全 文 ：Suitable Factors of Saussurea involucrata and
Standardized Planting Technology
Nurbolat, Yanrui CHEN, Min LIU, Hui WANG, Huixia NING, Xiaojun WANG*
Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physical & Chemistry, CAS, Urumqi 830011, China
Supported by CAS Action-plan for West Development (KGCX2-YW-509); West Light
Fund of The Chinese Academy of Sciences (XBBS201012); National Key Technology
Research and Development Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology of
China (2007BAI30B06-1).
*Corresponding author. E-mail: wangxj@ms.xjb.ac.cn
Received: March 27, 2012 Accepted: March 30, 2012A
Agricultural Science & Technology, 2012, 13(5): 990-992，1002
Copyright訫 2012, Information Institute of HAAS. All rights reserved Agronomy and Forestry
Abstract Researches on biological characters, ecological functions and standardized
planting technology of Saussurea in Xinjiang were conducted for the extension of the
planting technology in Xinjiang, development of Chinese herbal medicine and ecologi-
cal restoration in high mountains, forming a system of standardized planting technolo-
gy for Saussurea, including seedling culture, transplanting, regulation in field and
prevention against diseases.
Key words Saussurea involucrata; Habitat; Standardized planting; Pest prevention
S aussurea involucrata Kar.etKir., also named TianshanSaussurea and snow lotus, is
perennial herbaceous plant of Saus-
surea nivea genus in the family Aster-
aceae. It was earliest named as
Zongbao Saussurea by Karelin and
Krilovii in 1881[1] and has been used
nowadays. Zongbao Saussurea, the
only Saussurea listed in China Plant
Red Data Book [2], is a precious medici-
nal material on the verge of extinction,
under State second-class protection.
Saussurea usually grows above snow
line in Mount Tianshan and Kunlun
Mountain in our country and a few can
be found in Russia, Kazakhstan and
Outer Mongolia. In addition, Saus-
surea involucrata flowers and stems
have long been used in traditional
Chinese medicine for the treatment of
rheumatoid arthritis, cough with cold,
stomachache, dysmenorrheal, and al-
titude sickness, and have been found
to have antiinflammatory, cardiotonic,
abortifacient, anticancer, and antifa-
tigue actions. Hence, it is of signifi-
cance for researching on Saussurea
and the standardized technology.
Growth Environment
They are among the most chal-
lenging plants to grow, being adapted
to harsh climates from 2 400-4 100 m
altitude, in crevices of flowstone beach
and cliffs of mesophorbium in Xinjiang.
Presently, it is still hard to find them in
areas below 3 000 m.
Temperature
The optimal temperature for ger-
mination is 20 -28 ℃ ; seedlings will
not be injured by freezing at 0 ℃
through accilimization; the optimal
temperature for root growth is 3-22 ℃
or the roots will be hindered in absorp-
tion at 0℃.
Sunshine
Saussurea, fond of little sunshine,
grow not well under heavy sunshine,
hence, the illumination should be well
adjusted in spring and winter, for the
plant will be forced in dormancy
stage if the illumination is too strong
and will be weak if the illumination is
not enough.
Moisture
Due to high transpiration and poor
water-retentivity, more water should
be provided for Saussurea in germina-
tion and seedling stages and air hu-
midity should be maintained over 60%.
Soil and mineral substance
Soil quality is highly required by
Saussurea and chernozem is the ideal
one, but little mineral substances are
required, or it would even die. There-
fore, soil containing high nutrients is
not suitable for Saussurea and base
and additional fertilizers should not be
conducted after transplanting.
Standardized Planting Tec-
hnology
The standardized planting for
Saussurea can be divided into see-
dling culture and planting in alpine
mountains. Seedling culture starts
from end of March to beginning of
April, totaling 55 -75 days. The cul-
tured seedlings are then transplanted
in alpine mountains. Generally, the
wild Saussurea would blossom and
fruit after 5 -8 years, but few human-
cultured ones only need 2 years and
3 -4 years for most, earlier by 2 -4
years than that of the wild ones.
Broadcasting and seedling culture
Standardized planting should be
in accordance with the principle of
“right crop for right land”. The moist
and sandy lands, which are large in
temperature difference, fluent in venti-
lation and convenient for drainage,
with abundant humus are the optimal
choice[3]. Decomposed organic fertiliz-
ers should be ploughed in soils at
15 000-30 000 kg/hm2 as per soil fer-
tility and deep tillage should be con-
ducted to clear grass roots and stones.
In autumn, tillage depth should be kept
at 30 cm and harrow should not be
conducted until early spring when the
tillage depth should be maintained from
20 to 25 cm, followed by flattening.
DOI:10.16175/j.cnki.1009-4229.2012.05.033
Agricultural Science & Technology
Vol.13, No.5, 2012 Agricultural Science & Technology
2012
The full, big and glossy seeds of
Saussurea can be chosen. In dorman-
cy period, some growth regulators (tri-
acontanol) are diluted (0.1×10-6) with
water at 15-45 ℃ and the seeds are
then submerged for 8 h, followed by
airing. Then, seeds are submerged in
ABT No. 3 adjusted at ratio of 1:1 500
for 30 s, followed by sowing. The
seedlings usually emerge after 7 d at
8-25℃.
In Xinjiang, the optimal sowing pe-
riod is from early May to middle June,
or Saussurea will grow weaker gradu-
ally. Sowing should be conducted in
sunny days; the soils should be moist;
seeds are then broadcasted in shallow
furrows and the depth should be con-
trolled within 2.0 cm; soils covering
should be even and the broadcasting
amount is 1 500-12 000 g/hm2. In ad-
dition, thin straws should be put in
soils, followed by watering. In general,
some seedlings would germinate at
the 7th d and the rest would finish ger-
mination for 15 -20 d. With 80% of
seeds germinated, films or straws
should be cleared away to ensure sun-
shine for seedlings and enough water
should be provided not only for the
plants but for the soils to keep the
moistureover60%.Due tospecial char-
acters of Saussurea, for example, a
heliophobous plant fond of cold and
moisture, the plant has to be sheltered
in rejuvenation period and soil temper-
ature should be controlled below 22℃.
In addition, some cooling measures
should be adopted in dry weather at
high temperature. The optimal temper-
ature in seedling period is 16-22 ℃ at
day and 10 -15 ℃ at night and
seedlings would well grow by cooling
measures. The large temperature dif-
ference between day and night is ben-
efit for the growth, and the plant would
be influenced and the leaves would
wither for a long term if temperature is
over 35 ℃ . During period of seedling
culture, the land can be covered by
straw curtains to control temperature
and illumination and in cloudy days,
the straws are then cleared away to
provide illumination for Saussurea.
Planting in alpine mountains
Considering natural environment
of Saussurea, the high places with al-
titude at 1 600 m, large temperature
differences, abundant rain and snow in
winter constitute popular locations for
artificial planting. However, before
transplanting, deep tillage should be
conducted well to make soils more
suitable for Saussurea. In addition,
high ridges are usually chosen as the
transplanting locations for water can
neither be too much nor too little. De-
tailedly, the ridges are 40-110 cm for
width, 25 cm for height, and 8 -10 m
for length. If the planting area is not so
satisfied, the earth should be flattened
and the soils should be improved.
The optimal temperature for
seedlings is 8 -22 ℃ . Transplanting
has to be conducted about 55-75 d of
growth or when 4 -5 euphyllas grow
and mornings or evenings or cloudy
days are the ideal time to ensure a
high survival rate. The seedlings
should be kept moisture after digging
to be re-planted within 48 h (within 24
h is the best) and the depth of holes
should be decided as per the roots to
make sure the terminal bud is above
the ground, followed by watering. Line
width should be determined according
to terrains. Generally, the planting dis-
tance is 20 -25 cm and the width is
25-30 cm. A hole is for a seedling (two
for weak seedlings) and enough water
should be provided to ensure the mois-
ture for 15 to 20 d. Sprinkling irrigation
is ideal, or water content in soil should
be controlled at 60% . During growth
period, weeding and soil loosening are
necessary and enough water has to be
provided timely; in summer, watering
can be done in the morning or at dusk;
Saussurea would grow better if wa-
tered with the melted water. After base
fertilizers are applied, auxin can be
added for the weaker ones at rate of
1:6 000 and before anthesis, calcium
superphosphates should be conducted
at 300 kg/hm2 and 0.2% of monopot-
assium phosphate solutions can be
sprayed every nine days to improve
flower quality. In addition, manual
weeding, instead of phytocide, is rec-
ommended to ensure the competition
advantages and natural quality of
Saussurea.
Prevention Technology Ag-
ainst Diseases and Insect
pests
Damage by disease
Damping-off After digging, seedlings
of Saussurea are tend to be diseased
with damping off, for example, hygro-
phanous stem base would discolor or
wilt suddenly, or simply collapse and
die. Damping off can be prevented in
many different ways including reason-
able digging, timely weeding and wa-
tering from the bottom only to avoid
excess watering. If moisture enough,
soils have to be loosened and if a dis-
eased plant is found, the plant has to
be eliminated and burned, followed by
sterilization. Detailedly, 50% of car-
bendazim (×600) or 70% of fenamino-
sulf (×800) is for spraying and the so-
lutions are sprayed every eight days
with 3-4 times each.
Root-rot Saussurea seedlings are
usually diseased with root-rot in middle
or later stages from bud base, which
can be prevented as follows: reason-
able planting in high density; avoiding
high temperature and water; improve-
ment of ventilation and illumination;
planting in soils with better permeabili-
ty; fertilizing with decaying mature;
enough bottom water; avoiding soils
overwet [4]. In addition, medicines can
also be applied, as follows: soils are
sterilized with carbendazim or fenam-
inosulf before sowing; the diseased
seedlings are primarily eliminated and
deep buried or burnt, after which, the
plants are sprayed with 70% of mil-
dothane (×800) and carbendazim (×
600) every eight days for 3 -4 times
each.
Fusarium wilt Generally, after Saus-
surea is diseased, Fusarium oxyspo-
rum produces symptoms such as wilt-
ing, chlorosis, necrosis, premature leaf
drop, browning of the vascular system,
stunting, and damping-off. Fusarium
wilt starts out looking like vein clearing
on the younger leaves and drooping of
the older lower leaves, followed by
stunting of the plant, yellowing of the
lower leaves, defoliation, marginal
necrosis and death of the plant. The
disease frequently occurs at 27-32 ℃
and the following conditions including
changeable water content, seedling
aging, over-dry soil and hindered ven-
tilation are favorable for development
of the disease. The effective preven-
tion method is soil sterilization, as fol-
lows: soils are watered with 0.25% -
0.5% of benomyl (25%) or carbendaz-
im (50%) or 0.125% of ambam (50%).
991
Agricultural Science & Technology
Agricultural Science & Technology Vol.13, No.5, 2012
2012
At beginning of the disease, the plants
are watered with 25 g/bag of Likujing
(a kind of soil fungicide) mixed with 20
kg water every 8 -11 days with 2 -3
times each. During the diseased peri-
od, the roots are watered with solu-
tions prepared with 0.2% of carben-
dazim (50%) and 0.167%-0.250%
of mildothane (50%) respectively for
0.25-0.5 kg per plant[5].
Powdery mildew Powdery mildew,
caused by Blumeria graminis, can be
detected from July to August of the fol-
lowing year with middle July the peak
period. A satisfied result can be
achieved through spraying with 15% of
bayleton or 70% of mildothane.
Insect pests
Pests on the ground
Aphid Saussurea would easily be
invaded by aphid [ 6 ] . The prevention
methods are as follows: the diseased
flowers or leaves invaded by aphid are
eliminated or burnt; few aphids can be
get rid of with a wet writing brushing;
ladybugs and lacewing which are nat-
ural enemy of aphid can be made use
of. In addition, if a large number of
aphids are found, medicines or indige-
nous can be applied, as follows: tobac-
co leave water can be prepared at ra-
tio of 1:15 for four hours before spray-
ing; solutions with washing powder,
urea and water are prepared at ratio of
1:4:400; emulsions of 10% of ome-
thoate (×1 000) or malathion (×1 000-
1 500) or dichlorvos emulsifiable solu-
tion (×1 000) or imidacloprid (× 500)
can be sprayed.
Delia platura Delia platura takes
endosperm and cotyledon on food,
leading to deformed and rotten buds,
destroyed epidermis and roots, and
rotten stems. The seeds and tissues of
the plant underground are eaten by
larva. Hence, the decomposed organic
fertilizers should be applied to reduce
oviposition of the adult and ploughing
before sowing can also reduce some
pupae. However, it is hard to prevent
because larvae will enter the hosts af-
ter few hours of eclosion and to take
measures during peak period of emer-
gence to stages before spawning be-
comes critical[7]. During emergence pe-
riod, the ground is sprayed with 5% of
tetrachlorvinphos powder or 21% of
fenvalerate and malathion (×2 000),
2.5% of deltamethrin (×3 000), 40% of
phoxim-alphacypermethrin (×2 000) or
20% of Finn benzene da thiazole pow-
der (×2 000) every eight days for 2-3
times each. If the ideal prevention peri-
od is missed, root pouring with above
pesticides can be conducted; if Delia
platura has entered roots of seedlings,
50% of phoxim or 25% of quinalphos
(×1 200) and 20% of isofenphosmethyl
(×2 000) can be applied.
Thrips palmi It is a primary vector of
plant viruses and both adult and
nymph could absorb seedlings and
juice of tender stems, resulting in yel-
low and curling twigs, and even dead
plants. Hence, 10% of imidacloprid
(×1 500-2 000) can be applied.
Pests underground
Cutworm It is a primary pest under-
ground endangering Saussurea. They
are voracious leaf, bud, and stem
feeders and can destroy entire plants.
Some species are subterranean and
eat roots. In many climates, cutworms
will winter under the soil, either as final
instar larvae or as pupae. This affords
farmers an opportunity for control.
Winter ploughing will kill many of the
pests, and expose many more to
predators. In suitable areas this is a
powerful means of control, for example
in grain fields. The same principle per-
mits some domestic gardeners to kill
the caterpillars without the problems
associated with the use of pesticides;
the first line of control can be to till the
soil some weeks before planting to
destroy any dormant larvae. Also, at
any time during the season, if the pop-
ulation has been reasonably well con-
trolled, but there are signs of localized
cutworm attack, the domestic gar-
dener may be able to deal with the
problem simply by digging the soil and
wet foliage to about 2 inches deep,
and killing the caterpillars manually.
Considering the phototaxis of cut-
worms, black light lamp or frequency-
vibration lamp can be placed in fields
to induce the pests. Some drugs can
also be applied, as follows: 2.5% of
dipterex or 150 kg of fine soils can be
prepared to scatter around the plants;
80% of dichlorvos oil or 0.067% -
0.100% of phoxim (50% ) can be
poured; 80% of dipterex can be ap-
plied for 900 -1 800 g/hm2 with little
water and the stir-fried wheat brans or
rape seed cakes (60-85 kg/hm2) can
be mixed to prepare poisonous baits
scattering the neighboring areas of
seedlings[8].
Wireworm The family Elateridae is
commonly called click beetles, elaters,
snapping beetles , spring beetles or
skipjacks in family Coleoptera. The
adults feed on tender leaves in the
ground and the larva feed on aspara-
gus seedlings, tender stems, buds and
roots. Soils have to be ploughed be-
fore winter, for which larvae will be
frozen to death on the ground or killed
by natural enemies. The non-decom-
posed organic fertilizers should be
avoiding applying to reduce the quan-
tity of larva and ovum in fields. Once
Saussureae are found diseased, lar-
vae around the roots should be dug
out [9] and the adults in the plants can
also be caught to reduce reproduction
of ovum. In addition, black light lamp
or frequency-vibration lamp can also
be placed in fields and the special
Beauveriae can be applied. In peak
period of adult, 90% of dipterex (×800)
or 80% of dichlorvos (×800) can be
sprayed at dusk and root pouring can
be conducted in larval phase for 150-
200 ml.
Dangers from animals
The animals threatening Saus-
surea include rat, horse, deer and
boar. Rat damage is mainly caused by
voles which are rodent and mainly
feed on roots of Saussurea. Presently,
the effective method is to kill the rats
by human beings. We can also make
use of vole habit, such as photophobia
to dig ditches against voles or pouring
water in holes of voles. In addition,
fence and protective guard can be in-
stalled against horse and boars.
References
[1] LIU F(刘发), LIU GJ(刘国钧). Saussurea
involucrata Kar. et Kir. ex Maxim.(新疆
雪 莲 ) [M]. Urumqi: Xinjiang People’s
Publishing House(乌鲁木齐:新疆人民出
版社), 1982.
[2] FU LG (傅立国 ). China plant red data
book: rare and endangered plants(book
1)(中国植物红皮书-稀有濒危植物(第一
册))[M]. Beijing: Science Press(北京 :科
学出版社), 1992.
[3] LIU MJ(刘孟君), YOU F(游芳). Seedling
raising technique of Saussurea involu-
crata Kar.et Kin (天山雪莲育苗技术)[J].
Rural Science and Technology (农村科
技), 2009(5): 87-88. (in Chinese).
(Continued from page 00)
(Continued on page 1002)
992
Agricultural Science & Technology
Agricultural Science & Technology Vol.13, No.5, 2012
2012
(Continued from page 992)
新疆雪莲适生因子与规范化种植技术研究
努尔波拉提，陈艳瑞，刘 敏，王 卉，宁慧霞，王晓军 * （中国科学院新疆理化技术研究所，新疆乌鲁木齐 830011）
摘 要 为促进雪莲种植技术在新疆地区顺利推广，促进中药材产业的顺利发展，并促进高山地区的生态顺利恢复，开展了雪莲在新疆地区的生
物学特性研究、生态作用分析和规范化种植技术研究，形成了较为系统雪莲规范化种植技术体系，主要包括育苗、移栽、田间管理、及病虫害防治
等方面的内容。
关键词 新疆雪莲；生境；规范化种植；病虫害防治
基金项目 中国科学院西部行动项目（KGCX2-YW-509），中国科学院“西部之光”西部博士项目（XBBS201012），国家科技支撑计划（2007BAI30B06-1）。
作者简介 努尔波拉提（1971-），男，哈萨克族，新疆布尔津人，在读硕士，助理研究员，从事药用植物生理、种植研究。*通讯作者，王晓军，研究
员，从事资源化学方面的研究，E-mail：wangxj@ms.xjb.ac.cn
收稿日期 2012-03-27 修回日期 2012-03-30
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Responsible editor: Xiaoxue WANG Responsible proofreader: Xiaoyan WU
[4] ZHU LN(朱莉昵). Study on identification
and prevention of soybean seedling
blight (大豆立枯病的识别与防治初探 )
[J].Horticultural Seeds and Seedlings
(园艺与种苗 ), 2011(4): 14-16. (in Chi-
nese).
[5] SONG LZ(宋立洲), DU WG(杜万光), LI
WW (李维维). On control technology of
Verticillium dahliae Kleb in Xiangshan
Park (香山公园黄栌枯萎病防治技术研
究)[J]. Beijing Garden (北京园林), 2011
(2): 51-56. (in Chinese).
[6] DONG M(董民 ), ZHANG DW(张顶武 ),
DU XG (杜相革 ). The relationship and
ecological control measures between
organic peach predators and aphid (有
机桃园天敌与蚜虫的互作关系及生态调
控措施 ) [J]. Journal of Plant Protection
(植物保护学报), 2011 (4): 327-332. (in
Chinese).
[7] LI ZG (李治国 ). Damages and control
experiment of Hylemyia platura (杉苗种
蝇危害及防治实验 ) [J]. Science and
Technology of West China (中国西部科
技), 2007(7): 79-81. (in Chinese).
[8] LV XL(吕秀莲), ZHANG J(张静), CUI ZY
(崔子俞 ). Control measures of Agrotis
ypsilon (地老虎的防治措施 )[J]. China
Fruit and Vegetables (中国果菜), 2011
(1): 28. (in Chinese).
[9] WANGHJ(王浩杰), LIU LW(刘立伟), SHU
JP(舒金平), et al. Research progress on
the control techniques against wire-
worms(金针虫控制技术及其研究进展 )
[J]. Forest Pest and Disease (中国森林
病虫), 2008(1): 27-30. (in Chinese).
小麦秆锈菌新小种 Ug99及其抗病育种研究进展
达龙珠 1，燕照玲 1，刘毓侠 1，刘文轩 2* （1.河南省农业科学院，河南郑州 450002；2.河南农业大学，河南郑州 450002）
摘 要 为帮助我国小麦研究人员全面了解秆锈菌新小种-Ug99及其对我国小麦生产的潜在威胁，呼吁加强 Ug99及其变异小种传播与扩散的
监控，加强抗病种质创新和持久性耐病新品种选育，提前预防 Ug99的危害。对 Ug99小种变异、致病力、分布扩散以及小麦及其亲缘种属抗病基因
发掘、连锁分子标记筛选，抗性育种策略与进展，中国 Ug99研究现状进行了总结，由此不难看出，Ug99是容易发生小种变异、毒力极强、扩展速度
较快的秆锈菌新小种，极有可能对世界小麦生产带来的全球性危害。应该加强小麦及其亲缘种属新抗病基因的发掘与利用和持久性耐病新品种
的培育，控制和预防 Ug99及其变异小种的危害。
关键词 小麦秆锈菌；小种；Ug99；变异；抗病育种
基金项目 河南农业大学人才引进启动基金项目(30300190)。
作者简介 达龙珠（1959-），女，江苏扬州人，研究员，本科，主要从事小麦育种及期刊编辑工作，E-mail：dalongzhu2006@163.com。*通讯作者。
收稿日期 2012-02-17 修回日期 2012-03-13
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Responsible editor: Xiaohui FAN Responsible proofreader: Xiaoyan WU
al . Development of wheat lines carry-
ing stem rust resistance gene Sr39
with reduced Aegilops speltoides
chromatin and simple PCR markers
for marker-assisted selection[J]. Theor
Appl Genet, 2009, 119(8):1441-1450.
[34] KHAN RR, BARIANA HS, DHOLAKIA
BB, et al . Molecular mapping of stem
and leaf rust resistance in wheat [J].
Theor Appl Genet, 2005, 111: 846 -
850.
[35] FARIS JD, XU SS, CAI X, et al. Molec-
ular and cytogenetic characterization
of a durum wheat-Aegilops speltoides
chromosome translocation conferring
resistance to stem rust [J]. Chromo-
some Res, 2008, 16: 1097-1105.
[36] ANUGRAHWATI DR , SHEPHERD
KW, VERLIN DC, et al . Isolation of
wheat-rye 1RS recombinants that
break the linkage between stem rust
resistance gene SrR and secalin [J].
Genome, 2008, 51: 341-349.
[37] HIEBERT CW, FETCH TG, ZEGEYE
T. Genetics and mapping of stem rust
resistance to Ug99 in the wheat culti-
var Webster [J]. Theor Appl Genet,
2010, 121: 65-69.
[38] HIEBERT CW, FETCH TG, ZEGEYE
T, et al . Genetics and mapping of
seedling resistance to Ug99 stem rust
in Canadian wheat cultivars ‘Peace’
and ‘AC Cadillac’ [J]. Theor Appl
Genet, 2011, 122: 143-149.
[39] QIU YC (邱永春 ), LIU YL (刘永丽 ).
Postulation of resistance genes to
stem rust in 120 wheat cultivars in
North China(北方麦区 120 个小麦品种
抗秆锈病基因的推导 ) [J]. Journal of
Shenyang Agricultural University(沈阳
农业大学学报), 1999(3): 231-234.
[40] HE ZH (何中虎 ), XIA XC (夏先春 ),
CHEN WQ (陈万权 ). Breeding for re-
sistance to new race Ug99 of stem
rust pathogen (小麦对秆锈菌新小种
Ug99 的抗性研究进展 ) [J]. Journal of
Triticeae Crops (麦类作物学报), 2008,
28: 170-173.
[41] LI TY (李天亚), CAO YY (曹远银), LI
WH (李伟华), et al. Analysis of resis-
tance genes to stem rust in 52 wheat
cultivars in four provinces of North Chi-
na(我国北方四省 52 个重要小麦品种
抗秆锈病基因推导分析)[J]. Journal of
Henan Agricultural Sciences(河南农业
科学), 2011(10): 84-87.

1002