCX1 , (F][K1 )04
;~PWliXYJZUviW1\uAUuY,F
][KSj*Z 9 $1?e6FB , ‘{Sh*F
] ,[K@>1[S ,‘{So*^ ]?KGF]
5)! A# G i=%+m6*W1\uAUuY?e~ ,L7
[K1 !"#$%&~_O*’F][K1j>(tud
#W!1k_~
( !’
iW1\uAUuY?e@(\i )*+,-=+/
?eWs~wxk{VVDEX] .m6*W1uAUuY?e?ui /f !A$p*R 01F?e@
i*e$#W]Bfbc~?e 01Fe$*2*34uI;N[Ki?e@(^HM^tuA !!
1#1"Y*(qr6*W1&I\u?eSLo1+
;*AXYJZUW1kn~"$1?e6FB*i
W1\uAUuY?e6FB1 56’i\u?e@
(^3HM^tuA! !1#1"Y*(qr6*W1u?e1ST;K+;~
?e "$$ ’F][KSj1 2’()Sj1
’‘{(*’F][KS>1 34(S>1 ’‘{@
(*.mW1 ’‘{@(T-aZu 2’ 7 2 7 ’5 7
34*’F][Kj>(tuOW!1k_~\uAU
uY?e‘{1 ’( .m6*W11Lo ’m*^
BPWliXYJZUW1Z~A?e6FBq#
Wu8‘{*?e "$$‘{ ’Sh*{,;Xcv
i6789VL)pe~:?J8()Loex~
J K - .
>c? 8 !11( 8 VLZB?@ 8 QR%BCZ’]DE*
:st*Hfg*^ m*= 8 !11$8 6*n<;BL9‘&n\u6
‘K~^iVLUP
89&I\uiUu1?e~:?L7 8=x67)J*"%0
A""Y%!191 / !19. 8
" q*Hfg*^ m*= 8!11$86**&n<;BL9‘ihiU
viW1\uzUu1?eL7 8&’()*.9ADBY%" / %8
H 5*3fB*Q j 8 !11$ 8 klm,B.;N5m.;zI;N
1DK?@DE 8 f\Z’T))J*91A9Y%%( / %:8
HJ\*"75*Qp5*= 8 !11" 8‘m\u~Uu16lpiXf
1DE 8=x67)J*"!A%Y%:!0 / :9!8
&*>*‘/n*oPU*= 8 !11: 8I};&\u?ez:?‘{~
B)&*JB 8)+8lmi89)J*9A"Y%"( / !98
‘Rc*#$**Q p*= 8 !11. 8 ~U5/]qmze‘klV:
w_1’@JbvD 8 Un)J*"!A!Y%"9! / "9( 8
Q r*Hfg*‘ r*= 8 !11$8PWl /XYJZUviW1\u
Uu6‘K~^<=?1 8TSZ’T))J*!(A.Y%.91 / .9(8
^-E*)4o 8 !11" 8 W&\u6liXfDE 8 &’()*9$A9Y%
"!% / "9( 8
^*V*s t*Quv*= 8 !11( 8 \u?eDE~^NZ1w$ 8
_‘)%J*!!A!Y%!.% / !(. 8
;<=->?@>*>A ;*B>-CDE 2 ’*F
CD?,AH,+GIG,- >-C -=I
N,
"." / "(1 8
S><
>+ H
0$ / "1.8
SD
H<,?D++%*,-PWID 4?,I+ HG-D N,
S*,,ANGD*C V*X,PI Y ;*X,PI T V8 "009 8 TD?>E <>ID >-C +=M+I<>ID Z=>*GIE ,N
NG-D <,,I >-C N,*G>PD ,N IO, I<,HG?>* I
S,+G
>-C 5’ CE->AG?+ G-
SG,*,PG?>* 5,-+D<]>IG,-*"!%%!:$ / !0(8
5>G<-+ R ;*S<,O- 4*2D*AD< Q 2*"# $% 8 "00$ 8 J,,I MG,A>++ >**,?>IG,- G-
I@D O,<*CG+ =H*>-C N,
5@D- 28 "000 8 J,,I CD?,AH,+GIG,- G- I@
5@D- 2*2>-C ’
CE->AG?+ G- ?,-GND<,=+ N,
T,<-M=+@ R*Q_+D-@>G?@ V U8 !11! 8 ‘=>-IGNEG-P NG-D <,,I
CD?,AH,+GIG,-% >- >*ID<->IG]D I, M=
!0:( / !0018
KG,
>-C -GI<,PD- CE->AG?+ C=
> RDCGID<<>-D>- D?,+E+IDA8 4,G* SG,*,PE a SG,?@DAG+I
2,MMGD 4 28 "00% 8 FDAHD<>I=
CD?,AH,+GIG,- G- ;*>+b>- F=-C<>8 Q?,* R,-,P<*%%%(19 / (!!8
2,MMGD 4 28 !111 8 _-ID<>?IG,-+ MDIODD- *GIID< *GP-G- >-C +,G* -GI<,PD-
>]>G*>MG*GIE C=
N,
NG-D <,,I+ G- N,
2>O>GG>- N,
B
CD?,AH,+GIG,- G- N,
J,MG-+,- 5 2*YGA V S*3GII*DO,,C J8 "000 8 TD?,AH,+GIG,- ,N <,,I
AG[I=
9"%""1" / ""1:8
4?@D= 4*4?@>=D-- V8 "00. 8 TD?,AH,+GIG,- ,N <,,I+ >-C IOGP+%DNND?I+ ,N
O,,C IEHDAMDD?@ >-C >+@Y*CG>ADID<*+GID ,N D[H,+=
D[?*=+G,-8 B*>-I 4,G* "%9%"9 / !.8
4D>+IDCI F J*B> T 48 "00! 8 R>++ *,++ >-C -GI<,PD- CE->AG?+
,N CD?>EG-P *GIID< ,N P<>++*>-C+%I@D >HH>
H,ID-IG>* ,N <,,I CDI
4G*]D< U 3*RGE> J Y8 !11"8 \*,M>* H>IID<-+ G- <,,I CD?,AH,+GIG,-%?,AH>
F+=?@GE> R8 !11! 8 ’=I
+=MI<,HG?>* A>-P<,]D N,
X>- 4,D+I*UG-D B V8 "0%: 8 TDID
CDID
;P
X,PI Y ;*X,PI T V*S*,,,ANGD*C V*"# $% 8 "00" 8 _-H=I ,N ,
I@D +,G* ME I
D-]G<,-AD-I+8 Q*+D]GD<*;A+*D
!"#$% 789)
%! & ’ ( ) .("