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作 者 ：卜海燕, 任青吉, 徐秀丽, 刘坤, 贾鹏, 文淑均, 孙大帅, 杜国祯

期 刊 ：植物生态学报 2006年 30卷 4期 页码：624-632

关键词：高寒草甸；禾本科植物；种子萌发；

Keywords:Alpine meadow, Gramineous plants, Seed germination,

摘 要 ：在实验室条件下观测了青藏高原东部高寒草甸54种禾本科植物的种子萌发特点。结果发现：在54种植物中，有43种植物种子萌发率都达到了50%，其中萌发率80%以上的物种有26种，60%～80%的有11种，40%～60%的有8种，20%～40%的有5种，小于20%的有4种；萌发开始时间为3～5 d的植物有14种，6～8 d的植物有29种，9～10 d的植物有10种，大于10 d的 有1种；萌发持续时间为1～7 d的植物有16种，8～14 d的植物有28种，15～21 d的有10种；达50%萌发率的时间为1～7 d的植物有11种，8～14 d的植物有27种，
大于14 d的植物有5种，萌发率一直没达到50%的植物有11种。这些植物显示了4种萌发类型：爆发型、过渡型、缓萌型（萌发率大于50%的物种）和低萌型（萌发率小于50%的物种）。

Abstract:Background and Aims The study area is located on the eastern Qinghai_Tibetan Plateau (101°
-103° E, 34°-35°70′ N). The altitude ranges from 2 900 m to 4 000 m, and the climate is
cold and humid with an annual rainfall of 450-780 mm, which is mainly distributed in July,
August and September. Mean annual air temperature is 1.8 ℃ with -10.7 ℃ in January and
11.7 ℃ in July, and average annual frost days are no less than 270 d. The grassland types
include mainly alpine meadow (59.32%), brushy meadow (33.39%), woodland meadow (0.32%),
saline meadow (0.15%), swampy meadow ( 5.61%) and upland grass (1.21%). The vegetation
belongs to typical alpine meadows, and the species composition of the plant community is
dominated by many monocotyledons and various dicotyledons. The capacity of seed germination
and seedling establishment determines partially the regeneration of plant communities of
the grassland. However, there is few germination data. Accordingly, we have undertaken a
major study of the gramineous species of the alpine meadow. A comparison of the germination
biology of many species will provide an ecological context for subsequent studies of field
distribution.
Methods Seeds were collected from as many sources as possible to get an adequate represe
ntation of the whole community from July to October in 2003. Enveloped seeds were spread on
tables at room temperatures（about 15 ℃）until dried and threshed by hand through screens.
The experiment of germination started on March 3, 2004. For each species 50 seeds were
placed in Petri_dishes on filter paper moistened with distilled water in a growth chamber
with a 12_h day at 25 ℃ and a 12_h night at 5 ℃. This temperature regime has relevance to
field conditions: it approximates the mean daily maximum and minimum temperature in 5 cm
deep soil from May to August. The percentage of seeds germinated was recorded every day.
Newly emerged seedlings were removed from the Petri_dishes and seeds were regularly
watered with distilled water. A seed was considered germinated when the length of the
emerged radicle was equal to the length of seed. Germination was judged to be complete when
no further germination occurred for five successive days. The remaining ungerminated seeds
were checked for viability by soaking in water at 30 ℃ for 2 h, removing the seed coats
and sliting open the seeds, then soaking the embryos in 0.1% tetrazomium chloride for 4 h
at 30 ℃. In viable seeds embryos were stained pink. The amount of germination was then
calculated as a percentage of the total number of viable seeds and rate of seed germination
as the number of seeds germinating each day expressed as a percentage of the final
germination. In this study, we make use of 4 indices: percent germination, days to first
germination, germination period and days to 50% germination. 
Key Results Of the 54 species examined, the following 26 species exceeded 80% germination:
Achnatherum inebrians, Agrostis alba, A. sp1.,A. stolonifera, Aneurolepidium dasystachys,
Arundinella anomala, Bromus tectorum, Deschampsia caespitosa, Deyeuxia scabrescens, D. sp．
, Elymus dahuricus, E. tangutorum, Festuca sinensis,Helictotrichon leianthum, Mellica
scabrosa , Orinus kokonorica, Poa schoenites, P. sinattenuata, P. botryoides, P.
poophagorum, P. pratensis, Ptilagrostis dichotoma, P. mongholica, P. roshevitsiana,
Roegneria nutans and R. stricta.The following 11 species had 60%-80% germination:
Achnatherum sibiricum, A. splendens, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Bromus magnus, B. sinensis,
Deyeuxia arundinacea, Gramineae sp． , Helictotrichon tibeticum, Ptilagrostis junatovii,
Stipa capillaceaand S. przewalskyi. The following 8 species had 40%-60% germination:
Agrostis hugoniana, Brachypodiumsp．, Festuca ovina, F. rubra, Helictotrichon sp2., Poa
declinata, Roegneria kokonorica and Stipa aliena. The following 5 species had 20%-40%
germination: Aristida triseta, Helictotrichon schellianum, H. sp1., Koeleria cristataand
Oryzopsis munroi and the following 4 species had values of less than 20%: Stipa purpurea,
Agrostis sp2., Stipa penicillata var.hirsutaand A. trinii; 14 species, Achnatherum
inebrians, A. splendens, Agrostis alba, Aneurolepidium dasystachys, Arundinella anomala,
Brachypodium sp., Bromus tectorum, Elymus dahuricus, E. tangutorum, Mellica scabrosa,
Orinus kokonorica, Poa sinattenuata, Ptilagrostis mongholica and Roegneria
nutansbegan,began to germinate within 3-5 days; 29 species, Poa schoenites, Achnatherum
sibiricum, Agrostis sp2., A. stolonifera, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Bromus magnus, B.
sinensis, Deschampsia caespitosa, Deyeuxia arundinacea, D. sp., Festuca ovina , F. rubra,
F. sinensis, Gramineae sp．, Helictotrichon sp2., H. tibetic u m, Koeleria cristata,
Oryzopsis munroi, Poa botryoides, P. declinata, P. poophag orum, P. pratensis, Ptilagrostis
junatovii, P. roshevitsiana, Roegneria kokonorica, R. stricta, Stipa aliena, S. capillacea
and Stipa penicillata var.hirsuta, began to germinate within 6-8 days; 10 species,
Agrostis hugoniana, A. sp1., A. trinii, Aristida triseta, Deyeuxia scabrescens,
Helictotrichon leianthum, H. schellianum, H. sp1., Ptilagrostis dichotoma and Stipa
przewalskyi, began to germinate within 9-10 d; and only Stipa purpurea exceeded 10 d. For
species such as Stipa purpurea, Achnatherum inebrians, Agrostis alba, A. sp1., A. s p 2.,
A. stolonifera, Aneurolepidium dasystachys, Aristida triseta, Arundinella anomala,
Elymus dahuricus, E. tangutorum, Helictotrichon schellianum, H. sp1.,Mellica scabrosa, Poa
poophagorumandP. sinattenuat (16 species), the germination period was short (1-7 d); 28
species, Poa schoenites, Achnatherum splendens, Agrostis hugoniana, A. trinii, Brachypodium
sp．, Bromus magnus, B. sinensis, B. tectorum, Deschampsia caespitosa, Deyeuxia
arundinacea, D. sca brescens, D. sp．, Festuca ovina, F. rubra, F. sinensis, Gramineaesp
．, Helictotrichon leianthum, H. tibeticum, Koeleria cristata, Orinus kokonorica,
Oryzopsis munroi, Poa botryoides, P. declinata, P. pratensis, Roegneria kokonorica, R.
nutans, Stipa capillaceaand Stipa penicillata var.hirsuta, had the germination period of
8-14 d; and 10 species, Achnatherum sibiricum, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Helictotrichon
sp2., Ptilagrostis dichotoma, P. junatovii, P. mongholica, P. roshevitsiana, Roegneria
stricta, Stipa alienaand S. przewalskyi, germinated over a longer period (15-21 d)；for
species such as Poa sinattenuata, Achnatherum ine brians, Agrostis alba, Aneurolepidium
dasystachys, Arundinella anomala, Brachypodium sp．, Bromus tectorum, Elymus dahuricus, E.
tangutorum, Mellica scabrosa and Roegneria nutans (11 species), germinated 50% within 1-7
d, while Poa schoenites, Achnatherum splendens, Agrostis hugoniana, A. sp1, A. stolonifera,
Bromus magnus, B. sinensis, Deschampsia caespitosa, Deyeuxia arundinacea, D. scabrescens,
D. sp．, Festuca ovina, F. rubra, F. sinensis, Gramineae sp., Helictotrichon leianthum, H.
tibeticum, Orinus kokonorica, Poa botryoides, P. declinata, P. poophagorum, P. pratensis,
Ptilagrostis mongholica, P. roshevitsiana, Roegneria kokonorica, R. stricta and Stipa
capillacea (27 species) germinated 50% within 8-14 d; and the time to 50% germination of
Achnatherum sibiricum, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Ptilagrostis dichotoma, P. junatovii and
Stipa przewalskyi exceeded 14 d, but 11 species, Agrostis sp2., A. trinii, Aristida
triseta, Helictotrichon schellianum, H. sp1.,H. sp2., Koeleria cristata, Oryzopsis
munroi, Stipa aliena, S. purpurea and Stipa penicillata var.hirsuta, failed to germinate
50% after the xperiment.
Conclusions These species showed four germination patterns: rapid (e.g.Achnatherum
inebrians andAgrostis alba), slow (e.g. Achnatherum sibiricumand Stipa przewalskyi),
intermediate (e.g.Deschampsia caespitosa and Orinus kokonorica) (percent germination ＞
50%)and low germination (e.g. Oryzopsis munroi and Stipa purpurea) (percent germination ＜
50%).The experiment illustrated that the gramineous species of the alpine meadow on the
eastern Qinghai_Tibetan Plateau are heterogeneous in their germination characteristics.
Nevertheless, knowledge of other factors (e.g. light, temperature and storage methods)
influencing germination is needed before we can fully understand the relationships between
germination characteristics and field distribution.

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