全 文 ：Dessert-Type Cultivars of Blackcurrant (Ribes
nigrum L.)—New Breeding Aiming at the
RIPF , Skierniewice , Poland
Pluta S., ﹒Zurawicz E.
Department of Fruit Plant Breeding , Research Institute of Pomology and Floriculture , 96-100
Skierniewice , Poland
Abstract:The new widely applied breeding of blackcurrant has been underway at the Fruit Plant Breed-
ing Department of the Research Institute of Pomology and Floriculture (RIPF)in Skierniewice , Central
Poland , since 1986.The main aim is to release new cultivars that will possess valuable traits.The new
cultivars should have a high production value , with their fruit being suitable for various methods of uti-
lization.The particular importance is paid to high and regular yielding , good fruit quality and suitability
for processing and freezing as well as plant resistance to economically dangerous diseases and pests.So far
the breeding work has resulted in obtaining five cultivars:“Tiben” , “Tisel” , “Ores” , “Ruben” and
“Tines” , which have been entered in the registration of cultivars and the book of exclusive rights.More-
over , the new cultivars are protected on the territory of the European Union until the year 2030.In 1997
the new breeding program aiming at releasing of dessert-type blackcurrant cultivars was started at the
RIPF in Skierniewice.By the use of conventional breeding methods we would like to obtain new cultivars
with improved nutritional quality , fruit size and good shelf life and suitable for the fresh consumption
(market).Polish cultivar “Bona” is well known as a standard cultivar for large fruit size with exception-
ally sweet and good taste.The new cultivar “Gofert” with sweet taste and mid-size fruit and improved re-
sistance to the fungal diseases has been in the final evaluation in the national trails before its registration.
In addition , few advanced breeding clones(4A/10 , 13B/11 , 14D/10 and 20D/3)have been selected
and evaluated for their usefulness as high quality dessert fruit.
Key words:blackcurrant(Ribes nigrum L.);breeding;dessert-type cultivar
CLC number:S663.9　　　Document code:A　　　Article ID:1000-5684(2009)05-0481-05
鲜食型黑穗醋栗品种—波兰果树和花卉研究所新的育
种目标
Pluta S., ﹒Zurawicz E.
波兰果树花卉研究所果树育种研究室 , 96-100 Skierniewice , 波兰
摘　要:为了获得生产价值高的黑穗醋栗优良品种 , 笔者从 1986 年开展了育种工作 , 并选育出几个产量高 、
果实品质好 、适宜加工和速冻并且抵抗病虫害的新品种。 1997 年 ,采用传统育种方法 , 以培育营养价值高 、果
实大 、货架期长的鲜食型品种为目标 , 波兰果树和花卉研究所开展了新的育种工作。新品种“ Bona”以其果
Biography:Pluta S., Male , Ph.D , Scientists in small fruit breeding.
Received date:2008-12-20　　Revised date:2009-02-28
吉林农业大学学报　2009 ,31(5):481 ～ 485 http:// xuebao.jlau.edu.cn
Journal of Jilin Agricultural University E-mail:jlndxb@vip.sina.com
大 、果实甜 、风味佳被誉为鲜食标准品种;新选育的品种“Gofert”果实甜 、中大并且抵抗真菌病害 ,目前在国家
品种试验区做最后的评价;几个新品系(4A/ 10 , 13B/11 , 14D/10 and 20D/3)已经选育出来并在做鲜食性能评
价。
关键词:黑穗醋栗;育种;鲜食型品种
中图分类号:S663.9　　　文献标识码:A　　　文章编号:1000-5684(2009)05-0481-05
1　Introduction
Blackcurrant(Ribes nigrum L.)is an important
crop among small fruits and Poland has been the largest
producer and exporter of these fruits in the world for
many years.Blackcurrant fruits are regarded as having
considerable health benefits , mainly due to high level
of vitamin C (ascorbic acid)and phenolics , including
flavonoids such as anthocyanins[ 1-2] .These fruits are al-
so suitable for freezing and processing (concentrate ,
juices , drinks , jams , jellies and other products).
Growing of dessert-type blackcurrants in some EU
countries (Germany , Holland , Belgiumand , Switzer-
land)has been under development for several years.
Poland has also demonstrated some interest in this type
of fruit.Dessert fruits are suitable for direct consump-
tion and used for the fresh market.Examples of black-
currant cultivars fulfilling the requirements of dessert
fruits are Polish cv.“Bona”[ 3] , Scottish cv.“Ben
Sarek” and cultivars from Ukraine “Czereszniewa” ,
“Sjuta Kijewskaja” and “Sanjuta”[ 4] .Therefore , the
Research Institute of Pomology and Floriculture(RIPF)
in Skierniewice , Poland has been engaged in both
breeding of blackcurrant cultivars adapted to machine
harvest of fruits and the oriented crossing programs and
selection of progeny seedlings with regard to dessert
fruit quality[ 5-7] .These new breeding selections or bred
cultivars should demonstrate the characteristics of large
berries(≥1.5 g)on long strings , and have sweet
taste as well.Additionally , plants should be resistant
to the most common pests and diseases.
2　Results
The studies were conducted to provide information
on the suitability of selected blackcurrant genotypes in
the breeding programs aiming at developing dessert-type
cultivars.In the first stage the blackcurrant genetic re-
sources were phonotypicaly screened for the traits im-
portant for the dessert fruit quality.The best cultivars
were “Bona” , “ Big Ben” , “ Ben Sarek” , “Cz-
ereszniewa” , “Lentaj” and “Storklas” .These cultivars
were selected in Poland , Scotland , Ukraine , Russia
and Sweden.They differ morphologically and probably
genetically , but all of them produce large fruits.They
were crossed in a half-diallel cross design (the Griff-
ing′s method 4), Griffing[ 8] to produce 15 F1 full-sib
families.Their breeding value was assessed on a base
of the general and specific combining ability effects
(GCA and SCA).
Studies showed that the highest breeding value
(positive and significant GCA effects)had cultivars
“Big Ben” and “Storklas”[ 9] .The six parental geno-
types differed significantly for GCA effects within each
year and across the 4 years for three of the studied
traits:weight of 100 fruits and resistance to leaf spot
and white pine blister rust.GCA effects for fruit yield
and resistance to American powdery mildew were signif-
icant in some years and across all years (Table 1).
SCA effects significantly differed in all years and across
all years for fruit yield and resistance to leaf spot and
white pine blister rust.SCA effects for the remaining
traits were significant across all years , although this
pattern was not consistent among the individually stud-
ied years.These inconsistencies of statistical signifi-
cance of genetic effects for some traits , over the course
of the study , indicate existence of genotype by environ-
ment interaction(interaction between additive and non-
additive effects and annual vagaries and plant age fac-
tors)for those traits.
482　　　吉林农业大学学报　2009年 10月
Journal of Jilin Agricultural University 2009 , October
Table 1.Analysis of variance for traits of blackcurrant seedling progenies in a half-diallel cross design
Source of
variat ion
df
Fruit yield per plant/ kg
2000 2001 2002 2003 Average
Weight of 100 fruit s/g
2000 2001 2002 2003 Average
GCA 5 0.032ns 0.020ns 0.950＊＊ 1.740＊＊ 0.368＊＊ 1124.1＊＊ 746.4＊ 568.8＊＊ 512.8＊＊ 449.9＊＊
SCA 9 0.072＊ 0.064＊＊ 0.402＊ 1.400＊＊ 0.298＊＊ 492.8＊ 445.2ns 228.1ns 186.1ns 181.6＊＊
Error 42 0.039 0.010 0.156 0.188 0.080 185.2 262.4 113.2 143.9 42.8
GCA/GCA+
SCAx
0.254 0.24 0.70 0.55 0.55 0.69 0.63 0.71 0.73 0.71
Source of
variat ion
df
Resistance to American powdery mi ldew(ranking scale 1—5)
2000 2001 2002 2003 Average
Resistance to leaf spot(ranking scale 1—5)
2000 2001 2002 2003 Average
GCA
SCA
Error
5
9
42
0.080ns
0.040ns
0.076
0.076ns
0.136ns
0.080
0.031ns
0.137ns
0.072
0.118＊
0.068ns
0.0560
0.058＊＊
0.076＊＊
0.006　
0.164＊
　0.192＊＊
0.051
0.228＊＊
0.181＊＊
0.050　
1.864＊＊
2.561＊＊
0.054　
1.441＊＊
0.660＊＊
0.158　
0.320＊＊
0.128＊＊
0.024　
GCA/GCA+
SCAx
0.67 0.36 0.18 0.69 0.43　 0.49 0.56　 0.41　 0.69　 0.71　
Source of
variation
df
Resistance to white pine blister rust(ranking scale 1—5)
2000 2001 2002 2003 Average
GCA
SCA
Error
5
9
42
0.810＊＊
0.726＊＊
0.216　
0.684＊
0.644＊＊
0.208　
0.632＊
0.484＊
0.196　
0.592＊＊
0.424＊
0.168　
0.676＊＊
0.576＊＊
0.005　
GCA/GCA+
SCA x
0.53　 0.52　 0.56　 0.58　 0.54　
　　Note:“＊” ,“ ＊＊” signifi cant at the level 0.05 or 0.01.respectively;
“ns” significant at the level 0.05;xMSGCA/(MSGCA+MSSCA)
　　GCA effects within each year and across the entire
study forweight of 100 fruits and resistance to leaf spot
had relatively more contribution to genetic variation of
trait means in full-sib progenies than SCA effects [ the
ratios MSGCA/(MSGCA +MSSCA)for these traits are
much more than 0.5] .It indicates that both traits are
affected in the studied germplasm predominantly by ad-
ditive gene effects.This valuable genetic pattern for
breeding was especially evident for weight of 100 fruits
which is the most prominent trait for dessert blackcur-
rant.Relative importance averaged across years GCA
and SCA effects for the remaining traits was similar
(the above ratios were about 0.5), although it varied
somewhat over years.
GCA effects from the 4-year study for fruit yield of
“Bona” was significantly negative and the respective ef-
fect of “Storklas” was significantly positive(Table 2).
The mean average over the course of the study of fruit
yield in its half-sib progeny was 25% larger than the
general mean.Yearly estimates of GCA effects for the
trait of the both parents were substantially changed by
annual factors.They were not consistent over the 4
years in their magnitudes and direction , and therefore ,
not stable over the 4 years (annual mean average fruit
yield of their full-sib progenies was evidently not pro-
portional to the environmental mean).However , annu-
al estimates of GCA effects for the trait of those parents
exhibiting were not significant over the 4-year period.
These effects performed consistently and were always
not significant within each year.It indicates that addi-
tive gene effects on fruit yield of the four genotypes
were rather at the moderate level and behaved stably
over the 4 years which is a breeding advantage of these
parents.The positive attribute of the Scottish cv.“Big
Ben” was also the relatively lesser variation of SCA ef-
fects for it [ s2sca(i)] which indicates high repeatability of
its moderate additive effects on the progenies fruit
yield , regardless of the partners crossed.As a result of
483Pluta S.et al.:Dessert-Type Cultivars of Blackcurrant(Ribes nigrum L.)
吉林农业大学学报 Journal of Jilin Agricultural University
the studies , “Bona” had the least , “Storklas” the
largest and “Big Ben” moderate usefulness for the con-
sidered breeding program from a yielding point of view.
Table 2.Estimates of GCA effects for traits studied of six blackcurrant genotypes
Genotype
Fruit yield/(kg·plant-1)
2000 2001 2002 2003 Average
s 2SCA(i)
Weight of 100 f ruits/g
2000 2001 2002 2003 Average
s 2SCA(i)
Bona -0.06 -0.06 -0.34＊ -0.49＊ -0.24＊ 0.02 -6.87 -8.05 -6.31 1.52 -4.92& 19.9
Ben Sarek 0.01 0.00 -0.01 -0.25 -0.06 0.05 -10.24＊ -6.47 -4.67 -5.35 -6.68＊ 12.9
Lentaj -0.02 0.03 -0.00 0.05 0.02 0.07 1.04 4.58 3.43 1.76 2.70 44.9
Storklas 0.04 0.04 0.37＊ 0.46＊ 0.23＊ 0.08 -0.05 10.27＊ 1.79 1.82 3.46＄ 40.2
Big Ben 0.05 0.00 -0.16 0.16 0.01 0.03 13.90＊ -0.27 9.39＊ 7.96＊ 7.74＊ 33.1
Czereszniewa -0.02 -0.01 0.15 0.07 0.05 0.05 2.22 -0.05 -3.62 -7.71＊ -2.30 12.4
SE(g i)×2.77 0.14 0.08 0.25 0.28 0.17 8.61 10.25 6.73 7.60 5.01
SE(gi-gj)×3.11 0.22 0.16 0.43 0.47 0.31 14.96 17.82 11.72 13.19 8.74
General mean 0.41 0.28 0.95 1.37 0.75 86.8 112.8 89.6 100.3 97.4
Genotype
Resistance to American powdery mi ldew(ranking scale 1-5)
2000 2001 2002 2003 Average
s 2SCA(i)
Resistance to leaf spot(ranking scale 1—5)
2000 2001 2002 2003 Average
s 2SCA(i)
Bona 0.09 0.04 0.03 0.05 0.05＄ 0.01 0.01 0.07 0.30＊ 0.11 0.06 0.02
Ben Sarek -0.01 0.03 0.02 0.04 0.03 0.11 0.15＊ 0.18＊-0.37＊ 0.26＊ 0.18＊ 0.01
Lentaj 0.06 -0.01 0.01 0.03 0.02 0.05 -0.08 -0.10 0.12＄ -0.59＊ -0.22＊ 0.04
Storklas -0.09 -0.12 -0.06 -0.20＊-0.12＊ 0.01 -0.14＊ -0.15＊ 0.13＄ 0.00 -0.10＄ 0.02
Big Ben 0.00 -0.01 -0.05 0.03 -0.01 0.02 -0.01 -0.02 0.29＊ 0.12 0.03 0.01
Czereszniewa -0.08 0.08 0.05 0.04 0.02 0.06 0.07 0.02 -0.46＊ 0.10 0.06 0.02
SE(gi)× 2.77 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.14 0.06 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.22 0.11
SE(gi-gj)× 3.11 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.25 0.09 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.40 0.16
General mean 1.52 1.34 1.39 1.32 1.32 3.35 3.40 3.37 3.43 3.39
Genotype
Resistance to white pine blister rust[ ranking scale 1-5]
2000 2001 2002 2003 Average
s2SCA(i)
Bona -0.20 -0.18 -0.19＄ -0.16 -0.17＊ 0.06
Ben Sarek -0.10 -0.06 -0.06 -0.06 -0.08＊ 0.14
Lentaj 0.09 0.08 0.08 -0.02 0.05＄ 0.13
Storklas 0.28＊ 0.27 0.21＄ 0.25＊ 0.26＊ 0.08
Big Ben -0.13 -0.26 -0.25＄ -0.22＄-0.26＊ 0.02
Czereszniewa 0.21 0.16 0.21 0.21＄ 0.19＊ 0.08
SE(gi)×2.77 2.77 0.30 0.28 0.28 0.25 0.06
SE(g i-gj)×3.11 3.11 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.44 0.09
General mean 2.22 2.32 2.41 2.16 2.28
　　Note:“＊, ＄” significant GCA effects(positive or negative)according to the
t-Bonferroni simultaneous procedure at the level 0.05(t 0.05/6;v =42=
2.77)or 0.1 respectively;SE(.)standard error of estimates of GCA
effects or their difference
484　　　吉林农业大学学报　2009年 10月
Journal of Jilin Agricultural University 2009 , October
　　Weight of 100 fruits is the most important trait in
a dessert blackcurrant.“Bona” and “Ben Sarek”
demonstrated significantly lower average GCA effects
over the 4 years for this trait(Table 2).The magnitude
and direction of annual estimates of GCA effects for
these cultivars were consistent over the 4 years.High
repeatability of transmitting those additive gene effects
of the cultivars when crossing them with other partners
was also detected [ relative small s2sca(i)] .Cultivars
“Big Ben” and “Storklas” had a significantly higher
average across years GCA effects for weight of 100
fruits(this means fruit size in their half-sib progenies
were 8 and 4%, respectively larger than the general
average).Estimates of the yearly GCA effects of these
cultivars for the trait were fairly consistent and stable
over years.Variation of their SCA effects [ s2sca(i)] was
relatively larger as compared to “Bona” and “Ben
Sarek”and is a breeding disadvantage of “Storklas” and
“Big Ben” .
The cultivar “Big Ben” appeared to be a very
promising genotype in breeding of dessert-type black-
currants because of its moderate and stable GCA effect
over the years for fruit yield and significantly higher
and stable GCA effect over the years for fruit size.
Similarly , “Storklas” exhibited useful genetic potential
because of its genes affecting relatively high fruit yield
and large fruits as averaged in its half-sib progeny.
Both genotypes also exhibited significantly lower or in-
significant averages of GCA effects for resistance to
American powdery mildew and to leaf spot over the du-
ration of the study.These show relatively high resis-
tance to both diseases of their half-sib progenies.How-
ever , GCA effect averaged across years for resistance to
white pine blister rust was significantly higher (poor
property)for “ Storklas” and significantly lower for
“Big Ben” (good property).
All results of the investigation on GCA effects of
the six genotypes lead to the conclusion that the most
promising parent for a blackcurrant breeding program
aiming at developing dessert type cultivars in Polish
conditions could be the cultivars “Big Ben” and also
“Storklas” .
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485Pluta S.et al.:Dessert-Type Cultivars of Blackcurrant(Ribes nigrum L.)
吉林农业大学学报 Journal of Jilin Agricultural University