全 文 ：Fungous Kingdom : Yunnan of China and Her Ectomycorrhizal
Macrofungal Species Diversity
?
LIU Pei-Gui1
??
, WANG Xiang-Hua1 , YU Fu-Qiang1 , CHEN Juan1 , 3 , TIAN Xiao-Fei1 , 4 ,
DENG Xiao-Juan
1 , 2
, XIE Xue-Dan
1 , 2
, SHI Xiao-Fei
1 , 2
( 1 Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biogeography, Kunming Instituteof Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Kunming 650204 , China; 2 Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049 , China;
3 Instituteof Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100193 , China;
4 Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223 , China)
Abstract: Yunnan is an area with complicated geography, physiognomy, vertical variable climate condition, luxuriant
plant species and diversifiedforest vegetation; these environmental andbiologic factors provide abundant andwide varietyof
favourable habitats and symbiotic hosts for the growth and reproduction of the ectomycorrhizal fungi . 853 macrofungal spe-
cies of 172 genera were identified, among of them, 557 species of 51 genera wereectomycorrhizal fungi , and 98 endemic
species were confirmed . However manynew species and somedoubtful specimens in sciences are still existed . 207 species
of 64 genera frommarkets, 168 species of 48 generaareectomycorrhizal macrofungi and occupy 81 .2% in total taxa; more
than 120 species are commonly consumed by the local people . The ectomycorrhizal fungal species recorded in Yunnan are
more than60% in total species of China, somegenerauptomorethan80 % , andendemic taxatoChinaoccupy morethan
50% . Thereinto many macrofungi arefamous and delicious ectomycorrhizal mushrooms in the world . In northwestern Yun-
nan, Matsutake-group, Leccinum extremiorientale, Rozites emodensis, Lyophyllum decastes, Albatrellus yunnanensus and
L . shimeji are the district representative members . In middle and northeastern Yunnan, Tuber indicum, T. pse-
dohimalayensis, Thelephora ganbajun, Th. vialis, Th. japonica, Boletus brunneissimus, B . bicolor , Cantharellus cibari-
us, Hygrophorus russula arecommon species; In southern Yunnan, Boletussino-aurantiacus, B. brevitubus, B. ornatipes,
B. rubriflavus, Cantharellus cinnabarinus, C. minor , Cortinarius tenuipes, Craterellus cornucopiodes, Laccaria vinaceo-
avellanea , Ramaria spp . , Lactarius piperatus, L. volemus, Russula griseocarnosa, Scleroderma citrinum, Suillus placidus
aremain representative elements . These symbiotic fungi showsimilar or coincident distributed patterswith their host . Yun-
nan is indubitable one of the richest areas of species diversity of the ectomycorrhizal fungi in the world .
Key words : Complicated geography and physiognomy; Diversified vegetation; Ectomycorrhizal fungi ; Species diversity;
Ediblefungal culture
CLC number : S 646 Document Code : A Article ID: 0253 - 2700 ( 2009) Suppl.ⅩⅥ- 015 - 06
Introduction
Due to the Himalayas rapidly upheaved, Qing-
Zang altiplano speedy uplift, the Henduan mountain
come into being and the glacier of the fourth age ad-
vance and retreat in its history, these crucial factors
had induced an intensely evolvement of the animal ,
plants and fungi in the area . This makes the Himalaya
area had been assembling a great deal of the fungous
typical and unique species, and is commonly accepted
oneof the ideal districts for studieson fungous diversi-
ty , their origin, evolution and diffusion in the world
( Boufford and van Dijk, 2000 ) . Yunnan of China lo-
云 南 植 物 研 究 2009 , Suppl . ⅩⅥ : 15～20
Acta Botanica Yunnanica
?
?? ?Author for correspondence; E-mail : pgliu@ mail. kib. ac. cn
Foun ?dation items: Theproject was partially supported by the Joint Fundsof theNational Natural ScienceFoundation of China and Yunnan Provincial
Government ( No . U0836604) , Natural Science Foundation of Yunnan (key project No . 2007C0002Z) , the Knowledge Innovation Program of
Chinese Academy of Sciences ( No . KSCXZ2-YW-G-025) and the Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biogeography, Kunming Instituteof Bot-
any, ChineseAcademy of Sciences ( No . KBB-200804 ) , thePresident special fund of the Chinese Academy of Sciences ( No . 1022 , 1035) ,
Natural Sciences Foundation of Yunnan ( No . 2004C0050M ) ; the National Natural Science Foundation of China ( ( No . 30470011 ,
30770007) and Yunnan International Collaborative Program of Innovation to Strong Provinceby Science & Technology ( No . 2009ACO13 )
cated in the north latitude 21°8′32″- 29°15′8″and east
longitude 97°31′39″- 106°11′47″and just locate in the
south centre of Himalayas, it covers a mountainous
land up to 864 .9 kmfromeast towest and 990 kmfrom
north to south, total area up to 3 .83 million km2 ; the
highest is6 740 m ( peak of the Meili snowMts .) , the
lowest only 76 .4 m ( Hekou county situated boundary
between China and Vietnam) ; the fall of altitude is up
to 6 663 .5 m . It can be almost divided into two parts
by Yuanjiang dry hot basin andYun Mts ., namely east
and west parts . Theeastern altitudeis about2 000 min
average, mainlywithhills and knaps consistedof lime-
stone, this area is a typical Karst physiognomy; the
western is higher mountains and alternate with the deep
valleys, altitude 1 500 - 2 200 m in south and 3 200
- 4 600 m in north . Due to its geological variance,
mountains higher and valedeeper, habitat diversity, at
same time affected by the warm clouding air current
from Indian Ocean . Although Yunnan area is merely
4% of total Chinese land, about 13 000 species of
1984 genera of seed plants distribute in this area (Li ,
1985) . Baseon thenumber of fungi occurringin agiv-
en area is estimated to be about6 times that of thevas-
cular plant (Hawsworth, 1991, 2001 ) , 78 000 fungal
species should be at least occurred in the area . The
complicated geography and topography, highly variable
climate condition, luxuriant plant species diversity, di-
versified vegetation and forest type etc environmental
and biological factors provide an abundant and wideva-
riety of favorable habitats and symbiotic hosts for the
growth and reproduction of the ectomycorrhizal fungi .
More than 7 000 species ( including all fungal species
in sensu lato) have been recorded from Yunnan up to
the last century (Liu, 1998) . Somekey taxadistribute
there (Liu, 2003 ) . These non-timber forest products
arebringing into play an unsubstitute and crucial role
in the ecosystemand for the local economy . Yunnan is
one of the most special and complex areas, and had
been recognized one of the World′s 25 Biodiversity
Hotspots ( Boufford and van Dijk, 2000 ) . It is very
luck that the local people have had some practical
knowledge of the edible and medicine mushrooms,
which has been become one part of their daily life for
their living environment and incomes just like theforest
products and agricultural harvest .
Material and Methods
Collections, field notes and deposited: The more
than 4 600 specimens had been collected fromSW Chi-
na since 2001 , most of them from Yunnan . Their de-
tailed field notes were made on the fresh fruit-bodies
under day light, including colour, sizes and morpho-
logical characteristics, habitat, altitude, living partner
and relative information available for their taxonomy .
Some used colour codes ( Wang, 2007 , 2008 ) . The
collections were dried with an electrical blast drier
(YDRAFLOW ezidri , Model: Ultra FD1000 ) at 36 -
55℃ or home-madeoven at 50 - 60℃ until fruit bodies
fully dry . All collectionsweredeposited inCryptogamic
Herbarium of Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese
Academy of Sciences (HMAS, abbreviated fromCryp-
togamic Herbariumof Academia Sinica) .
Identification methods: the macroscopically iden-
tification are based on detailed field notes and micro-
scopical characteristics . Spores were taken from the
gills or pores or gleba and observed and measured in
Melzer′s reagent . Other microscopical structures were
revived in 5% - 10% KOH for 5 - 20 seconds then
mounted with Congo Red ( aqueous reagent) . Sections
through the pileipellis or peridiumwere cut anticlinally
and halfway between centre andmargin of thepileus for
basidiomycota or peridium for Ascomycota . All micro-
scopical observationwas madeunder aNikon E400 mi-
croscope . Different methodswere applied in accordance
with thedifferent taxa ( Chen, 2005a, b, 2006 , 2007;
Wang, 2007 , 2008; Zang, 2006; Zheng, 2006;
Zheng and Liu, 2006) .
Results and Discussion
Through the classical identification, 853 species
of 172 generawere identified, amongof them557 spe-
cies of 51 genera areectomycorrhizal fungi , 98 endemic
species are confirmed, many new species and some
doubtful specimens in sciences were still existed; 207
species of 64 genera from markets, thereinto 168 spe-
cies of 48 genera are ectomycorrhizal macrofungi and
61 云 南 植 物 研 究 增刊ⅩⅥ
occupy 81 .2% in total taxa, about 120 species are of-
ten consumed by the local people ( Wang et al. ,
2004) . Total 211 wild ediblemacrofungi werecollected
and identified from the Pinus yunnanensis forest, 111
taxa are commercial edible mushrooms ( Yu and Liu,
2005) ; The results show the species of the genera
Russula, Boletus, Lactarius, Suillus, Tricholoma,
Cantharellus and Thelephora are thedominant symbiot-
ic macrofungi with Pinus yunnanensis . These species
distribution range are approximately coincident with
their hosts (Yu et al. , 2007) .
In northwestern Yunnan, there are some distin-
guished delicious edible ectomycorrhizal mushrooms
distributed there, e.g . thematsutake-group, Tricholo-
ma matsutake, which is symbiosis with Pinus densata,
P . yunnanensis and Quercus pannosa etc ., however
T. bakamatsutake is only formed ectomycorrhizal rela-
tionship with the Quercusserrata, Q. glauce and other
broad leaves wood ( Yu, 2007 ) . And other fungi ,
e.g . Tuber indicum, T. zhongdianense, Amanita
hemibapha, Aureoboletus reticuloceps, A. thibetanus,
Boletochaete setulosa, Boletus aestivalis, B. firmus,
B. pinicola, B. gigas, B. violaceofuscus, B. ca-
lopus, B. nigerrimus, B. vermiculosus, B. velutipes,
B. flammans, B. sanguineus, B. pulverulentus,
B. kauffmani , Gastroboletu boedijni ( Zang, 2006 ) ,
Boletus edulis sensu lato, Leccinum extremiorientale,
Rozites emodensis, Lyophyllum decastes, L . shimeji ,
Boletopsis grisea, Albatrellus yunnanensis, Tremella
aurantialba, Cordyceps sinensis etc aremain represen-
tative and familiar species . Most of themare alpineand
subalpine distributional types above 2 600 m altitude .
Except Tremella aurantialba and Cordyceps sinensis,
other all of themare ectomycorrhizal edible fungi; and
some of them can be extended to the middle Yunnan
and its adjacent area (Fig. 1) .
In themiddleYunnan and its nearby areas, much
more edible mushrooms are detected during the rainy
season due to this region is just a joint position for cool-
temperature and tropical components, such as Amanita
manginiana, A. yuanniana, Boletus aereus, B. fus-
cimicroporus, B. roseolus, B. instabilis, B. magnificus,
B. brunneissimus, B. obscureumbrinus, B. punctilifer,
B. rugosellus, B. subpaludosus, B. subsplendidus, B. reti-
culoceps, B. biscolor, B. griseus, B. speciosus, B. tai-
anus, Cantharellus cibarius, Catathelasma ventricosum,
Fig . 1 China and Yunnan map, Yunnan area separated into three parts, namely northwest middle and northeastern ,
southern part and main representative members in each part (species names show in each bracket)
71增刊ⅩⅥ LIU Pei-Gui et al. : FungousKingdom: Yunnan of China and Her Ectomycorrhizal Macrofungal . . .
Gomphus floccosus, Heimiella retispora ( poisonous) ,
Hygrophorus russula, Laccaria laccata, Lactariusdeli-
ciosus, L . hatsudake, L. hygrophoroides, Russula vi-
rescens, Thelephora ganbajun, Th. japonica, Th. au-
rantiotincta, Th. vialis and Albatrellus spp . are often
harvested in late spring to early autumn . Besides,
Morchella conica, M. esculenta ( Chen, 2006 ) ,
Lentinula edodes are usually occurred fromearly spring
to early summer (March toMay) ; Tuber indicum, Tu-
ber aestivum, T . pseudohimalayense are produced from
September to March next year . They are the regional
representative members and commonly consumed by the
local peoples or for sale and export .
Some mycoflora members with subtropical and
tropical nature are mostly distributed in south of tropic
of cancer in Yunnan and its nearby areas, e.g . Bole-
tus sino-aurantiacus, B. brevitubus, B. ornatipes,
B. rubriflavus, Cantharellus cinnabarinus, C . minor,
Cortinarius tenuipes, Craterellus cornucopiodes, Lac-
caria vinaceoavellanea, Ramaria spp ., Lactariuspipe-
ratus, L. volemus, Russula griseocarnosa, Scleroder-
ma citrinum, Suillus placidus, Thelephora spp . etc .
All of them are ectomycorrhizal fungi . Beside these,
some endemic and peculiar ecological types could be
found there, such as the species of thegenus Termito-
myces spp . living together with termite ( Macrotermes,
Odontotermes and Mircotermes) produce from underg-
round termite nets, which are southeastern Tropical
Asian and southern Tropical African distributional pat-
tern (Ying and Zang, 1994) , and they are very popu-
lar edible mushrooms too (Fig. 1) .
As for identificationon thesome genera, we have
detected that species diversity are also quite rich in
Yunnan . Some examples were provided here . 19 spe-
cies of the genus Albatrellus were identified in China,
among of them, 15 species confirmed from Yunnan,
China, including 4 new species and 5 new records
(Zheng, 2006; Zheng and Liu, 2006 , 2008 ) . Be-
sides this, Tuber species is another general representa-
tion of Yunnan special diversity rich . As a preliminary
identification result, 16 species of Tuber were con-
firmed fromChina, 12 species fromYunnan, including
two new species ( namely T. umbilicatum and T. lat-
isporum) , two new recodes ( T. excavatum and
T. borchii var . sphaerosperma) and 8 endemic species
to China ( Chen et al. , 2005a, b; Chen, 2007; Chen
and Liu, 2007) . It is believed there arestill someun-
foundor unidentified truffle species over there . Differ-
ence species occur in the different vegetation, such as
most hypogenous Tuber species often grow under pine
forest, and sometimes they could be found under broad
and needle leaves mixtures forest too . E.g . Tuber aes-
tivum, which distributed in Europe ( France, Italy,
U . K ., Portugal , Norway and Sweden) were found its
trail in Asia (Turkey & Korea) and recently confirmed
it also distribute in China . Its symbiosis woods mainly
are Quercus spp ., Fagus sylvatica, Fraxinus spp .,
Orylus avellana in lime soil of Europe, occasionally
with Pinusnigra var . austriaca atLower Austria ( near
by Wiener Neustadt) ( Chen et al. , 2005b) . However
it occurs often under the forest of Pinus yunnanensis
and P . armandii , altitude from 1 600 to 2 200 m; it
was confirmed that it can be formed ectomycorrhizae
with Pinus yunnanensis and P . armandii ( unpublished
data) . Tuber borchii was usually found under Quercus
spp ., Carpinus spp .、 Betulus spp .、 Tilia spp . in
Europe, however it can be found under pine forest by
accident in U . K ., more often with pine trees in Chi-
na . Whereas its variation, T. borchii var . sphaerosper-
ma, was usually detected under the Pinus halepensis
and P . pinea in Europe; but in southwestern China it
was only found under Pinus yunnanensis at altitude
2 280 m ( Chen, 2007 ) . Tuber pseudohimalayense is
another familiar species beside T. indicum in China,
its symbiosis is often with Pinus yunnanensis and Cori-
aria nepalensis . Tuber indicum ( = T. sinense, T. hi-
malayense, T. formosanum) is most common species in
agriculturemarkets of southwestern China, oftenoccurs
under Pinus yunnanensis, P . armandii and Castanea
mollissima, sometimes also found under P . densata,
Quercus acutissima, Q. incana and Keteleeria euelyni-
ana at altitude 1 600 - 2 600 m . Tuber zhongdianense
was merely found at northwestern Yunnan ( altitude
3 400 m) up to now; therefore it is an alpine endemic
species under Quercus monimotricha at Xianggelila of
northwestern Yunnan (Chen, 2007) .
81 云 南 植 物 研 究 增刊ⅩⅥ
15 species of thegenus Cantharelluswere record-
ed fromsouthwestern China recently, all of themcould
be traced fromYunnan, among of them 7 new species
to science and 2 new to China ( Tian, 2009 ) . A dis-
tinctive adaptation characters in ecology and biogeo-
graphical distributed pattern was primarily detected .
The species, which distributeon the alpine and subal-
pine region (altitude≥3 000 m) , their fruit-bodies are
usually bigger and with faint and dark color, their
spores long-ellipse and bigger (average≥8μm) .They
might be some peculiar and unidentified taxa compared
with known species, or new species . However other
species frommiddle, especially fromsouthernYunnan,
their fruit-bodies aremiddleor smaller in size than al-
pineones, withmuch colorful and bright color, such as
C. cibarius and C. minor (Tian, 2009) . Almost same
phenomenon was detected in the genus Lactarius
(Wang, 2008 ) .
Lactarius is a bigger genus in Basidiomycota with
scientific, ecological , and economical significance .
More than 500 species were recorded in the world . As
a result of studying, 95 taxa ( including species, vari-
eties, and forms) were cognized fromsouthwestern Chi-
na, 82 species collected from Yunnan and up to
86 .3% in total , including 34 new species to science
and 20 new records to China . The endemic elements to
China are covering up to 52 .6% . A conclusion could
bemadethat is Yunnan isoneof richest regionsof milk
cap species diversity ( Wang, 2008) . In thegenus Bo-
letus, 823 species recorded in the world, 119 species
were recorded in China, among of them 81 species
were recorded from Yunnan and up to 68% in total ,
including 15 endemic taxa (Zang, 2006 ) . The genus
Amanita has asimilar situation inChina, 59 speciesof
82 taxa recorded in China are collected fromYunnan,
up to 71 .95% in total , and including 25 new species
were identified from Yunnan and its adjacent regions,
and most of them are endemic elements ( Yang,
2005 a, b ) . And more instances could be offered
( Chen, 2006 , Zang, 1996; Ying and Zang, 1994 ) .
Thereinto a great mass of them are the edible ectomy-
corrhizal mushrooms .
Based upon such special environment and the rich
natural resources, themulti-minority consumption cus-
tom of ediblemacrofungi also has created a unique edi-
ble fungal culture ( unpublishedmatters) . These ethno-
logic understandingandknowledge hasbeen accumulat-
ed gradually through their daily life in history . It is
necessary to survey and excavate this folk knowledge for
fungal conservation and sustainable utilization . It is
worthy felicitate some investigation revealed some mi-
norities have different ethical name and understanding
for different edible and medicinal fungi , and distin-
guished consumption methods, e.g . Dai nationality
ethnic groups in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, China
(Yang, 1996 ) .
Conclusion
Baseabove results and instances, some conclusion
could be made as following . At first, The species
recorded in Yunnan occupy more than 60% in total
species of China, some genera up to more than 86% ,
and more than 50% endemic taxa to China detected
fromYunnan . Yunnan is one of species diversity rich-
est areas in theworld; The second, there are some in-
frequently, age-oldor original members distributed over
there, it might bepresumed that Yunnan and its adja-
cent regions might beoneof modern and historical spe-
cies diversity, original anddifferentiation centers in the
world . The third, 240 fungal species recorded from
markets, more than 120 species are usually consumed
or for sale by the local people . These fungi are an im-
portant natural non-timber forest product providing
food, traditional Chinesemedicine, andother goods for
the local people of mountainous area . Our field-work
and taxonomic survey shows that scientific knowledgeof
the biodiversity of the edible ectomycorrhizal fungi in
the region is still quite scanty, and amoredetailed and
systematic investigation should be continued to stressed
in future .
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02 云 南 植 物 研 究 增刊ⅩⅥ