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叶子花属植物研究进展



全 文 :叶子花属植物研究进展
王想兰1,2,胡章立1,陈 涛2* (1.深圳大学生命科学学院,广东深圳 518060;2.深圳市中国科学院仙湖植物园,广东深圳 518004)
摘要 叶子花(Bougainvillea Comm. ex Juss.)植物为原产南美洲的攀援灌木,在景观园艺和环境美化方面应用广泛。叶子花苞片色彩艳
丽多样,为天然色素来源;根和叶提取物具有抗病毒活性。叶子花耐污染的特性使之成为城市绿化美化中备受欢迎的材料。
关键词 叶子花;园艺植物;综述
中图分类号 S688 文献标识码 A 文章编号 0517 -6611(2014)18 -05778 -03
Research Progress of Bougainvillea Comm. ex Juss.
WANG Xiang-lan,CHEN Tao et al (School of Life Sciences,Shenzhen University,Shenzhen,Guangdong 518060;Fairy Lake Botanical Gar-
den,Shenzhen & Chinese Academy of Sciences,Shenzhen,Guangdong 518004)
Abstract Bougainvillea Comm. ex Juss. is a genus native to South America. It is consisted of climbing shrubs with large amount of cultivars in
subtropical and tropic areas,which are widely used in horticulture,landscape and environmental protection. Their colorful bracts are resource of
natural pigment. The extracts from the roots and leaves have anti - virus activities. Their pollution tolerance enable them to be used widely in ur-
ban greening and beautification.
Key words Bougainvillea Comm. ex Juss.;Horticulture plants
基金项目 深圳市城管局科研项目。
作者简介 王想兰(1989 - ),女,甘肃定西人,硕士研究生,研究方向:
叶子花引物开发和栽培品种谱系关系。* 通讯作者,研究
员,博士。
收稿日期 2014-05-22
叶子花属植物(Bougainvillea Comm. ex Juss.)是原产南
美洲的攀援灌木。由于叶子花苞片有千变万化的颜色,所以
叶子花具有极高的观赏园艺价值。19 世纪叶子花被从其南
美洲引种到欧洲,再从欧洲引种到热带亚洲、非洲和澳洲。
叶子花已有 250多年的栽培历史。
叶子花又名簕杜鹃、宝巾花、九重葛、三叶梅、毛宝巾、三
角花、叶子梅、纸花、南美紫茉莉等。由于叶子花不耐寒,所
以我国叶子花分布的北界基本上在长江南岸一线[1]。其栽
培品种丰富,生长习性多样,适用性强,易于养护,开花多,且
花期长,在园林上用途广泛,是我国深圳、厦门、广州、珠海等
城市的市花。为此,笔者对叶子花相关研究做了总结和
概括。
1 形态学分类研究
德国植物学家 Willdenow 根据从巴西收集来的干标本,
在林奈的《植物种志 Species Plantarum》中描述了叶子花 B.
spectabilis Willdenow[2]。Choisy根据从南美洲多个地方收集
的植物标本,对 B. glabra Choisy 进行了描述,将叶子、茎、苞
叶和花管具多毛的 B. spectabilis与几乎光洁无毛的 B. glabra
区分开来[3]。Heimerl从形态分类上界定了 10 种叶子花[4]。
此后植物分类学工作者相继详细描述了 B. glabra、B. specta-
bilis、B. peruviana、B. x buttiana[5 -6]和 B. stipitata[7]。在后期
较多地对其栽培品种进行研究[8]。Srivastava 等用 RAPD 方
法研究了 21个栽培品种的关系[9]。
2 遗传及育种方面的研究
在叶子花育种中,一种是传统的育种方式,从自然得到
的种子播种得到新品种[10];另一种是人工诱变育种,包括物
理诱变和化学诱变[11]。叶子花栽培品种授粉机制有两种,
分别是自花授粉和交叉授粉(主要以蝴蝶,蜜蜂为媒介),一
般由种子而来的植株与母体植株不同,用于新品种培育[12]。
80%的叶子花园艺栽培品种是雄性和雌性不育的,可育的方
式不是自花授粉产生种子,而是通过交叉授粉产生种子。对
于叶子花二倍体不育,可诱导产生四倍体使它可育[13]。
3 繁殖方法研究
3. 1 常用的繁殖方法 叶子花栽培品种一般通过营养繁殖
来繁育。大多数叶子花栽培品种都很容易用插条繁殖,难以
用扦插繁殖的品种,可以通过压条法或嫁接法来繁殖。主要
的研究是在叶子花扦插方面,用扦插法构建小的盆栽植
物[14],设计叶子花盆景。对扦插的叶子花用生长延缓剂可
明显提高扦插苗的成活率[15];对扦插枝条在栽种前用吲哚
乙酸钾溶液浸泡,可明显提高叶子花生根率[16]。叶子花当
年生完全木质化枝条生根率较高[17]。这可为叶子花规模化
扦插繁殖提供技术支持。
3. 2 快繁 用于快繁研究的叶子花主要有 B. glabra‘Mag-
nifica’[18 -19]、B.‘San Diego Red’[20]、B. spectabilis [21 -23]的茎
尖和幼嫩的茎段。将采回来的材料先用流水冲洗,接下来用
5%的 Teepol溶液或以 Zip作为去垢剂处理材料[18 -19,21],然
后用 70% 乙醇浸泡 30 s,再用 0. 1% HgCl2 溶液快速浸
泡[18 -19],茎尖的处理时间相对较短,茎段处理时间较长,最
后用无菌水冲洗数次。在叶子花的培养试验中,用到 3种培
养基:①MSchange培养基
[18 -19];②1 /2MS 培养基[23];③MS 培
养基。发育良好的生根苗的移栽,首先是炼苗,将要移栽的
组培苗放入无机盐溶液中,培养 20 ~ 25 d[17 -18],将苗移栽入
沙和泥(1∶ 1)的混合基质中,并用广口瓶盖住,用霍格兰溶液
喷洒植株,2 ~4个月可开花[21]。
4 花期调控研究 植物中的内源乙烯、ACC(1-甲基环丙
烯)、脱落酸(ABA)含量积累,使叶子开始变黄,苞片开始脱
落,严重影响观赏植物的价值。GA3 可诱导苞片快速繁盛并
提高总苞片数量,延长花期[24],NAA和 GA3 联合
[25]、NAA和
STS联合使用也有减少苞片脱落和延长花期的作用[26 -27],去
责任编辑 姜丽 责任校对 况玲玲安徽农业科学,Journal of Anhui Agri. Sci. 2014,42(18):5778 - 5780
DOI:10.13989/j.cnki.0517-6611.2014.18.097
除叶片和用激动素处理叶子花会形成更结实的花序和更高
品质的苞片[28]。
倾斜的叶子花枝条会产生更多的 ACC,并产生更多的乙
烯,促进了枝条的成熟和花芽的分化[29]。喷洒乙烯利,会使
营养枝中的乙烯含量升高,ACC 也会升高,达到快速繁盛和
延长花期的作用[30]。
5 病虫害研究
叶子花病虫害的出现,都会严重影响和损害叶子花的观
赏价值。①病毒:Corticium salmonicolor 病毒可引起粉病
(pink disease);Septobasidium sp.可引起Velvet blight病;Phyl-
losticta bougainvilleae 和 Colletotrichum capsici [31]及 Cercospo-
ridium bougainvilleae[32]可引起叶斑病(Leaf spots);DNA杆状
病毒(Badnavirus)[33 -35]和西瓜炭疽病毒(Glomerella cingula-
ta)[36]可使叶子花产生斑点和叶片萎缩。②细菌:假单胞斑
点菌(Pseudomonas andropogonis)是引起叶子花叶斑病的细
菌[37]。③叶子花尺蠖:在夏威夷群岛传播的叶子花尺蠖,主
要是幼虫对叶子花叶片产生危害,从嫩叶和幼叶开始,慢慢
向下,严重损害叶子花的视觉效果,降低其观赏价值[38]。
6 化学成分研究
叶子花苞片含有多种颜色的色素。从 B. glabra 和 B.
spectabilis的苞片可提取甜菜红色素。来自花序的主要物质
是甜菜黄素和 β-花青素的化合物,甜菜黄素有丁二胺 -甜菜
黄素、精氨酸 -甜菜黄素和赖氨酸 -甜菜黄素[39 -40]。
叶子花提取物还有止痛、抗糖尿病、抗炎、抗菌、止血和
利尿的作用。叶子花不同颜色苞片的提取物都有一定的抗
菌作用,白色叶子花尤为显著[41]。叶子花的提取物中有抗
氧化活性的物质和酚类物质[42]。进一步的试验研究显示,
这些提取物有草酸氧化酶活性的物质[43];具有抗病毒活性
的多核苷酸核糖体纯化蛋白(RIPs)[44];从根组织中分离出
了一种抗病毒蛋白(BAP I),其 N -末端序列与其他抗病毒
蛋白有很高的同源性[45 -46]。叶子花叶片也有抗病虫害的作
用[47],并且克隆出了抗病毒蛋白[48],其叶片提取物可有效降
低血液中胆固醇含量[49],还有抗糖尿病的特性[50]。
7 在景观美化和环境改善中的应用
有的叶子花品种可攀援 10 m多高,枝条有较好的柔韧
性,可任意编织缠绕用来装饰花架、花廊、拱门、墙垣等。叶
子花还可以用于工厂、庭院、主干道、绿岛、立交桥、街心公
园、公园等地的绿化,或单株栽植或与街道树间隔种植,还可
修剪成多种造型,极大丰富街景,增添园林景色,是一种重要
的园林植物。叶子花(B. spectabilis)能有效减轻空气污
染[51 -53],叶子花对盐有耐受性,对于盐碱地土地改良有一定
的作用[54]。
8 小结
截至目前,叶子花属植物栽培、繁育及提取物的研究都
有较多积累。但是由于叶子花属植物栽培品种繁多,遗传关
系复杂,所以研究者已着手应用分子生物学的方法,力图在
DNA分子水平上客观准确地分析叶子花的遗传亲缘关系和
进化关系。
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