全 文 ：Chemical composition of Porphyra haitanensis (Rhodophyta ,
Bangiales)in China■＊
XIE Cheng-liang 1 ,HUANG Jian 2 ,SUN Bin 1, 3 ,SONG Wu-lin 2 , Jong-Ahm Shin3 ,MA Jia-hai1＊
(1.K ey Laboratory o f Aquatic Genet ic Resources and Aquacul tural Ecology Certi f icated
by the Ministry of Agriculture , Shanghai Ocean Universi ty , Shanghai 201306 , China;2.
Fuj ian F ishery Technical E xtension Center , Fuj ian 350003 , China;3.Aquacul ture P ro-
gram , Collegeo f Fisheries and Ocean Science , Chonnam N at ional Univ ersity , Yeosu , 550-
749 , Korea)
Abstract:Objective To analy ze the chemical composit ion o f Por phy ra hai tanensis cult ivated in
Fujian Province.Methods The contents of crude protein , carbohydrate , crude fat , ash , f ree
amino acids , ino rg anic elements , chlo rophyl l a , carotenoid , phycoerythrin and phycocyanin
of dried P.haitanensis were dete rmined by routine analy sis methods.Results It show ed the
contents of crude protein , carbohydrate , crude fat and ash of dried P.haitanensis were 34.
88%～ 37.21%, 46.86%～ 49.27%, 1.68%～ 2.09% and 8.75%～ 9.92%.The contents of
chlo rophyll a , carotenoid , phycoe ry thrin and phycocyanin in P.hai tanensis were 601 ～ 646 ,
120 ～ 130 , 1289 ～ 1802 , 1255 ～ 1743mg (100g)-1 .P.hai tanensis i s rich in f ree amino acids
and ino rganic elements , i.e.K , Na , Mg , Fe , P and Zn , but very lit t le heavy metals , i.e.
Cu , Cd and C r.ConclusionsThe P.haitanensis was a kind o f health fo od , which w as in high
content o f pro tein , low content of fat and rich of ino rganic elements.
Key words:Porphyra hai tanensis;chemical compositions;health food
[ CLC Number]Q949.29 , R931.6　　　[ Document code] A　[ A rticle ID] 1002-3461(2009)
01-0029-07
坛紫菜(红藻门 ,红毛菜纲)化学成分分析Δ
谢程亮1 , 黄健2 , 孙彬1 , 3 ,宋武林2 , 申宗岩3 ,马家海1＊
(1.上海海洋大学农业部水产种质资源与养殖生态重点开放实验室 , 上海 201306 中国;
2.福建省水产技术推广总站 , 福建 350003 中国;3.全南國立大學水産海洋學院 , 麗水 , 550-749 , 韓國)
摘　要:目的 对产自福建省的坛紫菜的化学成分进行了分析。方法 利用常规分析方法对坛紫菜的蛋白质 、
碳水化合物 、粗脂肪 、灰分 、游离氨基酸 、矿物质元素 、叶绿素 a 和类胡萝卜素及藻胆蛋白进行测定。结果 粗
蛋白 、碳水化合物 、粗脂肪 、灰分占藻体干重的比例分别为 34.88%～ 37.21%、46.86%～ 49.27%、1.68%～
2.09%、8.75%～ 9.92%;光合色素中叶绿素 a、类胡萝卜素 、藻红蛋白 、藻蓝蛋白的含量分别为 601 ～ 646 、120
～ 130 、1289～ 1802、1255 ～ 1743 mg ·(100g)-1 。藻体中所含游离氨基酸以及 K 、Na、Mg、Fe、P 、Zn 等无机离
子含量丰富 ,重金属离子如 Cu 、Cd 、Cr 含量很低。 结论 坛紫菜是一种典型的高蛋白 、低脂肪 、富含无机元素
的保健食品。
关键词:坛紫菜;化学成分;保健食品
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中国海洋药物杂志 2009 年 2 月第 28卷第 1期 Chin J Mar D rugs , 2009 February , Vol.28 No.1
＊ Δ Foundation item:research taskComponent analysis and qu ali ty valu e of Porphy ra hai tanensisof Fujian Ocean &
Fisheries Administ rat ion and i tem of key dis cipline const ruct ion of S hanghai under con t ract No.Y1101 and S cience and T ech-
n ology item of Zhejiang Province (NO.2007C12052)
＊Corresponding author:Ma Jiahai , Tel:021-61900457;E-mail:address:jhm a@shou.edu.cn
DOI :10.13400/j.cnki.cjmd.2009.01.006
　　Por phy ra haitanensis is the endemic
species of China and the f irst cul tivated
Porphy ra species in Liaoning , Shandong ,
Zhejiang and Fujian Province of China.At
present , the yield of P.haitanensis is about
38 , 000 ～ 40 , 000 tons (dry w eight)eve ry
year in China.Many papers[ 1 ～ 12] indicated
that Porphy ra is a kind of nutritious and
delicious heal th food wi th high content of
pro tein , low content o f fat , abundant in in-
o rganic elements and vitamins.However ,
there are few papers about quality analysis
of P.haitanensis[ 1 , 2] .Chen had analyzed
the quali ty of P.hai tanensis that w as co l-
lected in Lianjiang , Fujian Province , the a-
mino acids , vi tamins , crude fat and metal
elements w ere analyzed , but some impo r-
tant components w ere not analy zed in his
repo rt , and some results w ere no t accorded
wi th other repor ts[ 1] .Chen had analyzed
the components such as amino acids , crude
fat ty acids and mineral contents of P.hai-
tanensis which w ere collected in Fuqing ,
Fujian Province[ 2] .T he results of studies on
P.yezoensis showed that elements such as
colo r , f ragrance , taste and the contents of
pigments , pro tein and amino acids w ere in
high coherence[ 6 , 9] , so these elements w ere
the directly embodiment of the nutri tional
components , and i t could be said that the
appearances of Porphyra product were de-
cided by the intrinsic factors of it.T here-
fo re , the components of pro tein , amino
acids and pigments of Porphy ra were the
impo rtant factors , by which the quality of
Porphy ra products could be estimated.
Mineral elements and microelements w ere
also impo rtant in estimating the quality of
Porphy ra.The components of heavy met-
als w ere also important in judging the secur-
i ty of food.This paper based on the studies
of the o ther researchers , did a relatively all-
around analysis o f the quality of P.hai-
tanensis th rough the contents o f protein , a-
mino acids , pigments , ino rg anic elements
and heavy metals , in orde r to provide some
useful w arrants for the exploiture of P .
hai tanensis.
1　Materials and Methods
1.1　Materials
The materials used in this paper w ere
co llected f rom dif fe rent cul ture areas in Fu-
jian Province during October to December
2004.Some samples we re pro cessed by ma-
chine and some we re dried by the sunshine.
All the materials w ere sto red in -18 ～ -
20℃.Each sample took three parallel tests
to carry on the dete rmination.
1.2　Methods
Pro tein:Weighted 0.5 g sample and
crushed.The powder w as dige sted by 10 m l
oil o f vi trio l , and then analy zed the to tal ni-
t rogen o f the digested liquid by Nit rogen
Analy zer (KDN-04A , China).T he values
of to tal nit rogen mul tiplied by 6.25 w ere
the contents of protein [ 6 , 13 , 14] .
Carbohydrate:Digested about 0.5 g
samples by 20ml 1.5M HCl in 121 ℃ fo r a-
bout 1.5h.Fil trated the digested liquo r ,
measured the vo lume then analy zed by Phe-
nol-Sulphate Acid Method [ 13] .
Crude fat:The crude fat w as ex t racted
by the mixture of chlorofo rm and methy l al-
cohol in the volume ratio o f 2∶1.The car-
bohydrate contented in the crude fat w as
wiped off by 0.88% KC l.Organic so lvent
w as dist illed by rotary evapo rato r , and then
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Chin J Mar Drugs , 2009 February , Vol.28 No.1 中国海洋药物杂志 2009 年 2 月第 28 卷第 1 期
the samples were dried in the condition of
0.05M Pa , 105℃.The content of crude fa t
w as decided by the w eight dif fe rence of the
container.[ 4] .
Ash:The samples w ere dig ested by ni-
t ric acid on elect ric co oke r in relat ively low-
er temperature , and then dried by muff le in
550℃until the w eight w as invariable[ 13] .
Free amino acids:weight out 0.5 g of
sample accurately , crushed carefully , and
then ex tracted by 60 m l 75% alcoho l fo r 30
min , dried in vacuum drier.Repeat the
pro cesse s above.Dissolved the residual in
20m l 0.02N HCl , fil trated , and measured
the volume of solution.The solutions w ere
dete rmined wi th high speed amino acid ana-
ly zer (Hitachi 835-50 , Japna)[ 10 , 11 , 15] .
Mineral elements:The samples w ere
incinerated in the temperature of 550℃ fo r
2h , dissolved by HCl(1∶1 v/v), metered
the vo lume by deionized w ater , and then
analyzed the elements such as K , N a , Ca ,
Mg , Cu , Zn , Cd and Fe by Flame atom ab-
sorption spect ropho tometer (GBC-932 plus ,
Australia)[ 10 , 13] .Phosphor w as determined
by molybdenum blue method
[ 13] .
Chlo rophy l a and caro tenoid:Ex tracted
in 90% acetone and the abso rbencies of the
ext racts we re determined at 750 , 663 and
480 nm with U lt ravio le t Spect ropho tome ter
(Unico UV-2102 , China).The amount of
Chl.a and caro tenoid w as calculated by the
equat ion of Saitoh
[ 16 , 17] .
Phycobiliprotein:Ex tracted by pho s-
phate buf fer.Abso rbencies of the ex t racts
we re determined a t 565 and 615 nm w ith a
Ul traviolet Spectrophotometer (Unico UV-
2102 , China).The amount o f phycoe ry-
thrin(PE)and phycocyanin(PC)were cal-
culated using the equat ion of Saitoh
[ 16 , 17] .
2　Results and discussion
2.1　Proximate composi tion
Tab 1　Contents of proximate composition of dried P.haitanensis(%)
　Time　Content 2004-10-25 2004-11-20 2004-12-12
Protein 37.21±1.34 36.50±1.52 34.88±2.24
Carbohyd rate 46.86±4.20 48.40±2.73 49.27±2.63
Crude fat 2.00±0.61 1.68±0.61 2.09±0.54
Ash 9.70±1.26 9.92±1.30 8.75±1.24
　　T able 1 show ed the contents of crude
pro tein , carbohydrate , crude fat and ash of
P.hai tanensis.The contents of protein and
carbohydrate w ere much higher than the
other nutri tional components , so they
seemed to be the majo r par ts of the main
nutritio nal components of P .haitanensis.
Along w i th the harvest ing time , content of
crude pro tein descended 6.3%, and that of
carbohydrate increased 5.1%.T he contents
of crude fat and ash did not have apparently
alteration along wi th the harvesting t ime.
Chen had analyzed the main nutri tional
components o f P .hai tanensis co llected
f rom Fuqing cul ture areas in Fujian Prov-
ince , the results of his paper show ed that
the contents of protein , crude fat and f ibrin
increased , and the content o f carbohydrate
descended along w ith the harvesting
time[ 1] .T he correctne ss and validi ty of his
pape r were doubtful because the results
we re contrary to the other papers
[ 2 , 3]
about
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中国海洋药物杂志 2009 年 2 月第 28卷第 1期 Chin J Mar D rugs , 2009 February , Vol.28 No.1
quali ty of P.haitanensis.The content of
pro tein is an impo rtant cri terion in evalua-
ting quality of Porphyra[ 5 , 6 , 7 , 18] .Compared
the quality of P.hai tanensis w ith P.
yezoensis , the resul ts show ed that content
of carbohydrate of P .hai tanensis was much
higher than the content of P.yezoen-
sis
[ 3 , 8 , 12] , so the cooke ry of P .hai tanensis
and P.yezoensis i s dif ferent.Thallus o f P.
hai tanensis i s mo re chew y and thick than
P.yezoensis , therefore P.haitanensis was
used as a t raditional food for soup in China.
Some researches indica ted tha t po lysaccha-
ride of Porphy ra had antitumour act ivity
[ 19] .P.hai tanensis can be used as material
of marine drug s.
2.2　Free amino acids
Tab 2　Contents of free amino acids in dried P.haitanensis　[ mg·(100g)-1]
　Tim e　AA 2004-10-25 2004-11-20 2004-12-12
Asp 197.4±39.5 124.9±60.3 141.2±25.2
Thr△ 93.9±16.2 80.6±47.5 46.6±30.8
S er 23.4±6.8 23.4±17.1 24.3±6.0
Glu 801.0±25.6 594.7±67.6 465.4±80.9
Gly 19.1±1.8 21.7±6.8 19.6±3.9
Ala 762.6±156.2 473.4±177.0 443.3±92.9
Cys 7.5±1.7 41.3±27.5 38.7±19.9
Val△ 21.0±1.6 26.8±6.6 24.0±7.0
Met △ 0.8±1.4 0.9±1.6 1.0±1.0
Ile△ 16.5±1.9 11.2±3.1 7.6±2.5
Leu△ 23.3±3.1 17.2±6.2 13.5±6.5
Tyr 18.3±0.7 12.2±1.2 9.4±2.8
Ph e△ 17.8±1.2 11.2±4.8 8.5±1.7
Lys△ 12.9±2.6 14.9±2.6 14.1±3.2
His△ 4.9±1.1 1.5±1.6 0.4±0.7
A rg ■ 18.3±3.4 16.2±6.4 13.8±7.7
Total 2064.4 1488.3 1282.4
△ EAA;■semi-dispen sable amino acid
　　Table 2 showed the contents of f ree a-
mino acids in P.hai tanensis , among this
f ree amino acids , EAA such as threonine ,
valine , methionine , isoleucine , leucine ,
pheny lalanine , lysine and histidine , and
semi-dispensable amino acid such as arginine
w as also contained in.Contents of delicious
amino acids such as asparag ine , g lutamic
acid and alanine w ere high in total amino
acids.In the first collection , the contents of
the three amino acids took 9.6%, 38.8%
and 36.9% in the to tal amino acids respec-
tively.Contents of f ree amino acids , espe-
cially contents of delicious amino acids had
clo se relations w ith the flavo r of Por-
phyra[ 10 , 11 , 20 , 21] .
The results o f table 2 indicated that the
contents of f ree amino acids changed appar-
ent ly along w ith the time of co llection.The
total contents o f f ree amino acids of the fi rst
co llection w ere much higher than the thi rd
co llection.Comparing the fir st collection
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Chin J Mar Drugs , 2009 February , Vol.28 No.1 中国海洋药物杂志 2009 年 2 月第 28 卷第 1 期
and the third collect ion , the resul ts show ed
that the to tal contents of f ree amino acids
descended by 37.9%, and the contents of
delicious amino acids such as A sp , Glu and
Ala descended to 141.2 , 465.4 , 443.3 mg ·
(100g)-1 f rom 197.4 , 801.0 , 762.2 mg ·
(100g)-1 respectively , by the range of 28.
5%, 41.9% and 41.8% respect ively .Ala
and Glu w ere seemed to be the important
delicious amino acids by w hich f lavor of
Porphy ra was decided[ 22] .
2.3　Ino rganic elements
Tab 3　Content of inorganic elements in dried P.haitanensis(mg· kg-1)
　Tim e　Element 2004-10-25 2004-11-20 2004-12-12
K 37189.64±8264.0 37831.28±11255.1 40401.42±14381.0
Na 9129.26±4326.9 12537.08±6718.8 9800.42±4649.6
Mg 4922.24±930.1 5138.86±603.9 4581.06±615.0
C a 456.52±44.8 568.92±142.0 447.36±166.5
Fe 382.28±140.4 510.82±103.3 508.24±132.5
P 351.94±70.4 424.82±114.3 424.00±108.9
Zn 68.40±18.2 72.16±33.4 75.20±42.2
Total 52500.28 57083.94 56237.70
　　Table 3 showed the contents of ino r-
ganic element.Chen repo rted that Por-
phy ra had the ability of g athering micro in-
o rganic element f rom the seaw ater into i t s
thallus selectively
[ 1] .Compared wi th the P.
yezoensis cultiva ted in local areas , the total
contents of inorganic elements of P .hai-
tanensis were much higher than that of P.
yezoensis (5363.00 ～ 8887.80 mg ·
kg -1)[ 23] .
Ino rg anic elements w ere ve ry impo rtant
theoretically and realistically in bromato lo-
gy.P.haitanensis were plenty of ino rganic
elements which w ere essential fo r human
during g row th and development.Phospho r-
us is component element of DNA and o ther
bioactive compounds;po tassium , sodium ,
calcium and magnesium are important fo r
physio-system.Zinc is essential to the de-
velopment of mammal.I ron w as participat-
ing in some reactions such as reduction of
nucleo tide , gene rat ing o f energy and so on ,
which are very impo rtant for terraneous cul-
turessurvival.Therefo re , P.haitanensi
could be the useful re sources of these ino r-
ganic elements.
The results o f table 3 show ed that the
contents of ino rg anic elements did no t have
apparent changes regularly along the t ime.
the ino rg anic elements of P.hai tanensis
had studied primari ly , the results of their
pape rs also showed the same conclusion[ 2 , 3] .
2.4　Heavy metalTable 4 Content of heavy
metals in dried P.haitanensis(mg ·kg -1)
Tab 4　Content of heavy metals in dried
P.haitanensis (mg· kg-1)
　Time　Heavy met als 2004-10-25 2004-11-20 2004-12-12
Cu 7.34±2.29 7.70±2.83 7.19±2.87
Cd 0.47±0.16 0.54±0.28 0.54±0.21
Cr 4.24±0.82 4.90±1.88 5.49±0.27
Tab 5　Tolerance limit of heavy metals in Chinese
GB＊(mg· kg-1)
Elem en t Cu Cd C r
T olerance limit 50 0.1 2.0
＊Chinese GB:Nat ional secu rity standards of food in C hina
Table 4 show ed the contents of copper ,
cadmium and chromium of P.haitanensis.
To le rance limits of heavy metals in Chinese
GB show ed in table 5.The copper content
of P.hai tanensis was below the limi t in Chi-
nese GB.Limited content of cadmium and
chromium in fishe s and shrimps (f resh
weight)was 0.1 and 2.0 mg ·kg -1 respec-
tively , if calculated by dried w eights , the
limited contents of these tw o elements of
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中国海洋药物杂志 2009 年 2 月第 28卷第 1期 Chin J Mar D rugs , 2009 February , Vol.28 No.1
dried P.haitanensis should be 8 ～ 10 times
mo re than that of f resh fishes o r shrimps.
Therefo re , the limi ted contents o f cadmium
and chromium of P.haitanensis should be
0.8 and 16 mg · kg-1 , respectively .Ac-
cording to the converted limited contents of
P.hai tanensis , the contents of cadmium and
chromium of samples used in this paper con-
fo rmed to the nat ional securi ty standards of
fo od in China(Chinese GB).
2.5　Pho to synthetic pigments
Tab 6　Content of photosynthetic pigments in dried P.haitanensis [ mg·(100g)-1]
　Tim e　Pigments 2004-10-25 2004-11-20 2004-12-12
Chlorop hyll a 646±69 605±97 601±98
Carotenoid 130±2 129±13 120±12
Phycoerythrin 1289±228 1802±292 1478±397
Phycocy anin 1283±101 1743±639 1255±319
　　The pho to synthet ic pigments contents
of P.hai tanensis were showed in Table 5.
Although the photosynthetic pigments of
Porphy ra did no t belong to the nutri tional
components , some studies showed that
chlo rophyll a , carotenoid , phycoery thrin
and phycocyanin we re indicato r of Por-
phy ra quality.content of the chlo rophy ll
w as greatly consistent w ith quali ty g rade s
appraised by sensory methods[ 24] .Tamano
e t al had studied the relations betw een chlo-
rophy ll content o f Porphyra was physical
and chemical characters o f Por phy ra and
the quali ty grades of Porphy ra appraised by
sensory methods , the pape r showed that the
prefe rable cor relat ions w ith color (shine),
taste , texture , synthe sis quality and price
of Porphyra , and the chlorophy ll content
w as impo rtant in judging the quali ty of
Prophy ra.[ 25] .The chlorophy ll a content of
P.hai tanensis was 601 ～ 646 mg ·
(100g)-1 .A s chlo rophyll had the resemble
po rphy rin ring structure w i th the hemoglo-
bin , synthesizing of hemog lobin and active
of tissue s and cells should be improved by
taking P.hai tanensis as food [ 26] .Carote-
noid w as an effect ive f ree radical scavenger ,
and had the function o f preventing cancer s
and stimulat ing the body to start the im-
mune function and could improve the im-
mune function of body[ 27] .Phycoe ry thrin
and phycocyanin we re the characte ristic pig-
ments of red and blue alg ae;phycocyanin
could improve the immune function of lym-
phatic sy stem and kill the cancer cells
[ 19 , 26 , 27] .In conclusion , P.hai tanensis could
be used as health fo od and mate rial of ma-
rine drugs
[ 28 , 29] .
3　Conclusions
The paper w as mainly studied the qual-
i ty of P .hai tanensis that cult ivated in Fu-
jian Province of China by analyzing the con-
tents o f chemical components , amino acids ,
ino rganic elements , heavy metals and pho-
to synthet ic pigments of i t.The results
show ed that the contents of Porphyra poly-
saccharide and ino rg anic elements o f P.hai-
tanensis were in high contents , and the con-
tents of heavy metals such as copper , cad-
mium and chromium were lowe r than the
heavy metalslimi t contents in the national
fo od health standard of China.A s a conclu-
sion , P.haitanensis was a health food wi th
high contents of pro tein and ino rg anic ele-
ments , and low content o f fat.Therefore ,
P.haitanensis has the potential to be devel-
oped and deep processed.
Acknowledgements
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Chin J Mar Drugs , 2009 February , Vol.28 No.1 中国海洋药物杂志 2009 年 2 月第 28 卷第 1 期
We thank Fujian Ocean & Fisherie s
Administration fo r providing the samples.
This w ork w as suppo rted by research task
Component analy sis and quali ty value of
Po rphyra hai tanensis” o f Fujian Ocean &
Fisheries Administrat ion and item of key
discipline const ruction of Shanghai(Project
no.Y1101).
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(Received date:2008-08-07)
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中国海洋药物杂志 2009 年 2 月第 28卷第 1期 Chin J Mar D rugs , 2009 February , Vol.28 No.1