作 者 ：高雷, 李博
期 刊 ：植物生态学报 2004年 28卷 6期 页码：735-752
Keywords:Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), Invasive species, Biological control, Integrated management,
摘 要 ：凤眼莲(Eichhornia crassipes)原产南美洲，被列为世界十大恶性杂草之一，现已入侵了非洲、亚洲、北美洲、大洋州、甚至欧洲等5个大洲，至少62个国家和地区都受到了凤眼莲入侵的危害。凤眼莲的入侵已经引起了一系列的生态、经济、社会问题：首先，它改变了当地水体生态系统的物理、化学环境，进而影响水体生态系统的生物多样性，破坏食物链、物质循环等生态过程的正常运行；其次，凤眼莲造成当地经济的重大损失，航运、渔业、水利等都受到了危害；再次，凤眼莲的入侵爆发也对当地居民饮水、健康等造成威胁。目前，对于凤眼莲的控制及其治理主要有物理的、化学的、以及生物的等3种方法。利用天敌、病菌、以及化感作用等的生物控制被许多专家和学者推崇，同时，利用生物控制凤眼莲入侵也日益成为研究的热点。但是，综合目前对于凤眼莲的认识和研究，仍然具有片面性，需要从生物特性、种群生态、生态系统等方面深入研究凤眼莲入侵机制。而利用生物控制凤眼莲的研究和技术尚不完善，需要进行种间竞争、捕食及遗传变异等方面的探讨和研究。通过总结控制凤眼莲各种方法的长处和不足，最后指出利用生物的方法，并结合污水治理、水系宏观调控及监测等方法，综合治理凤眼莲，是十分必要的，而且也是最具有前景的。
Abstract:Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) originated in the state of Amazonas, Brazil, spread to other regions of South America, and was carried by humans throughout the tropics and sub-tropics. It is now widespread and recognized as one of the top ten weeds in the world. Water hyacinth has invaded Africa, Asia, North America and Oceania, occurs in at least 62 countries and causes extremely serious ecological, economic and social problems in regions between 40°N and 45°S. Water hyacinth forms dense monocultures and can threaten local native communities, reduce native species diversity, and change the physical and chemical aquatic environment, thus altering ecosystem structure and function by disrupting food chains and nutrient cycling. Water hyacinth has had a great impact on local economic development. The large, dense monoculture formed by this species covers lakes and rivers, thus blocking waterways and interfering with the water transport of agriculture products, tourism activities, water power and irrigation of agricultural fields. Dense mats of water hyacinth can lower dissolved oxygen levels in water bodies and reduce aquatic production, including fish production, thereby reducing fish catches. Annual global costs associated with water hyacinth have increased greatly in recent years. Also, the lifestyles of local people who use and depend on water bodies invaded by water hyacinth have been affected greatly. Water hyacinth is very efficient at taking up calcium, magnesium, sulfur, iron, manganese, aluminum, boron, copper, molybdenum zinc, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium favoring its growth over other species. When water hyacinth dies, sinks and decomposes, the water becomes more eutrophic due to the large release of nutrients. Water quality can deteriorate, threaten clean drinking water and impact human health. At present, solutions for controlling the spread of water hyacinth are divided into three general categories: physical, chemical and biological control. Biological control has been promoted as the best means for controlling water hyacinth and currently is an important area of research. Biological control includes the utilization of natural enemies, pathogens and allelopaths; however, our knowledge and understanding of the biology and ecology of water hyacinth is limited. To effectively control water hyacinth through biological means, it will be necessary to study more thoroughly the physiology, population and community dynamics, and ecosystem ecology of this species as well as interspecific competition, predation and its evolution. In this paper, we review the costs and benefits associated with the different control methods. We suggest that water hyacinth populations can be reduced and controlled by using an integrated management approach that combines biological control with a watershed management strategy that minimizes pollution and promotes a long term sustainable approach for effective water management in a region.