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Litter dynamics of major successional communities in Maolan karst forest of China

茂兰喀斯特森林主要演替群落的凋落物动态


对茂兰喀斯特森林3种主要演替群落——喀斯特原生乔木林、次生林和灌木林的凋落物数量、组成特征及季节动态变化进行了为期27个月的观测研究。结果表明, 茂兰喀斯特原生乔木林、次生林和灌木林的年平均凋落物量分别为4.503、3.505和2.912 t·hm-2; 年总凋落物的叶、枝、花果和其他的比例分别为64.72%、14.60%、12.33%、8.35%; 74.28%、7.43%、10.88%、7.41%和75.94%、8.56%、12.93%、2.57%, 叶凋落物量占总凋落物量的64.72%-75.94%; 茂兰喀斯特森林3种演替群落凋落物的月动态变化规律均为双峰型, 峰值分别出现在生长季早期3-5月和休眠期10-12月。

Aims Litter is a key in nutrient cycling and energy flow of forest ecosystems. Our objective was to study the functions of karst forest litter by analyzing litter dynamics.
Methods Litter samples were collected monthly from karst primary forest, secondary forest and shrubland in our Maolan karst study area from October 2006 to December 2008. We divided the samples into leaves, branches, flowers and fruit, and others and weighed each after drying to constant weight at 80 °C.
Important findings The annual mean litter productions of primary forest, secondary forest and shrubland in the Maolan karst study area were 4.503, 3.505 and 2.912 t·hm-2, respectively. The proportions of leaves, branches, flowers and fruits, and others for karst primary forest were 64.72%, 14.60%, 12.33% and 8.35%, respectively, while for karst secondary forest were 74.28%, 7.43%, 10.88% and 7.41%, respectively, and for karst shrubland were 75.94%, 8.56%, 12.93% and 2.57%, respectively. Therefore, leaves dominated litter. The monthly litterfall production dynamics for each community exhibited a bimodel distribution, with peaks early in the growing season and at dormancy.


全 文 :植物生态学报 2011, 35 (10): 1019–1028 doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2011.01019
Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology http://www.plant-ecology.com
——————————————————
收稿日期Received: 2010-11-22 接受日期Accepted: 2011-03-01
* 通讯作者Author for correspondence (E-mail: wangshijie@vip.skleg.cn)
茂兰喀斯特森林主要演替群落的凋落物动态
俞国松1,2 王世杰1* 容 丽1,3 冉景丞4
1中国科学院地球化学研究所环境地球化学国家重点实验室, 贵阳 550002; 2中国科学院研究生院, 北京 100049; 3贵州师范大学地理与环境科学学院,
贵阳 550001; 4茂兰国家级自然保护区管理局, 贵州荔波 558400
摘 要 对茂兰喀斯特森林3种主要演替群落——喀斯特原生乔木林、次生林和灌木林的凋落物数量、组成特征及季节动态
变化进行了为期27个月的观测研究。结果表明, 茂兰喀斯特原生乔木林、次生林和灌木林的年平均凋落物量分别为4.503、
3.505和2.912 t·hm–2; 年总凋落物的叶、枝、花果和其他的比例分别为64.72%、14.60%、12.33%、8.35%; 74.28%、7.43%、10.88%、
7.41%和75.94%、8.56%、12.93%、2.57%, 叶凋落物量占总凋落物量的64.72%–75.94%; 茂兰喀斯特森林3种演替群落凋落物
的月动态变化规律均为双峰型, 峰值分别出现在生长季早期3–5月和休眠期10–12月。
关键词 喀斯特森林, 凋落物, 凋落节律, 茂兰, 演替群落
Litter dynamics of major successional communities in Maolan karst forest of China
YU Guo-Song1,2, WANG Shi-Jie1*, RONG Li1,3, and RAN Jing-Cheng4
1State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550002, China; 2Graduate University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; 3School of Geographic and Environmental Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001,
China; and 4Administration Bureau of Maolan National Nature Reserve, Libo, Guizhou 558400, China
Abstract
Aims Litter is a key in nutrient cycling and energy flow of forest ecosystems. Our objective was to study the
functions of karst forest litter by analyzing litter dynamics.
Methods Litter samples were collected monthly from karst primary forest, secondary forest and shrubland in our
Maolan karst study area from October 2006 to December 2008. We divided the samples into leaves, branches,
flowers and fruit, and others and weighed each after drying to constant weight at 80 °C.
Important findings The annual mean litter productions of primary forest, secondary forest and shrubland in the
Maolan karst study area were 4.503, 3.505 and 2.912 t·hm–2, respectively. The proportions of leaves, branches,
flowers and fruits, and others for karst primary forest were 64.72%, 14.60%, 12.33% and 8.35%, respectively,
while for karst secondary forest were 74.28%, 7.43%, 10.88% and 7.41%, respectively, and for karst shrubland
were 75.94%, 8.56%, 12.93% and 2.57%, respectively. Therefore, leaves dominated litter. The monthly litterfall
production dynamics for each community exhibited a bimodel distribution, with peaks early in the growing season
and at dormancy.
Key words karst forest, litter, litter-fall dynamics, Maolan, succession community

凋落物是森林生态系统的重要组成部分, 是林
地有机质的主要物质库和维持土壤肥力的基础, 是
生态系统内物质循环的中心环节(Bray & Gorham,
1964; 王凤友, 1989; 骆宗诗等, 2007)。Chapin等
(2002)的研究表明, 多数生态系统中植物所吸收的
养分, 90%以上的氮和磷及60%以上的矿质元素都
来自于植被凋落残体归还给土壤的养分再循环。森
林凋落物作为连接植被与土壤两大系统的“纽带”,
一直是森林生态学、森林水文学、森林土壤学、生
物地球化学及环境化学等学科的重要研究内容(吴
承祯等, 2000)。
近年来, 相关研究人员将森林凋落物放在全球
气候变暖大背景下来进行研究, 非常重视凋落物在
碳循环和营养元素循环中所起的作用、凋落物分解
和土壤微生物活动释放的CO2对温室效应的贡献
(吴雅琼等, 2007)及全球气候变暖对凋落物动态的
影响等(彭少麟和刘强, 2002; 宋新章等, 2008)。尽
管有关凋落物的研究较多, 但对茂兰喀斯特植被凋
1020 植物生态学报 Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology 2011, 35 (10): 1019–1028

www.plant-ecology.com
落物的研究较少(钱正敏等, 2009; 魏鲁明等, 2009),
且研究植被类型单一, 凋落物收集年限短而凋落节
律无重复性, 缺乏与不同植被类型的比较。本研究
主要针对这种现状, 拟通过对贵州茂兰国家级自然
保护区喀斯特演替序列中3种主要群落类型进行为
期27个月的凋落物量动态研究, 并与国内主要森林
植被做对比分析, 来探讨茂兰喀斯特主要演替植被
的凋落物产量、组成特征、季节动态变化及其与森
林结构和物质循环的关系, 为阐明喀斯特地区物质
循环的生物地球化学过程提供科学依据, 对喀斯特
林分的改造和森林的优化经营亦有重要参考价值。
1 研究区概况和研究方法
1.1 研究区和样地环境概况
研究区在贵州省黔南布依族苗族自治州荔波
县境内, 位于茂兰国家自然保护区的喀斯特原始森
林核心区内, 该区是目前世界上同纬度地区残存下
来的仅有的、原生性强、相对稳定的喀斯特森林生
态系统, 也是喀斯特区原生性森林分布面积最大的
地区(周政贤, 1987)。选取的喀斯特原生乔木林是该
地带的顶级森林群落, 喀斯特次生林是处于演替中
间阶段的森林群落, 而灌木林是演替初级阶段的群
落。群落植被概况见表1, 植被树种主要是一些适应
性强的乡土种, 以耐旱、喜钙类型为主(钱正敏等,
2009)。研究区土壤主要为石灰土和零星分布的硅质
土, 土层浅薄且不连续, 岩石渗漏性强, 土体持水
量较低, 地表水缺乏, 临时性干旱频繁。区内年平
均气温18.3 , 7℃ 月平均气温26.4 , 1℃ 月平均气温
8.3 , ℃ ≥10 ℃积温5 767.9 ; ℃ 年平均降水量1 752
mm, 集中分布于5–10月, 夏季半年(5–9月)的降水
量多达1 420 mm, 占全年总降水量的81%; 年平均
相对湿度83%, 全年日照时数1 272.8 h, 日照率
29%, 属于中亚热带季风湿润气候区(周政贤, 1987;
朱守谦, 1997)。研究期间拉桥观测站的月平均降水
量、大气相对湿度和气温见图1。
1.2 研究方法
2006年9月在茂兰核心区拉桥小流域选取喀斯
特原生乔木林、次生林和灌木林3种植被演替群落,


表1 演替群落植被基本概况
Table 1 Basic features of vegetation in successional communities
植被类型
Vegetation type
坡度
Slope
坡向
Slope
aspect
位置
Location
植被特征
Vegetation characteristics
优势种
Dominant species
喀斯特原生乔
木林
Karst primary
arboreal forest
30°–40° Northeast 25°18′05″–
25°18′16″ N,
107°57′10″–
107°57′40″ E
层次结构比较完整, 乔木层、灌木层和草本层之间分化清
晰, 以乔木层为主, 高10–20 m, 乔木层覆盖率达80%以上;
灌木层高3–8 m, 盖度5%–10%; 地表层有地衣苔藓着生,
林下覆盖有3–5 cm厚的枯枝落叶层。
The stand structure was well integral and hierarchic, which
could be clearly divided into tree layer, shrub layer and herb
layer, and structure was dominated by tree layer. The mean tree
height and coverage of tree layer were 10–20 m and more than
80%, respectively. The height of shrub layer with coverage of
5%–10% was 3–8 m, some lichens and mosses grew on the
ground, the thickness of litter layer was 3–5 cm under forest.
圆果化香树、短萼海桐、小
果润楠、青檀、光叶海桐、
丝栗栲
Platycarya longipes,
Pittosporum brevicalyx,
Machilus microcarpa,
Pteroceltis tatarinowii,
Pittosporum glabratum,
Castanopsis fargesii
喀斯特次生林
Karst
secondary
forest
30°–40° Southwest 25°18′35″–
25°18′50″ N,
107°56′45″–
107°57′00″ E
林分层次结构分化明显, 乔木层、灌木层比较发达, 高5–
12 m, 乔木层覆盖率达80%以上; 灌木层高2–3 m, 盖度
10%左右, 地表有少量藤刺、蕨类、地衣苔藓等分布, 林
下枯枝落叶层厚1–2 cm。
The stand structure was well hierarchic, of which tree layer
and shrub layer were matured. The mean tree height and ove-
rage of tree layer were 5–12 m and more than 80%, respectiv-
ely. The height of shrub layer with coverage of 10% was 2–
3 m, The land was covered by a small amount of thorns, ferns,
lichens and mosses, the thickness of litter layer was 1–2 cm
under forest.
云贵鹅耳枥、青冈、丝栗栲、
马尾松、香叶树、十大功劳
Carpinus pubescens,
Cyclobalanopsis glauca,
Castanopsis fargesii, Pinus
massoniana, Lindera com-
munis, Mahonia fortunei
喀斯特灌木林
Karst
shrubland
20°–30° Northeast 25°18′20″–
25°18′35″ N,
107°56′10″–
107°56′25″ E
林分垂直结构单一, 无或有少量乔木, 主要以灌木层为主,
高度2–4 m, 覆盖度达80%以上, 林下覆盖的枯枝落叶层
厚约1–2 cm。
The stand vertical structure was simple with a small amount
of or no tree layer, which was dominated by shrub layer. The
mean tree height and coverage of shrub layer were 2–4 m and
more than 80%, respectively. The thickness of litter layer was
1–2 cm under forest.
南天竹、圆果化香树、香叶
树、荔波鹅耳枥、齿叶黄皮、
多脉青冈
Nandina domestica, Platy-
carya longipes, Lindera
communis, Carpinus lipoen-
sis, Clausena dunniana,
Cyclobalanopsis multiervis
俞国松等: 茂兰喀斯特森林主要演替群落的凋落物动态 1021

doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2011.01019

图1 拉桥观测站月平均降水量、大气相对湿度和气温的变化。
Fig. 1 Monthly variation of rainfall, relative humidity of atmosphere and air temperature in the Laqiao observation station.


按照随机加局部控制的原则并兼顾重复性, 考虑样
地密度、样地最小面积、坡向和坡位等因素, 一共
布置9个10 m × 10 m灌木林样地、9个20 m × 30 m原
生乔木林样地和4个20 m × 30 m次生林样地。凋落
物的测定采用直接收集测定法(王凤友, 1989), 在设
置的每个样地内按照“梅花形”五点法布置5个凋落
物收集器, 收集器由孔径为0.2 mm × 0.2 mm的尼龙
网制成, 接收面积1.0 m × 1.0 m, 放置于离地面50
cm的高处。从2006年10月起, 每月月底收集凋落物
1次, 2008年12月底结束收集, 为期27个月。
将凋落物分成树叶、枝、落花落果和其他等组
成, 树叶又分成常绿树叶和落叶树叶两种。将各组
分的凋落物于80 ℃烘干至恒重后分别称重, 最后
计算出各类凋落物量。试验样地附近有一气象观测
站, 记录常规气象指标, 其月平均降水量和气温等
用于分析凋落物的月动态特征。
2 结果
2.1 凋落物的总凋落量
喀斯特植被演替系列因林分组成、人为干扰以
及演替阶段的不同, 其凋落物的年总凋落物量表现
出一定的差异。27个月的观测结果表明(图2), 喀斯
特原生乔木林的年总凋落物量为 4.002–5.004
t·hm–2, 年平均凋落物量4.503 t·hm–2, 变异系数为
16%; 次生林的年总凋落物量为3.239–3.771 t·hm–2,
年平均凋落物量3.505 t·hm–2, 变异系数为11%; 灌
木林的年总凋落物量为2.815–3.009 t·hm–2, 年平均
凋落物量2.912 t·hm–2, 变异系数为5%。年平均凋落
物量表现为喀斯特原生乔木林>喀斯特次生林>喀
斯特灌木林。
方差分析的结果表明, 3种不同喀斯特植被类
型的月平均凋落物量差异极显著(F = 5.890, p =
0.004 < 0.01), LSD多重比较的结果是原生乔木林的
月平均凋落物量(370.54 kg·hm–2)显著高于次生林
(296.21 kg·hm–2) (p = 0.034 < 0.05), 极显著高于灌
木林(254.13 kg·hm–2) (p = 0.001 < 0.01), 而次生林
和灌木林的月平均凋落物量之间无显著差异(p =
0.224 > 0.05)。
2.2 凋落物的组成
叶凋落物是凋落物的主体, 喀斯特原生乔木
林、次生林和灌木林的叶凋落物量占总凋落物量的
比例分别是64.72%、74.28%和75.94%, 所占比例表
现为喀斯特原生林<次生林<灌木林。叶凋落物以常
绿树叶为主, 其中次生林常绿树叶凋落最多, 占叶
凋落物量的65.00%; 枝凋落物量以原生乔木林最
多 , 占总凋落物量的 14.60%, 灌木林次之 , 为
8.56%, 次生林最少, 占7.43%; 3种植被类型的花果
凋落物量相差不大 , 占总凋落物量的 10.88%–
12.93%; 凋落物中其他成分较少, 占2.57%–8.35%。
2.3 凋落物的凋落节律
3种植被类型的凋落物动态具有明显的季节性,
其凋落总量、叶、枝、花果和其他组分的月凋落变
1022 植物生态学报 Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology 2011, 35 (10): 1019–1028

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图2 不同演替群落的年凋落物量。
Fig. 2 Annual litter production in different successional communities.




图3 喀斯特原生乔木林凋落物的月动态。
Fig. 3 Monthly dynamics of litterfall in karst primary arboreal forest.


化见图3–5。结果显示, 各植被类型叶凋落物量的月
变化趋势与凋落物总量的趋势一致, 枝和其他凋落
物量的月变化波动不规则, 花果凋落物量的变化与
其物候现象相一致。
喀斯特原生乔木林的凋落物总量和叶凋落物
量的凋落节律为双峰型, 第1次峰值一般出现在生
长季前期(3–5月), 第2次峰值出现在10–12月, 凋落
物总量和叶凋落物量在第1次凋落高峰时分别占全
年凋落物量的32.78%和33.14%, 第2次凋落高峰时
分别占28.01%和32.91%。其中第1次凋落高峰时的
叶凋落物以常绿树种落叶为主, 占该峰值总落叶量
的86.34%。凋落枝量在27个月中呈不规则变化。
2008年1月凋落枝量达到峰值(160.86 kg·hm–2), 是
月平均值(50.93 kg·hm–2)的3.16倍, 2月的也达平均
值的2.11倍, 远高于2007年1月(25.87 kg·hm–2)和2月
(47.71 kg·hm–2)的值, 该异常可能与2008年1月中旬
俞国松等: 茂兰喀斯特森林主要演替群落的凋落物动态 1023

doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2011.01019


图4 喀斯特次生林凋落物的月动态。
Fig. 4 Monthly dynamics of litterfall in karst secondary forest.




图5 喀斯特灌木林凋落物的月动态。
Fig. 5 Monthly dynamics of litterfall in karst shrubland.


至2月初的凝冻天气导致枝条大量折断凋落有关。
其他量只在5月出现1个峰值。花果凋落物量在5月
和10月稍多是与其物候现象相一致的, 分别占全年
花和果实凋落物量的18.68%和13.86%。
由青冈(Cyclobalanopsis glauca)和丝栗栲(Cas-
tanopsis fargesii)组成的喀斯特次生林的凋落节律为
双峰型, 第1次峰值出现在生长季前期(4–5月), 此
时凋落物总量和叶凋落物量占全年凋落物量的比
例分别为21.76%和20.16%, 第2次峰值出现在10–12
月, 此时凋落物总量和叶凋落物量占全年凋落量的
比例分别为32.41%和37.49%。其中第1次凋落高峰
时的叶凋落物中常绿树种落叶占绝大部分, 是该峰
值总落叶量的99.03%, 而第2次凋落高峰时的叶凋
落物中落叶树种落叶占该峰值总落叶量的48.48%,
常绿树种落叶占51.52%, 即常绿和落叶约各占1/2。
凋落枝量的月平均值只有21.59 kg·hm–2, 低于原生
1024 植物生态学报 Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology 2011, 35 (10): 1019–1028

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乔木林的凋落量, 且月变化波动不规则。2008年1月
和2月凋落枝量出现峰值 , 分别为99.34和66.22
kg·hm–2, 是月平均值的4.60倍和3.07倍, 可能与2008
年1月中旬至2月初的凝冻天气有关。其他量波动平
缓且无明显峰值。花果只在5月出现1个峰值, 占全年
花和果实凋落物量的21.30%。
由齿叶黄皮(Clausena dunniana)、香叶树(Lind-
era communis)和园果化香(Platycarya longipes)幼树
组成的喀斯特灌木林的凋落节律亦为双峰型, 第1
次峰值出现在生长季前期(3–5月), 第2次峰值出现
在10–12月, 凋落物总量和叶凋落物量在第1次凋落
高峰时占全年凋落物量的比例分别为31.59%和
32.74%, 在第 2次凋落高峰时分别占 28.76%和
31.75%。其中第1次凋落高峰时的叶凋落物以常绿
树种落叶为主, 占该峰值总落叶量的94.42%, 而第
2次凋落高峰时以落叶树种落叶为主, 占该峰值的
60.50%。凋落枝量在27个月中无明显变化规律。
2008年1月中旬至2月初的凝冻天气对灌木林也有
较大影响, 2008年1月的凋落枝量达到峰值(92.06
kg·hm–2), 为月平均值(20.78 kg·hm–2)的4.43倍, 2月
的凋落枝量也达到月平均值的2.95倍, 远高于2007
年1月(12.54 kg·hm–2)和2月(9.68 kg·hm–2)。其他量波
动很平缓且无明显峰值。花果凋落物量分别在5月
和10月出现峰值, 分别占全年花和果实凋落物量的
15.39%和14.00%。
3 讨论
3.1 凋落物的总凋落量比较
凋落物是森林生态系统生物量的重要组成部
分, 是森林生态系统功能的体现, 其凋落量受地带
性、森林结构、气候条件、植被类型和林木的生理
特征等一系列因素影响(表2)。

表2 中国气候带主要森林凋落物量的分布格局
Table 2 Distribution patterns of litterfall in main forests of climate zones in China
气候带
Climate zone
类型
Type
凋落物量
Litterfall
(t·hm–2·a–1)
凋落叶比例
leaf litterfall-
rate (%)
文献
Reference
红树林 Mangrove forest 12.545–13.882 64.3–79.9 Lin et al., 1990; Zhang & Chen, 2003 热带
Tropical zone 季雨林 Monsoon forest 8.244–11.290 55.3–65.6 Zheng et al., 1990; Wu et al., 1994
人工阔叶林 Artificial broad-leaved forest 5.541–10.433 61.4–87.5 Zou et al., 2006; Lu et al., 2008
常绿阔叶林 Evergreen broad-leaved forest 4.630–8.840 51.0–81.3 Wang et al., 1996; Hou et al., 1998;
Yan et al., 2001; Guan et al., 2004
针阔混交林
Coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest
8.500 67.0 Zhang et al., 2000
南亚热带
Southern
subtropical zone
灌木林 Shrubbery 4.773 69.2 Guan & Chen, 1998
人工阔叶林 Artificial broad-leaved forest 7.318–9.538 65.3–72.0 Yang et al., 2003, 2004
常绿阔叶林 Evergreen broad-leaved forest 6.770–13.030 41.1–70.2 Liu et al., 1995; Katagiri et al., 2001;
Yang et al., 2003; Yan et al., 2008
次生常绿阔叶林
Secondary evergreen broad-leaved forest
6.870–11.700 42.3–57.7 Wu, 2006; Yan et al., 2008
针阔混交林
Coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest
7.123–8.390 56.9–61.9 Lin & Fan, 2005; Yan et al., 2008
灌木林 Shrubbery 6.380 77.7 Yan et al., 2008
滇桂喀斯特原生林
Karst primary forest in Guangxi and Yunnan
1.834–4.058 78.0–83.6 Zeng et al., 2010
中亚热带
Central
subtropical zone
滇桂喀斯特次生林
Karst secondary forest in Guangxi and
Yunnan
1.979–3.510 76.3–95.3 Liu & Duan, 2004; Wu et al., 2007;
Zeng et al., 2010
人工针阔混交林
Artificial coniferous and broad-leaved
mixed forest
3.610–4.689 33.7 –72.1 Luo et al., 2007; Wu et al., 2009 北亚热带
Northern
subtropical zone
针阔混交林
Coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest
4.689–5.701 55.5–79.7 Luo et al., 2007; Wu et al., 2009
人工针叶林 Artificial coniferous forest 3.714 91.9 Chen et al., 1998
落叶阔叶林 Deciduous broad-leaved forest 2.883–3.130 64.8–76.0 Zhang et al., 2008; Liu et al., 2009
针阔混交林
Coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest
4.146–4.902 60.3–74.0 Zhang et al., 2008; Liu et al., 2009
常绿针叶林 Evergreen coniferous forest 2.472 54.0 Zhang et al., 2008
温带
Temperate zone
落叶针叶林 Deciduous coniferous forest 2.337 73.0 Zhang et al., 2008
俞国松等: 茂兰喀斯特森林主要演替群落的凋落物动态 1025

doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2011.01019
由于植被类型和生境条件的不同, 即使是同一
气候带, 其凋落物量也有很大差异。茂兰喀斯特3
种植被类型的年平均凋落物量低于中亚热带常绿
阔叶林(6.770–13.030 t·hm–2·a–1) (刘文耀等, 1995;
Katagiri et al., 2001; 杨玉盛等, 2003; 阎恩荣等,
2008)和次生常绿阔叶林 (6.870–11.700 t·hm–2·a–1)
(吴擢溪, 2006; 阎恩荣等, 2008), 低于针阔混交林
(7.123–8.390 t·hm–2·a–1) (林德喜和樊后保, 2005; 阎
恩荣等, 2008)和人工阔叶林(7.318–9.538 t·hm–2·a–1)
(杨玉盛等, 2003, 2004), 甚至低于亚热带灌木林
(6.380 t·hm–2·a–1) (阎恩荣等, 2008)。茂兰喀斯特植被
的凋落物量仅为同一地带性常绿阔叶林的30%左
右, 反映了非地带性因素对森林凋落物量的影响。
茂兰喀斯特土层浅薄且贫瘠缺水的生境条件形成
了生物量较低的特殊山地喀斯特植被类型, 且常绿
树种为该区森林植被的主体, 落叶树种所占比例较
小, 进一步导致了喀斯特区域较低的凋落物量。
在相同气候带和相似喀斯特生境条件下, 茂兰
喀斯特原生林和次生林的年凋落物量高于滇桂喀
斯特原生林(1.834–4.058 t·hm–2·a–1)和次生林(1.979–
3.510 t·hm–2·a–1) (刘曦和段昌群 , 2004; 吴毅等 ,
2007; 曾昭霞等, 2010)。该现象可能是由于滇桂喀
斯特森林属于偏干性森林类型, 且植被的人为干扰
严重, 而茂兰喀斯特森林属于偏湿性森林, 组成结
构复杂, 且植被人为干扰程度较低, 物种类型多样,
因而凋落物量高于滇桂喀斯特区森林。但总体而言,
喀斯特地区植被的凋落物量较常态地貌同气候区
的林型低。
3.2 凋落物叶凋落量的比较
王凤友(1989)综述世界上大量有关凋落物的研
究后认为, 叶凋落量占凋落物总量的60%–80%。本
研究中茂兰喀斯特演替群落3种植被类型的落叶量
占总凋落物量的64.7%–75.9%, 在该范围之内, 体
现了落叶在喀斯特森林生态系统的凋落物归还中
的关键地位。
茂兰喀斯特演替群落3种植被类型的落叶量占
总凋落物量的比例低于滇桂喀斯特原生林(78.0%–
83.6%)和次生林 (76.3%–95.3%) (刘曦和段昌群 ,
2004; 吴毅等, 2007; 曾昭霞等, 2010), 亦低于中亚
热带灌木林(77.7%) (阎恩荣等, 2008), 但高于中亚
热带常绿阔叶林(41.1%–70.2%) (刘文耀等, 1995;
Katagiri et al., 2001; 杨玉盛等, 2003; 阎恩荣等,
2008)、次生常绿阔叶林(42.3%–57.7%) (吴擢溪 ,
2006; 阎恩荣等 , 2008)和针阔混交林 (56.9%–
61.9%) (林德喜和樊后保, 2005; 阎恩荣等, 2008)。
在亚热带成熟群落中, 植物种类组成多样, 结构层
次相对复杂, 木质残体碎屑的凋落来源更为丰富,
凋落物量相对较多, 落叶量占总凋落物量的比例较
小; 在亚热带喀斯特退化群落中, 植被高度低, 群
落结构趋于简单化, 返还的凋落物数量也相应下
降, 落叶量占总凋落物量的比例较大, 说明茂兰喀
斯特森林的群落结构较滇桂喀斯特群落更稳定、更
成熟, 但比中亚热带常绿阔叶林群落要简单。
3.3 凋落物的凋落节律及对气候因子的响应
凋落物的季节动态与森林植物自身的生物学
特性和当地气候条件的变化有密切关系。茂兰喀斯
特森林3种演替群落的季节动态均为双峰型, 5月和
10–12月达到两个最大峰值, 其中前者峰值的叶凋
落物以常绿树种为主, 而后者峰值的叶凋落物以落
叶树种为主。因为春季大量常绿树种一次性换叶,
凋落量急增, 形成第1个凋落峰值, 而10–12月正是
落叶树种的落叶季节, 此时叶凋落物量急增, 形成
总凋落物量的第2次峰值。
茂兰喀斯特森林与大多数亚热带阔叶树种凋
落物的季节节律(4月与12月出现峰值) (王凤友 ,
1989; 杨玉盛等, 2003; 官丽莉等, 2004; 阎恩荣等,
2008)不一致, 应该与研究区雨季时间为5–10月, 降
水主要集中在6–8月有关(图1)。喀斯特森林植物为
了适应喀斯特地区降水集中、缺水少土等特殊自然
环境, 减少水分丢失, 缩短了其生理生长周期。同
时, 喀斯特植被的月平均凋落物量与月平均降水量
之间呈线性负相关关系(r = –0.295, p = 0.007 <
0.05), 而与月平均气温之间无线性相关关系(r =
–0.003, p = 0.985), 说明茂兰喀斯特森林的凋落节
律主要受水分控制, 而其他亚热带阔叶林主要受温
度控制。另外, 喀斯特森林凋落物总量在5月出现峰
值后, 在6月出现低谷, 这与邹碧等(2006)的研究结
果相似, 即一段时间的大量落叶后, 跟着是一个少
落叶时期。
4 结论
1)茂兰喀斯特原生乔木林、次生林和灌木林凋
落物的年平均凋落量分别为4.503、3.505和2.912
t·hm–2, 茂兰喀斯特地区的凋落物量较常态地貌同
1026 植物生态学报 Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology 2011, 35 (10): 1019–1028

www.plant-ecology.com
气候区植被低。
2)茂兰喀斯特森林演替群落的叶凋落物量占总
凋落物量的64.72%–75.94%, 森林群落结构较中亚
热带常绿阔叶林群落简单。
3)茂兰喀斯特森林3种演替群落凋落物的季节
动态均为双峰型, 峰值分别出现在生长季早期和休
眠期, 与当地的植被特性和水分状况密切相关。
致谢 国家重点基础研究发展计划 “973”项目
(2006CB403200)、国家自然科学基金(40721002和
30872007)和中国科学院知识创新工程重要方向项
目(kzcx2-yw-306)资助。感谢钱正敏硕士和申秋秀
硕士在室内分析工作中给予的帮助。
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