研究暖温带东灵山3种落叶阔叶林的碳氮元素含量和C∶N比率的化学计量特征。结果表明:1) 土壤和乔木层的碳元素含量表现为白桦林>辽东栎+棘皮桦混交林>辽东栎林,氮元素含量在辽东栎+棘皮桦混交林中最高,为另外2种林型含量的2倍,而3种林型的土壤微生物碳氮元素含量之间没有显著差异; 2) 不同林型土壤微生物的C∶N比率变动很小,并且不受土壤碳氮含量变化的影响; 3) 3种林型土壤和土壤微生物的C∶N比率变化不大,表现出受限制的化学计量学特征。
The contents of carbon and nitrogen and C∶N ratio stoichiometry in three warm temperate deciduous broadleaf forest types were investigated in Dongling Mountains, northern China. The results showed that: 1) The carbon concentrations of soil and tree layer decreased successively from Betula platyphylla(birch) forest (BF), Quercus liaotungensis (oak) and Betula dahurica mixed deciduous broadleaf forest (MF), to Quercus liaotungensis (oak) forest (OF). The tree layer in the mixed forests had the highest nitrogen concentration, which was more than twice that of the others. However, no significant difference was found in the carbon and nitrogen contents in soil microbial among the three forest types. 2) The variation of C∶N ratio in the soil microbial was smaller than that in the tree layer among the three forest types, regardless of the soil C and N concentrations. 3) The C∶N ratios of both the soil and the soil microbial were not significantly changed and appeared well-constrained in the three forest types.
全 文 :! !"" ! ##
$ % % &$ # %
& ’ ( )
’()*+,)- ’)./-* ’)+)(-*
/012!"*+02#
-345*
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
$ % % &
4_Q 6m‘kjk&1JKAN[K~j("
R R7-$ R S6 *TU7 VN07
A72 BC()F_‘DEG QR 7%%%&6S$2 BC()FDE6F QR 7%%%!&S62 QR,^[Yt}BEFI QR 7%$6%%Y
! "# DE~=84_Q 6m‘kjk&1JKAN[Kz (8+j(1B)UK$%~!"#$%7YVLz
cIZ1JAN[K#Wu9l& 9[4P :7Wliu& 9[4P&*KAN[KZ[4P :7Wliu&B
Sj*uNn $m&s[K1 $;*Z 6m&s1VLl6‘JKAN[K,=S)HMn:S$Yno&sVLl
6‘1 (8+j(JL4-*HGnCVLJK[KJB1qrS6Y6m&sVLzVLl6‘1 (8+j(JBn
T*#W]C3x1B)UK)$%~
$%&% JK[KSJKjS~=8‘kjk&S6789SB)UK)S4_Q
’()*+#’;7#2""! -./01#- -23+#7%%7 < ;!##4$%%&5%# < %%#$ < %=
vwx#%$%%& < %! < $%~
+{|}%QR,(ELT|}QQRQtW&mn)Vu~qrDEiL"RA>?;%=%%7%%%%&7YSCH~!()+{|}A6%"&%6#$Yl
|~
"W^Cu%&e’~pNBC()FQRW&6789DGDEz.8I5& 599zQ?o"Z;eB/’13Tl|~
!"#$%#$ ’ (&$)" "* !&+,"# ’ -)$+".%# "* /0+%% /12%3 "* 4&+5 /%52%+&$%
6%7)’8"83 9+"&’:%&* ;"+%3$3 )# 6"#.:)#. <"8#$&)#
.@ +A7*$ .@ B@AC6 .@3 DA@EFC47 ’AC4 GF@4307
A72 !"#$%$&$’ () *($+",*-.%"’#’ /0+1’2, () 30%’"0’# *’%4%"5 7%%%&6S
$2 67+1&+$’ 8"%9’7#%$, () -.%"’#’ /0+1’2, () 30%’"0’# *’%4%"5 7%%%!&S62:’"$(&5(7 /))(7’#$+$%(" -(22%##%(" () *’%4%"5 *’%4%"5 7%$6%%Y
=,3$+&7$% ,HF I0CJFCJK 0E IALM0C ACN C@JL04FC ACN (8+ LAJ@0 KJ0@IH@0OFJLP @C JHLFF QALO JFORFLAJF NFI@N303K ML0AN1FAE E0LFKJ
JPRFK QFLF @CSFKJ@4AJFN @C >0C41@C4 T03CJA@CK*C0LJHFLC (H@CA 5 ,HF LFK31JK KH0QFN JHAJ%7Y,HF IALM0C I0CIFCJLAJ@0CK 0E K0@1
ACN JLFF 1APFL NFILFAKFN K3IIFKK@SF1P EL0O *’$&;+ <;+$,<.,;;+AM@LIHYE0LFKJAUVY*=&’70 ;%+($&"5’"#%#A0AWYACN *’$&;+
1+.&7%0+ O@XFN NFI@N303K ML0AN1FAE E0LFKJATVY*J0 =&’70 ;%+($&"5’"#%#A0AWYE0LFKJA?VY5 ,HF JLFF 1APFL @C JHF O@XFN E0LFKJK
HAN JHF H@4HFKJ C@JL04FC I0CIFCJLAJ@0C*QH@IH QAK O0LF JHAC JQ@IF JHAJ 0E JHF 0JHFLK 5 D0QFSFL*C0 K@4C@E@IACJ N@EEFLFCIF QAK
E03CN @C JHF IALM0C ACN C@JL04FC I0CJFCJK @C K0@1 O@IL0M@A1 AO0C4 JHF JHLFF E0LFKJ JPRFK 5 $Y,HF SAL@AJ@0C 0E (8+ LAJ@0 @C JHF K0@1
O@IL0M@A1 QAK KOA11FL JHAC JHAJ @C JHF JLFF 1APFL AO0C4 JHF JHLFF E0LFKJ JPRFK*LF4ALN1FKK 0E JHF K0@1 ( ACN + I0CIFCJLAJ@0CK 5 6Y
,HF (8+ LAJ@0K 0E M0JH JHF K0@1 ACN JHF K0@1 O@IL0M@A1 QFLF C0J K@4C@E@IACJ1P IHAC4FN ACN ARRFALFN QF11YI0CKJLA@CFN @C JHF JHLFF
E0LFKJ JPRFK 5
>%1 ?"+’3% ( ACN + I0CJFCJKS(8 + LAJ@0SQALO JFORFLAJF NFI@N303K ML0AN1FAE E0LFKJSFI0KPKJFOSKJ0@IH@0OFJLPS>0C41@C4
T03CJA@C
67B)UK)(a^f41)(A09s=*
$%%"Y*SF4e;:M $% 7= !% $jA.@CNFOAC*
7&!$SZF@CFLK*7=SDFIWP ’$ +; 5*7#Y~}R*c
)(1DELM0BZT/6789*01T/6
‘1m_L75y6K6u8iV:‘;J8=~
ZFNE@F1NA7&"#Y:WZ:?nC3xk;‘6‘BM
(8+8 [jvCW,D*H%6VO,D (8+8 [ 7%= 87= 87*3aj_gYZBC*H-,u ZFNE@F1N
j_~ZFNE@F1Nj_1:W3TnW|XT/67
8967B)UK)1DE*cj_W(*uT/
6789DE1LoDk,aAZFNE@F1N*7&"#S
TI]L0NNP ’$ +; 5*$%%!Y~ZFNE@F1Nj_()Z01T
/1K:J8A(0N@KR0J@*7&&"S(00RFL ’$ +; 5*7&&=S
V@F1N ’$ +; 5*7&S’ALO@FCJ0 ’$ +; 5*7&S.FCJ0C ’$
+; 5*$%%%Y5T/Tp (?$ u A^’@4OAC ’$ +; 5*$%%%Y
~8Fx6lp1V:3xAVA1W0QKW@ ’$ +; 5*7&&;Y
=6‘n’B)J8DEB?MXLo1+Lz>
tex*(1]WjLX()HZE’sGdDE
6‘n’B)J86F~
,p67B)UK)ZT/6789BXMX
YZDEA>0NNK ’$ +; 5*$%%!SDFKKFC ’$ +; 5*$%%!S
’JFLCFL ’$ +; 5*$%%$Y*A(Z!n6789B1DE
*B?bA!""#"$*%&’(S)"*+",-*%&./S01-", !" #$ 2*
3(((Y~Z!n6789BimAN
!" #$ 2*%&.&S8*9:;-"<*%&.3Y*ZG/,VL3mB
)AN12oqB(am@+*<=:;
q(^s!n678967B)UK)DE;e]15M~}R*t{,CLd67B)UK)1
DE*ZCMtuDEv^CMYZurAB56+C !"
#$ 2*3((DY~hR*CLd)u!n678967B
)UK)1DE2o0BZ_‘@‘‘5_‘k]
zL‘?‘=a+*iVLzVLl6‘tu1D
EJA@oA?" !" #$ 2*3((.S41"#"16+@ !" #$ 2*
3((’Y~,peR1DE#$l6‘_B1 4 E Fj
(e,aAJL"yA. E % G %3 E %Y,=AH6;1 !" #$ 2*
%&&/SI,*C59 !" #$ 2*3(((S41"#"16+@ !" #$ 2*3((’Y*
A{VLl6‘_Bs73Aj("y(
^@tuJA~On)uVLl6‘zVL89,
=B)UK)u81DE[4o~|DE?@4_
Q~=8‘kjk& Dm}s&scIZ5VLl
6‘zVLZ1JKAN[K1JByk*e~ D
m&s1cIZ5VLl6‘zVLZ1 4E Fj(
(
DEtG,QR,^[Y4_QBC()FQ
RW&6789DGDEzA%%JK3/L 0*D&KJ.L FY~
4_QTU % %(( M*u=8mW~C?pq*mC
p=>*$<.p= 3 G . N*! %( N$,=u
D /(( G D .(( NSE$5U0BZcC*$.5UK
X /(( MMS/3.%5UKu D(( G A(( MMSE$&
S#Z %/(Fe8~
4_QW&_gWN6(*(~=8‘kjk
&n8<_g1j#rs~ct1k6_‘_‘+
|d(gRS=,*WN1huF![6&~DG
zDE"yM?1) D m}s&s%9lA %!"&$#
’$#"(’)($$#Y&5[4PA*&!+,&- $.#/"&01!0-.-YO 7W
lA%!"&$# 2#)&+.,#Y&z[4P&AD,<=*%&&’S
aa=*%&&AY~9l&M2ocImm)9l5Q
[A3#$.4 ,#’+!#Y57Wl5Q‘A5/’&$&- 2#6.2.#0#Y5
[4 P5T I dA 7,!+ 8/0/Y5 IA 9/+0&-
:+!"-,)0!.2!+.YzTk9jA;+#4.0&- +)(0,)/’)($$#Y*e
9lu5cmS[4P O7Wl&2ocImm)
[4P57Wl5w>A<.$.# 8#02-)&+.,#Y5TId5T
k9j59l5QR0jA 3(+.01# ’!=.0!0-.-YzQ[*
e[9Pz7Wlu5cmS[4P&2ocIm
m)[4P5TId57Wl5)>A<.$.# 8/01/$.,#Y
zTk9j*e[4Pu5cm~
3 DEab
!"# 6?ij
VO, 3((/ $ ’ %|}~uXWC D m&s
_‘67_21th<*ghink,KWXnz
_2auA# %Y*sA&sKLxH D Ain~i
n&?{(@# 3~VOin1VL.uQnOL
V**VK;upwLAaa=*%&&AY*VZ’GT
, /( >MA.7**%&&’Y*VL~B<;@# 3~
= # 67OP
$%&’# ()*+,- ./ 01, 23.04
in
H1:9
)G
P:+C*9;@"A0Y
WG
P69*9;@"AFY
TU
01"#69*:+QM
as
R-7">9
aG
S1:7"QAKY
9l& %
% 2 ’$#"(’)($$# T:,"-9 % %%JK3JLD.U.V D&KJ’L(’U.V % DAJ
6Q F:,95W"-9 3J
9l& 3
% 2 ’$#"(’)($$# T:,"-9 3 %%JK3JLA%U.V D&KJ’LJ&U(V % DA(
6Q F:,95W"-9 3.
9l& D
%!"&$# ’$#"(’)($$# T:,"-9 D %%JK3JL3DU&V D&KJ’L33U&V % DJ(
6Q F:,95W"-9 D(
[4P O7Wl& %
* 2 $.#/"&01!0-.- O % 2 2#)&+.,# T:,"-9 % %%JK3JL3’U’V D&KJ’L%(UAV % D3(
6Q F:,95W"-9 3J
[4P O7Wl& 3
* 2 $.#/"&01!0-.- O % 2 2#)&+.,# T:,"-9 3 %%JK3JL3/U3V D&KJ’L33U’V % 3.(
6Q F:,95W"-9 3J
[4P O7Wl& D
* 2 $.#/"&01!0-.- O % 2 2#)&+.,# T:,"-9 D %%JK3JL3DU.V D&KJ’L3(U’V % DJ(
6Q F:,95W"-9 3J
[4P& %
* 2 $.#/"&01!0-.- T:,"-9 % %%JK3JL(.UDV D&KJ’LDAUJV % D’(
6Q F:,95W"-9 3.
[4P& 3
* 2 $.#/"&01!0-.- T:,"-9 3 %%JK3JL%.U&V D&KJ’LD’U(V % DJ(
6Q F:,95W"-9 3J
[4P& D
* 2 $.#/"&01!0-.- T:,"-9 D %%JK3JL3’U’V D&KJ’L%(UAV % DA(
6Q F:,95W"-9 3J
D.! .# H 4=%4_Q Dm‘kjk&1JKAN[K~j(
= ! 67Q)8Pphz4" # !" $%5>_.M
&’()! *+’,- ./’+01/2 ’,- 23454" # !" $%56136/1+4/2 3. +7/ 2’%65/ 653+2
|}
!"#$
9l&
! % "#$%&"’#$ &’(#)"
[4P *7Wl&
( % #)$*%+,-.,/)/ *
! % 0$’+1)2$ &’(#)"
[4P&
( % #)$*%+,-.,/)/
&’(#)"
&?gG +",-. .#-)/"01A"(##A2$3 4Y 4 567 8 966 4 :;: 8 994 9 <97 8 97:
<.l5 =#,- >?@1A$ BCB5 8 :C:5 BC<< 8 :C:; BC<< 8 :C:4
<.mj =#,- "(## 2#/D2"1$ ;C<: 8 :C9B ;C4< 8 :C94 5C
VL F@_ +’/G F@ 6C
VLgG +’/G .#-)/"01ADAA$3 EY :C7E 8 9CE9 :C7B 8 9C6B :CB; 8 4C94
sAinCUq+, 5: $ L E: $xH*H|
abt?* ; $ L ; $1 5BA-ia|}9:H
+i~mn9:/0|}inMsIl5zjG*
^Bimeu@‘‘e~*mj>, 9CE A$1-m
n49:~_‘iDw0%u0mn9:,DsA
in2ocImm;+I Ef*+^mR5mf5m
dnyk]5mdMWk]5u?5CuAe5 M 4
A$Yz\uAe5!4 A$YSmRxmVb$+*mf
zk]xjf==+*u@x 9: A$ u$$+
ANG#H#G .% $# %*4::6YSG)w0(1iD, 6: O*
+M*R*WN/x~VLiDw0%VLiD+~
: P 4: A$VZ*okv05}Zt=VL#+1@
‘‘*|}@?SIzSfSsA-iaw0 9AV
Liii*9 Aiii/ 9: $Vii*wz1VL
iiiD)?iP$6 4 $$(*!$* 4&*9
&ZP=A4: OY8?R*Na&{|Z 5 Oq+x
,VLl6‘JK[K1UDSv01@‘‘{Z
P=A4: OY8?R$*D;iP*x,PM?@~
!8! BC)<
_‘;
K~?R1VLiD6 :C4; $$($gI^;K915
1D;iP1@‘‘*?u 4&*9&Z 9:; O8UD
VL[UK*N 9&UDVL)LJzEK[K~)
LJ[Kwx}A9 3L89:nmg+bUD*E
K[Kwx<1DKbUD*VLgGx8%bU
D*VL F@_x F@UUD*@<:x9 $’GAS39@9
AbUDABC()FYRVLDEG*9<7BY~VL
l6‘JzK[Kx3459RxbUDAT,-A# .%
$# %*9
%6(K{1_‘i;<;KaF?fUV]
i;<16‘KAaa*9<<7S2KH=*9<<7Y*!
$!it=;
AN6K*S$UVJKAN6KicfmI6‘
K6K1j_*8ucfmI1<.JKAN[K~
e EfommI1JKAN[K1<._eut=
inMc‘m1JKAN[K*iinM/;Ka
FUVXM1c‘mG)mI16‘K6KtB8
XMcinMc‘mJKAN16K~einMG
)cI‘mJKAN16KiG)cI‘m6‘K
6K1j_eucincIZ1JKAN[K~9
A&s EAincIZ1JKAN[K1<._e
uc&scIZ1JKAN[K~NUQj(uJA
N[KiKAN[K1j_~
u0PMJKANVO?@!"*?fUVX
Em&scIZ5VLA: P 4: A$YZzVLl6‘
A: P 4: A$VZY1J[K5K[K~ N U Qj(~Z
9U?@k*]no&s1cIZ5VLzVLl6
‘1J[K5K[Kz N U Q j(?fx +V++ 9EC:
eX+, :C:;U<1=_Nan?@*{n:HM
1|}*|abx WXK#0G) @+>b4Xj@~Zi
/0n5zdq7?11*(8*|}Xno1{
/f^ezd=_Nan?@1CD12~
ox +=Y bA)",-.,(./Z#. $,[’( ,\/) $#"2’.Ye
& ] $ * 34uWs?@sA&sVLJKANiV
Ll6‘JKAN,=1u8A^,("’- .% $# %*
4::6Y*?@X|}VLJiVLK5VLl6‘J
iVLl6‘K5VLJiVLl6‘Je~VL
KiVLl6‘K88,=1u8~+=Y bjS
-rBzgb5Y(nDz 4AJK,=1Sh{
E !"i?@
98: vwD[\H
Em&sVL5cIZzVLl6‘1JKAN
[Knf@T*sA&sq)i~1$MA# EY~a
n?@#$*Em&s1JKAN[KZVLzcI
5B & ’ ( ) 5;"
ZBn:HMA! ! "#"$Y*ZZVLl6‘Bn:n
HMA! % "#"$Y~|abhLj@?@:W*VL1
JKAN[K#Wu9l& %[4P &7Wl& %
[4P&ScIZJAN[KJBbciVLto*
^KAN[KZ[4P &7Wl&Sj*(^g ’m
&s1 ’;A# (Y~*i# (?@!"#$ (m&s
VLicIZ1JKAN[KJB@T*ZVLl6
‘JKAN[KJBt{@-~
= ! !DQjEZFXhzphzrstvwD[$f| "#$!J!
%&’(! " &)* $ +,)+-)./&.0,)1 &)* "#$ /&.0,1 0) &/’,/ 2&3-/Y1,02 &)* 1,02 40+/,’0&2 ,5 .6/-- 5,/-1. .37-1
|}
)*+,
&s
-./+0* *12+
J}G
34/5.6 7.67+6*/4*8.69
A,,.:A;<= >Y
K}G
?8*/.<+6 7.67+6*/4*8.69
A,,.:A;<= >Y
3@?j(
3@? /4*8.
9l& " A #$%&’#(’$$% B./+0* (C >CD#"> E >>(A’" 4 (FD#G$ E >DAG" 7 FH#GD E GAGF 4
cIZ
I/5./ :41+/
[4P & 7Wl& ) A $*%+&,-./-0*0 & " A
1%(,2*3% B./+0* (D G"C#(C E >"CAC’ 5 > "C"#$G E ’$ADG 4 (G#HH E "ADH 7
[4P& ) A $*%+&,-./-0*0 B./+0* (H FDF#C> E CFA$" 7 $"H#’" E $A>$ 5 D(#"D E "AC" 5
9l& " A #$%&’#(’$$% B./+0* $$#’D E (A’G 4 >D#’H E "AD( 4 (#>D E "A"D 45
VLl6‘
J.8: ,87/.584:
[4P & 7Wl& ) A $*%+&,-./-0*0 & " A
1%(,2*3% B./+0* G(#C" E (A’H 4 >G#GF E >AH" 4 (#C" E "A’( 4
[4P& ) A $*%+&,-./-0*0 B./+0* HC#FC E DA>$ 4 ’’#>’ E "AD’ 4 ’#>D E "A"$ 5
9l& " A #$%&’#(’$$% B./+0* > $F$#(D E G>A$’ 4 ’’(#C> E "A>’ 4 D#’" E "A>’ 4
VL
J.8:
[4P & 7Wl& ) A $*%+&,-./-0*0 & " A
1%(,2*3% B./+0* > ’HH#(F E ’FA(H 5 ’>D#HG E GA(F 4 $#C> E "A"( 5
[4P& ) A $*%+&,-./-0*0 B./+0* CGH#"F E >(A$> 7 >DG#>G E "AFC 5 G#C$ E "A"H 7
!o!VL5VLl6‘zcIZno&s,=no\K#Ln:HMA! ! "#"$Y~KL+ M4*4 :45+:86< N8*L M8BB+/+6* :+**+/0 86 4 7.:O,6A0.8:*
0.8: ,87/.584:*46M */++ :41+/Y4/+ 08<68B8746*:1 M8BB+/+6* 4*!P "#"$ :+Q+: A
| > JKAN[KG?j
-8 R+/7+6*4<+ .B 3 46M ? 7.67+6*/4*8.6
>%9l& " A #$%&’#(’$$% B./+0*S’%[4P& &7Wl& ) A $*%+&,-./-0*0 & " A 1%(,2*3% B./+0*S(%[4P& ) A $*%+&,-./-0*0 B./+0*
JKAN[KG?j&*?@#$*( m&s
1JAN[KGGjvJB2o:6ZcIZzV
L*VLl6‘BJB@-*ZKANGGjvZ (
AZ[B.)@T1JBA| >Y~ZcIZJAN
[KG?j#Wu9lm %[4& &7Wl& %[
4P&*KAN[KG?j#Wu[4P &7Wl
& %[4P& %9l&SZZVLZJAN[KG
?j#Wu9l& % [4P & 7Wl& % [4P
&*KAN[KG?j#Wu9l& %[4P& %
[4P &7Wl&~
JSI?@!"HL*( m&sVL1J[Ki
K[K,=)341qtuu8A 2’ P "#D"*! !
"#""" >Y*VLl6‘1J[KiK[K,=[)
341qtuu8A 2’ P "#D>*! ! "#""" >Y*7$V
LzVLl6‘i~1JKAN[K,=)341
{
u<*3a!"#$VLl6‘1JKAN[Kn
CVLJKAN[KJB1qr~
!89 "#$!J
(m&scIZ1 3@?j(\j,VLzVL
$C! C# H 4=%4_Q (m‘kjk&1JKAN[K~j(
l6‘*#$cIZ1JAN[KiKAN[Kn
:SHM*cIZ1 !"#j(Z[4P $7Wl&
S>A%&’((Y*Z9l&BSjA)(’&*Y~VL1!"#
j(#Wu9l& + [4P $ 7Wl& + [4P
&~ZVLl6‘1 !"#j(JB@-*Sj_]
WZ[4P $7Wl&A%’,-Y*S>_]WZ[4
P&A.’/*Y*61sfJBeGn$HA# %Y~
J~Bsf*% m&s1VLzVLl6‘1
!"#j(($HC3x1*%A&s,=JBn(4
T*%m&sVLzVLl6‘1!"#j(?fCh
,( "/z% "/~ZZcIZ ! " #j(C3x1W!
n$H*JB@T~
& !’id’
.hDE!"#$ZTsGdVLZ{,g*
z{NKs7j_gZYLoA#0123456627 !" #$ 8*
/)))S954:;5:*/)).S<2:: !" #$ 8*/)),Y~|DE#
$*[4P $7Wl&1cIZ[KKSj*()j
VLZY41KANCX5p~On)uKAN#
gzL
RE’KF5w$)Lo1yDw_~[4P $7
Wl&1j[KKicW&_‘_‘hi
iKANx/1ob<[qrKAN1{NA<2::
!" #$ 8*/)),YS6789Bn@89vwBqr_‘
r=KF5A=0>230 !" #$ 8*.--.Y~
a[ZO*6‘)LBC~#6~!’1%x
()CD1AN&*jvA?216@231*/)A,S?2@:27;*
/),(SBC27:27 !" #$ 8*.--.Y~3aM*ZT/678
91;‘6‘BSu$H~T/;‘6‘(aA~
1PD1L7
)C3x1$MA?216@231*/)A,Y~|DE!"H
L*4_Q~=8‘kjk& %m}s&s8VL
l6‘1 !"#j([()C3x1B)UK$%*
HG!"HLVLl6‘[KJBS)CVLKJ
AN[KJB1qr*3no,E’sG:W1!
"A!32D230:1 !" #$ 8*.--*Y~3(_uVLl6‘[
(ar()~1
**_O5ZWXPD1 ! " #j(AE7@66@C4; !" #$ 8*
/)).SF@>0: !" #$ 8*/))(SG0:;2:*/)))SG2 !" #$ 8*
.--.Y~
TsGU
ANj(z_‘ANj(Zno1898n:@
T*a[nI]W)yk1B)UK)$%A?2@H4
!" #$ 8*.--&SIHE7511J !" #$ 8*.--&Y~A(|DE
#$VL1 !" #j(AJB"y &’A K *’AYZ~=
8‘kjk& %Ano&sB()C3x1$%~
{,|DEBVL1 ! " #j(uDE[I]WC
3x1B)UK$%*!oYYZY*i1VO
DE~
J K - .
2KH*3H"*a a 8 /))*’ 4_Qnt‘kjk&cIZV:
AN,#K$%DELLo_\ 8 ~=8W&6789!’ix
51DE 8 QR%()]DE*.(A M .*/ 8
a a 8 /))*’ 4_Q}s‘kjk&6‘K1DELLo_\ 8 ~=
8W&6789!’ix51DE 8 QR%()]DE*/-& M
//A8
a a*2KH*o_\*= 8 /))&’ 4_Q_‘_‘1]Z5/K
?ri89e‘ 8 _‘)J*%(A*Y%A%) M AA/8
D,<*o_\*,ao*= 8 /))*’ QR4_Qnt_‘_‘1+
|rsLLo_\ 8 ~=8W&6789!’ix51DE 8 Q
R%()]DE*A( M *A8
.7* 8 /))*’ 4_Qnt1n;5nzzVLLLo_\ 8 ~=8W&
6789!’ix51DE 8 QR%()]DE*/- M .*8
09s*oY6 8 .--A 8 67B)UK)%vw6z89FW1c
] 8 _‘67)J*.)A(Y%/--* M /-/)8
BC()FYRVLDEG 8 /)*, 8 VL~B<;?@ 8 dT%dT
()]DE 8
N755O2; = !*P0:1>0: Q*=7R12: E*!" #$ 8 /),A’ !43575657> 6R>@S0C@5:
0:1 C42 72320;2 56 ;5@3 :@C75S2:%0 70T@1 1@72HC 2UC70HC@5: >2C451 C5
>20;R72 >@H75V@03 V@5>0;; :@C75S2: @: C42 ;5@3 8 B5@3 N@535SJ W
N@5H42>@;C7J*/*%,%* M ,&.8
!40T@: < B XXX*B40D27 E ?8 /),)’ Y@66272:H2; @: S75ZC4 0:1 :RC7@2:C R;2
0>5:S 07HC@H T30:C S75ZC4 657>;8
Q?216@231 70C@5R657 C42 >@H75V@03 V@5>0;;8 N@5S25H42>@;C7J*,A%.%A M
.A.8
!32D230:1 ! !*F5Z:;2:1 Q ?8 .--(’ #RC7@2:C 011@C@5:; C5 0 C75T@H03 70@:
6572;C 17@D2 ;RV;C0:C@03 ;5@3 H07V5: 1@5U@12 35;;2; C5 C42 0C>5;T42728
=75H221@:S; 56 C42 #0C@5:03 QH012>J 56 BH@2:H2; 56 C42 ]:@C21 BC0C2; 56
Q>27@H0*/-%%/-%/( M /-%./8
!51@;T5C@ P Q8 /))A’ X; C42 5H20: 35;@:S :@C70C28 #0CR72*%*(%*.&8
!55T27 Y 9*^0C;5: Q 9*#@S4C@:S032 = Y8 /))(’ P07S2 12H720;2 @: 5H20:_
;R760H2 !‘. 6RS0H@CJ @: 72;T5:;2 C5 @: ;@CR @75: 627C@3@\0C@5:8 #0CR72*
%,%%A// M A/%8
Y22D2J [ B8 /)*-’ I@:2703 HJH32;8 BH@2:C@6@H Q>27@H0:*..%%/&) M /A,8
Y511; ^ a*I07C@ [*F0:O 9 P* !" #$ 8 .--&’ !07V5: 0:1 :@C75S2:
;C5@H4@5>2C7J 0:1 :@C75S2: HJH3@:S 70C2; @: ;C720>;8 ‘2H535S@0*/&-%
&A, M &(*8
[3;27 9 9*<0S0: ^ <*Y2::5 ? <*!" #$ 8 .---’ #RC7@C@5:03 H5:;C70@:C; @:
C2772;C7@03 0:1 672;4Z0C27 6551 Z2V;8 #0CR72*&-,%A*, M A,-8
<03O5Z;O@ = E*?0D2: 9 Q8 /))*’ QbR0C@H T45C5;J:C42;@;8 ‘U6571*]a%
N30HOZ233 BH@2:H2*.-- M .-(8
(, & ’ ( ) &A"
!"#$%&’ ( )**"’%+, ( -**’./0% - 12 34456 )789:%$%",;"’;.<&; =">+’
"?.$ %&$%$ ",; ’+@%.,&$*A&’ 36462BCDEF32 344G H 4I H JK32 0%%L%DD
MMM2 N.+2=O2 &;@2 "@D&P+#+/QD)789:D 2
!&,, 7 B*R+%0 7 8*8N&’ 1 (*!" #$ 2 JKKG6 S.%’+/&, &?P&$$ ., S+’%0
8=&’.P", &P+$Q$%&=$%L’&;.$L+$.,/ T"P%+’$*&P+$Q$%&=$ ’&$L+,$&$*",;
=","/&=&,% $%’"%&/.&$2 BP+#+/.P"# 8LL#.P"%.+,$*G%U45 H UII2
!. V C*C&0’&,T 7 1*:",;&’$+, 1 9* !" #$ 2 JKKG6 R’.="’Q
L’+;@P%.+, +T %0& N.+$L0&’&% .,%&/’"%.,/ %&’’&$%’."# ",; +P&",.P
P+=L+,&,%$2 )P.&,P&*3GJ%3IU H 3W42
X& Y*Z& 1 [*[0@ Y X* !" #$ 2 344G6 (.TT&’&,P&$ ., $+.# N"P%&’."#
;.A&’$.%Q% ;’.A&, NQ P+,%&=L+’"’Q ;.$%@’N",P&$ +’ 0.$%+’.P"#
P+,%.,/&,P.&$2 90& -)7B 1+@’,"#*3%3\W H 35W2
X’.TT.%0$ C )**$P0&, :*A", 8’&,;+,] 1 1 V 7*!" #$ 2 JKK3 2 90& &TT&P%
+T ,.%’"%&^,.%’+/&, $@LL#Q +, N"P%&’." ",; N"P%&’."#^T&&;.,/ T"@," ., %0&
’0.<+$L0&’& +T ;.TT&’&,% /’"$$ $L&P.&$2 E&P+#+/."*KJ%3\I H 3\K2
Z",$&, : 82 JKKK 2 :&; +"] #.%%&’ L’+=+%&$ " =.P’+"’%0’+L+; T@,P%.+,"#
/’+@L %0"% "PP&’"%&$ .%$ ;&P+=L+$.%.+,2 R#",% ",; )+.#*34K%IU H W\2
Z& 1 )*C"<<"< ! 8*)P0=.; C2 3443 2 -,%&’"P%.A& &TT&P%$ +T ;.A&’$.%Q*
,@%’.&,%$ ",; &A"%&; VE3 +, &?L&’.=&,%"# L#",% P+==@,.%.&$2 E.]+$*
KU%IIU H IWG 2
Z&P]Q : B*_.#0"= R2 JKGG6 S@%’.&,% #.=.%"%.+, +T L0Q%+L#",]%+, .,
T’&$0M"%&’ ",; ="’.,& &,A.’+,=&,%$%" ’&A.&M +T ’&P&,% &A.;&,P& +, %0&
&TT&P%$ +T &,’.P0=&,% 2 F.=,+#+/Q EP&",+/’"L0Q*II%UK5 H G332
Z&$$&, ( E*8/’&, X -*8,;&’$+, 9 :*!" #$ 2 344W6 V"’N+,*$&O@&$%’"%.+,
., &P+$Q$%&=$%%0& ’+#& +T $%+.P0.+=&%’Q2 BP+#+/Q*G\%JJUK H JJK32
1+0,$+, ( *2 JKK36 S.%’+/&, ’&%&,%.+, ., T+’&$% $+.#$2 1+@’,"# +T
B,A.’+,=&,%"# ‘@"#.%Q*3J%J H J32
F&,%+, 9 7**"%$+, 8 12 34446 :&;T. ’&A.$.%&;%J6 :&/@#"%.+, +T ,.%’"%&*
L0+$L0"%&*",; +?Q/&, ., %0& +P&",2 X#+N"# C.+/&+P0&=.P"# VQP#&$*
JW%33\ H 3WG 2
F.,;&=", : F2 JKW36 90& %’+L0.P^;Q,"=.P "$L&P% +T &P+#+/Q2 BP+#+/Q*3I%
IKK H WJG 2
7PX’+;;Q 7 B*("@T’&$,& 9*Z&;., F E2 344W6 )P"#.,/ +T Va Sa R
$%+.P0.+=&%’Q ., T+’&$%$ M+’#;M.;&%.=L#.P"%.+,$ +T %&’’&$%’."# ’&;T.^
%QL& ’"%.+$2 BP+#+/Q*G\%3IK4 H 3W4J 2
S";+TT&’ _*(+M,$ 7 :*!’Q C*!" #$ 2 JKKK6 V+,%’+#$ +, S ’&%&,%.+,
",; &?L+’%$ ., " T&’%.#.<&; M"%&’$0&;2 B,A.’+,=&,%"# 7+,.%+’.,/ ",;
8$$&$$=&,%*\\%JGU H 3J4 2
R"=" 7*_"%0#&&, 8 F*)0"’+, 1 Z2 34436 90& X#+N"#.<"%.+, +T ,.%’+/&,
;&L+$.%.+,%P+,$&O@&,P&$ T+’ %&’’&$%’."# &P+$Q$%&=$2 8=N.+*IJ%JJI H
JJK2
R"@# B 8*V#"’] ! B2 JKK56 )+.# =.P’+N.+#+/Q ",; N.+P0&=.$%’Q2 )", (.&/+%
8P";&=.P R’&$$*\ H J42
:&;T. 82 JK\G6 90& N.+#+/.P"# P+,%’+# +T P0&=.P"# T"P%+’$ ., %0&
&,A.’+,=&,% 2 8=&’.P", )P.&,%.$%*W5%34\ H 33J2
:&.P0 R C*E#&]$Q, 12 344W6 X#+N"# L"%%&’,$ +T L#",% #&"T S ",; R ., ’"%.+,
%+ %&=L&’"%@’& ",; #"%.%@;&2 R’+P&&;.,/$ +T %0& S"%.+,"# 8P";&=Q +T
)P.&,P&$ +T %0& b,.%&; )%"%&$ +T 8=&’.P"*J4J%JJ44J H JJ445 2
:&.,&’$ * 82 JKG56 V+=L#&=&,%"’Q =+;$ T+’ &P+$Q$%&=$2 8=&’.P",
S"%@’"#.$%*J3U%\K H UI2
)"’=.&,%+ 1 F*Z@/0&$ 9 7 V*)%+@TT&’ : 1* !" #$ 2 JKKG6 ).=@#"%&;
’&$L+,$& +T %0& +P&", P"’N+, PQP#& %+ ",%0’+L+/&,.P P#.="%& M"’=.,/2
S"%@’&*IKI%3W\ H 3WK2
)./=", ( 7*C+Q#& B 82 34446 X#"P."#D.,%&’/#"P."# A"’."%.+,$ ., "%=+$L0&’.P
P"’N+, ;.+?.;&2 S"%@’&*W4U%G\K H G5K2
)%&’,&’ : **B#$&’ 1 12 34436 BP+#+/.P"# $%+.P0.+=&%’Q%%0& N.+#+/Q +T
&=&,%$ T’+= =+#&P@#&$ %+ %0& N.+$L0&’&2 S&M 1&’$&Q*b)8%R’.,P&%+,
b,.A&’$.%Q R’&$$*J4I H J452
9.=", (**&;., (* _,+L$ 12 JKK5 2 R’+;@P%.A.%Q ",; $@$%".,"N.#.%Q
.,T#@&,P&; NQ N.+;.A&’$.%Q ., /’"$$#",; &P+$Q$%&=$2 S"%@’&*IUK%UJG H
U342
c",P& B (*C’++]&$ R V*1&,].,$+, ( )2 JKGU6 8, &?%’"P%.+, =&%0+; T+’
=&"$@’.,/ $+.# =.P’+N."# N.+="$$ V2 )+.# C.+#+/Q d C.+P0&=.$%’Q*JK%
U4I H U4U2
c.%+@$&] R 72 JKG36 S@%’.&,% PQP#.,/ ",; ,@%’.&,% @$& &TT.P.&,PQ2 8=&’.P",
S"%@’"#.$%*JJK%\\I H \U32
*"’%+, ( -**’./0% ( )**&$%+NQ 72 34456 C.A"’."%& #.,& H T.%%.,/ =&%0+;$
T+’ "##+=&%’Q2 C.+#+/.P"# :&A.&M$*GJ%3\K H 3KJ2
*’./0% V 1*V+#&=", ( V2 34446 V’+$$^$.%& P+=L"’.$+, +T $+.# =.P’+N."#
N.+="$$* $+.# ,@%’.&,% $%"%@$* ",; ,&="%+;& %’+L0.P /’+@L$2
R&;+N.+#+/."*WW%3 H 3I2
[0",/ F e*C". Y !*Z", e X2 344I 2 8LL#.P"%.+, +T Sa R $%+.P0.+=&%’Q %+
&P+#+/Q $%@;.&$2 8P%" C+%",.P" ).,.P"*W\%J44K H J4JG2
!"#$% &’()
UG! G# H 4=%4_Q Im‘kjk&1JKAN[K~j(