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普通小麦-长穗偃麦草抗白粉病异代换系的分子细胞学研究(英文)



全 文 :麦类作物学报 2015,35(5):596-602
Journal of Triticeae Crops  doi:10.7606/j.issn.1009-1041.2015.05.03
网络出版时间:2015-5-11
网络出版地址:http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/61.1359.S.20150511.0855.004.html
Molecular Cytogenetic Identification of a Wheat-Thinopyrum ponticum
Substitution Line with Powdery Mildew Resistance
WANG Xiaohua,CHEN Chunhuan,WANG Changyou,MO Qibo,LI Hao,JI Wanquan
(State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Colege of Agronomy,Northwest
A&F University,Yangling,Shaanxi 712100,China)
Abstract:Powdery mildew caused by Blumeria graminis f.sp.tritici(Bgt),is one of the ma-
jor diseases of common wheat(Triticum aestivum L.).Thinopyrum ponticum (2n=10x=
70),a wild relative of wheat,has been proved to carry powdery mildew resistance genes.A
substitution line A1-2-2-2,obtained from the BC1F4between common wheat cultivar 7182and
Th.ponticum,was immune to powdery mildew at seedling and adult stages.Cytological obser-
vation showed that this line had 21pairs of chromosomes.Partial bands of three SSR markers
Xwmc256,Xwmc580 and Xgpw7592from chromosomes 6Awere missing.Genomic in situ hy-
bridization suggested that there may have a pair of St chromosomes in A1-2-2-2.A1-2-2-2was
suggested to be an alien disomic substitution of St(6A).Furthermore,7 182and Th.ponticum
had glabrous glume without pubescence,but A1-2-2-2with short and dense glume pubes-
cences,which suggested that the glume glabrous of 7182might be controled by gene(s)on
chromosomes 6A.High level of disease resistance and genetic stability made A1-2-2-2apoten-
tial germplasm for wheat improvement.
Key words:Wheat;Thinopyrum ponticum;Substitution;Powdery mildew resistance;Genomic
in situ hybridization
普通小麦-长穗偃麦草抗白粉病异代换系的分子细胞学研究
收稿日期:2014-11-19   修回日期:2015-03-13
基金项目:国家科技支撑计划项目(2013BAD01B02-6)
第一作者E-mail:wxhmk312@163.com
通讯作者:吉万全(E-mail:jiwanquan2008@126.com)
王小华,陈春环,王长有,莫启波,李 浩,吉万全
(旱区作物逆境生物学国家重点实验室/西北农林科技大学农学院,陕西杨凌712100)
摘 要:禾本科布氏白粉菌引起的小麦白粉病是造成小麦显著减产的主要病害之一。小麦的野
生近缘种植物十倍体长穗偃麦草(2n=10x=70)携带有抗白粉病基因。为了进一步研究长穗偃麦草
携带的抗白粉病基因 ,本研究对普通小麦-长穗偃麦草异代换系 A1-2-2-2进行形态学、白粉病抗性、
细胞学、分子标记及原位杂交(GISH)鉴定分析。结果表明,A1-2-2-2在苗期和成株期均对白粉病表
现为免疫;减数分裂中期染色体构型为2n=21Ⅱ;分子标记鉴定结果表明,A1-2-2-2可能缺失了1对
普通小麦的6A染色体;原位杂交结果表明,A1-2-2-2可能携带1对来自十倍体长穗偃麦草的St染色
体。综上所述,A1-2-2-2可能为小麦的6A染色体被长穗偃麦草的1对St染色体取代的异代换系。
另外,A1-2-2-2表现为毛颖,而双亲均表现为光颖,推测光颖由6A染色体上的基因控制。
关键词:小麦;长穗偃麦草;异代换系;白粉病;原位杂交
中图分类号:S512.1;S332  文献标识码:A  文章编号:1009-1041(2015)05-0596-07
  Powdery mildew,caused by Blumeria gra-
minis f.sp.tritici(Bgt),is a major disease of
common wheat resulting in significant yield los-
ses in many wheat production areas.Breeding
resistant varieties is an economical and eco-
friendly strategy against this disease.
Thinopyrum ponticum (Podp.)Barkworth
& D.R.Dewey [syn Agropyron elongatum
(Host)Beauvoir ssp.RuthenicumBeldie](2n=
10x=70)has been frequently used in wheat
breeding program.So far,massive disease-re-
sistant genes have been transferred into wheat
from Th.ponticum,such as for powdery mil-
dew[1-3],stripe rust[3-5],leaf rust[1,6-11],stem
rust[8,12-13]and wheat streak mosaic virus[14-15].
Resistances to Fusarium head blight and tan
spot were also reported in this specie[16-17].
The genomic composition of Th.ponticum
has not been clearly clarified.There were some
reports on the frequency of multivalent forma-
tion among Th.ponticumchromosomes[18-19]and
in wheat-Th.ponticumhybrids[20-22]during meio-
sis.Chen et al.[23]suggested that the genomic
composition of Th.ponticum appeared to be
JJJJJJJsJsJsJs,and the J genome of Th.ponticum
was homologous to the J genome of the diploid
Th.bessarabicum,while the Js genome was a
modified J genome of unknown origin character-
ized by the presence of an S(Pseudoroegneria
strigosa)genome-specific hybridization signal
near the centromere.However,Zhang et al.[24]
proposed that Th.ponticum consisted of two
basic genomes St and E,shown by the formula
StStStStEeEeEbEbExEx,including Ee from Th.
elongatum,Eb from Th.bessarabicum and St
fromPseudoroegneria,respectively.
Genomic in situ hybridization(GISH),u-
sing the total genomic DNA as a probe,is an
useful technique for detecting alien chromatin in
the amphiploids of wheat-alien species[25-28].
Molecular markers,particularly genome-specific
markers,are helpful in identifying the genome
constitution of the unknown species,and pro-
vide efficient tools to check the target alien genes
transferred to common wheat[29].
The physiological race of powdery mildew
mutates rapidly,we are always in urgent need of
new and widely disease-resistant resources.Sub-
stitution,addition and translocation lines are ef-
fective intermediate materials,which would be
conducive to investigating Th.ponticumclearly
and providing resource for wheat disease-resist-
ant breeding.There were wheat-Th.ponticum
disomic substitution line 87074-551(2B/2E)and
E99018(2D/2E)with powdery mildew resist-
ance[30-31].In this study,A1-2-2-2,a new sub-
stitution line,was obtained from BC1F4of the
cross 7182/Th.ponticum.Molecular,cytoge-
netic techniques were used to identify the genetic
composition of A1-2-2-2,and its resistance to
powdery mildew was evaluated,which wil pro-
mote further study and breeding.
1 Materials and methods
1.1 Plant materials
Materials included Th.ponticum (2n=10x
=70),Th.elongatum (2n=2x=14),Th.
bessarabicum (2n=2x=14),Pseudoroegneria
spicata(2n=2x=14),Triticum aestivumculti-
var 7182,T.aestivumcultivar Chinese Spring,
Chinese Spring nulisomic 6A-tetrasomic 6Bline
(N6A-T6B),and the substitution line A1-2-2-2
(2n=42).A1-2-2-2was derived from F4of the
cross 7182/Th.ponticum//7182.Al plant ma-
terials were provided by the Colege of Agrono-
my,Northwest A &F University.
1.2 Chromosome preparation
Root tips and polen mother cels(PMCs)
were prepared for mitotic and meiotic analysis
with methods as described by Li et al.[32].For
GISH analysis,root tips and anthers were pre-
pared with enzyme-squash method.The materi-
als were digested in an enzyme mixture contai-
ning 20% (w/v)celulase(Onozuka R-10)and
10% (w/v)pectinase(Pectolyase Y-23)for 40
~60min at 37℃.The slides were frozen in liq-
uid nitrogen and the cover slips were removed by
using a razor blade,then air-dried and stored at
·795·
第5期
WANG Xiaohua,et al:Molecular Cytogenetic Identification of a Wheat-Thinopyrum ponticum
Substitution Line with Powdery Mildew Resistance
-20℃until use.
1.3 GISH analysis
GISH was carried out as described by Han
et al.[33] with minor modifications.Total ge-
nomic DNA fromTh.ponticum,Th.elongatum,
Th.bessarabicum,and Ps.spicata were labeled
with  digoxigenin (digoxigenin-11-dUTP,
Roche,Germany)by nick translation and used
as probes,and genomic DNA of Chinese Spring
acted as the blocker.The ratio between probe
and blocker was 1∶200~1∶250.The hybrid-
ized probes were detected with fluorescence-con-
jugated anti-digoxigenin autibodies.The slides
were counterstained with propidium iodide(PI,
2μg·mL
-1)in the Vectrashield mounting me-
dium.Photographs were captured by an Olym-
pus BX-43 fluorescence microscope equipped
with a Photometric Sensys CCD camera.The
images were optimized with Adobe Photoshop
CS6.
1.4 Molecular marker analysis
Microsatelite markers were selected from
the GrainGenes database (http://wheat.pw.
usda.gov/GG2/index.shtml).Genomic DNA of
the materials were extracted from seedling leaves
according to the CTAB protocol[34].The PCR
was done in total volume of 10.0μL,including
1.0μL PCR reaction buffer(10 mmol·L
-1
Tris-HCl,50mmol·L-1 KCl,pH8.3),1.5
mmol·L-1 MgCl2,0.2mmol·L-1 dNTPs,
0.25UTaq DNA polymerase,0.5μmol·L
-1of
each primer,and 50-100ng total DNA.PCR
was performed in a GeneAmp 9700Thermo Cy-
cler(ABI,USA)using the folowing program:
initial denaturation at 94℃for 3min,folowed
by 35cycles of 30sat 94℃,45sat 50~61℃
(based on the primer information from the
GrainGenes database),50sat 72℃,and a final
extension at 72℃for 10min before cooling to
4℃.PCR products were separated on 8%non-
denaturing polyacrylamide gels(acrylamide∶bi-
sacrylamide=37.4∶1)electrophoresis and visu-
alized by silver staining.
1.5 Powdery mildew resistance assessment
Powdery mildew tests were carried out at
the Colege of Agronomy,Northwest A &F U-
niversity,Yangling,Shaanxi,China.The line
A1-2-2-2and its parents were evaluated for re-
sistance to Bgt isolate E09(kindly provided by
Drs Xiayu Duan and Yilin Zhou,State Key La-
boratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect
Pests,Institute of Plant Protection,Chinese A-
cademy of Agricultural Sciences,Beijing,Chi-
na).Seedling-plant resistance was done in phy-
totron and light growth incubator(PGX-350C).
Plants were inoculated by dusting conidia from
sporulating seedlings of susceptible cultivar
Shaanyou 225at the 2-to 3-leaf stage.The par-
ent 7182was used as the susceptible control.In-
fection types(IT)were evaluated at 10~15days
after inoculation when the control was fuly in-
fected.Disease evaluations were performed ac-
cording to Sheng[35].Six IT classes(0,0;,1,
2,3,and 4)were scored for analysis.Two main
classes of host reactions were distinguished as
resistant(IT=0,0;,1and 2)and susceptible
(IT=3and 4).Responses of adult plant stage
resistance to powdery mildew were taken under
field conditions(natural infection)and the level
of disease resistance was recorded described as a-
bove.
2 Results
2.1 Agronomic traits in A1-2-2-2
F1 hybrid of Th.ponticum and common
wheat line 7182was backcrossed to 7182in 2010
and then the progenies were selfed.Line A1-2-2-
2 was obtained among the BC1F4 progenies,
whose spike length,spikelet number and long
awns were similar to the wheat parent 7182
(Tab.1,Fig.1).However,height of adult A1-2-
2-2plant was 75~80cm in height,which was
slightly higher than 7182(72~75cm),and pro-
duced 23available tilers in average per plant,
with a higher tilering ability than 7182(about
11tilers).In addition,the glumes of A1-2-2-2
were pubescent(Fig.1).
·895· 麦 类 作 物 学 报                  第35卷
Table 1 Agronomic traits of the alien substitution line A1-2-2-2and its parents
Materials  Plant height/cm  Spike length/cm  Tiler number  Spikelet number  Grains per spike
Th.ponticum  150.0a 34.7±1.2a - 24.2±2.6a -
7182  73.1±2.1b 8.7±0.4b 11.2±2.5a 20.8±1.2b 82.8±4.6a
A1-2-2-2  78.3±1.8c 9.4±0.5b 22.8±3.1b 21.4±2.2ab  56.4±5.4b
  Data are the means of 10individuals;Letters after a column of figures indicated the significance of differences at 0.05level;-repre-
sent unidentified
Fig.1 Spikelet of 7182(a),A1-2-2-2(b)and Th.ponticum(c)
1:7182;2:A1-2-2-3;3:Th.ponticum
Fig.2 Powdery mildew tests at seedling
(a)and adult(b)stages
2.2 Resistance to powdery mildew
A1-2-2-2and its parent 7182were inocula-
ted with powdery mildew race E09 (seedling
plant).7182was highly susceptible(IT=4),
while A1-2-2-2was immune to powdery mildew
(IT=0)(Fig.2a).For adult plants responses
in the disease nurseries(natural infection),A1-
2-2-2and Th.ponticumwere immune,and 7182
was susceptible to powdery mildew (Fig.2b).
The results indicated that the powdery mildew
resistance in A1-2-2-2was consistent with Th.
ponticum.
2.3 Cytogenetic identification of A1-2-2-2
As shown in a mitotic cel of Fig.3a,chro-
mosome number of A1-2-2-2was 2n=42.Out of
the observed 50PMCs at metaphase I of meio-
sis,48showed 21bivalents(Fig.3b)and the
remaindering two had 20bivalents and 2univa-
lents.
  Using total genomic DNA of Th.ponticum
as a probe,GISH analysis showed that a pair of
homologous chromosomes in meiotic metaphase I
of A1-2-2-2(Fig.3c).There were two chromo-
somes with faint greenish-yelow hybridization
signals among the 42chromosomes in root-tip
cels when using Ps.spicata as a probe
(Fig.3d),while there was no signal detected u-
sing genomic DNA of Th.elongatumand Th.
bessarabicumas probes.The results suggested
that there probably had a pair of chromosomes
St fromTh.ponticumin A1-2-2-2.
2.4 Molecular marker analysis
To identify which chromosome of common
wheat was replaced in A1-2-2-2,a total of 93
simple sequence repeat(SSR)markers located
·995·
第5期
WANG Xiaohua,et al:Molecular Cytogenetic Identification of a Wheat-Thinopyrum ponticum
Substitution Line with Powdery Mildew Resistance
  a:A root tip with 2n=42;b:PMCs with 21bivalents;c-d:GISH analysis using labeled genomic DNA of Th.ponticumas probes;e-f:
GISH analysis using Ps.spicataas probes
Fig.3 Cytological observation of A1-2-2-2
  a,b,and c represented amplified products with SSR primer pairs Xwmc256,Xwmc580 and Xgpw7592,respectively;Arrows in the
figure index for the polymorphism between different materials;M:Marker;1:7182;2:Chinese Spring;3:CS N6A-T6B;4:Th.ponti-
cum;5:A1-2-2-2
Fig.4 Molecular marker analysis of A1-2-2-2
·006· 麦 类 作 物 学 报                  第35卷
on both short and long arms of 21pairs of wheat
chromosomes were used to screen A1-2-2-2and
its parents. Three markers (Xwmc256 ,
Xwmc580 and Xgpw7592 )located on wheat
chromosome 6Aamplified polymorphic bands in
A1-2-2-2and the parents.The chromosome lo-
cations were verified in CS N6A-T6B(Fig.4).
Some polymorphic fragments observed in Chi-
nese Spring or 7182did not appear in A1-2-2-2
and CS N6A-T6B,which suggested that the line
A1-2-2-2probably lost the wheat 6Achromo-
some.Combined with the results by GISH anal-
ysis,we speculated that A1-2-2-2probably was
an alien disomic substitution line with 6St(6A).
3 Discussion
Th.ponticumis an autodecaploid,and its
genomic composition is stil controversial.In
general,there were two major viewpoints at
present: JJJJJJJsJsJsJs[23] and  StStStSt-
EeEeEbEbExEx[24].Our results seemed to sup-
port the latter.
Molecular markers were useful for ascertai-
ning the aberrant chromosome(s).In this stud-
y,SSR markers were used to discriminate the
constitution of line A1-2-2-2.The results sug-
gested the probable missing of chromosome 6A
by SSR analysis.Meanwhile,marker Xwmc256
amplified a band specific for Th.ponticumin A1-
2-2-2(Fig.3a),which might be as a special
marker of Th.ponticum.
The line A1-2-2-2absent chromosome 6A
showed short and dense glume pubescences,
while its parents 7182and Th.ponticumhad gla-
brous glume without pubescences(Fig.1).It
was shown that the gene(s)controling glume
glabrous might be located on 6A[36].However,
there were other two genes responsible for
glume pubescence,mapped on chromosomes 1A
(Hg)[37-38] and 1D (Hg1 )[39],respectively.
Suenaga and Nakajima[40]suggested that hairy
glumes was related with the tilering ability,
hairy glumes would significantly reduce the tile-
ring ability as compared with non-hairy glumes.
A1-2-2-2produced more tilers than its wheat
parent 7182,which may be caused by the substi-
tution of 6Awith the alien chromosome 6St.
Th.ponticumhas been known as a valuable
source for resistance to powdery mildew[1-3].
Here,A1-2-2-2was immune to powdery mildew
(IT=0).There were wheat-Th.ponticum di-
somic substitution line 87074-551(2B/2E)and
E99018(2D/2E)with powdery mildew resist-
ance[30-31].Powdery mildew resistance gene(s)of
6St from Th.ponticumhave not been reported,
which might be a new gene from Th.ponticum.
A1-2-2-2could be a promising crossing partner
in wheat breeding program.For its effective uti-
lization,chromosome engineering techniques
such as irradiation and gametocidal chromosome
would be required to transfer the powdery mil-
dew resistance genes to common wheat.
Acknowledgements:This research was supported
by the National Key Technology R &D Program
(No.2013BAD01B02-6)and Zhongying Tang
Foundation of USA.
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