全 文 ：Research on Species Diversity Characteristics of
Chinese Endemic Plant Populus shanxiensis
SUN Dong-hui1，GUO Dong-gang1* ，SHANG GUAN Tie-liang1，WANG Zhen-jun2
1． College of Environmental Science and Resources，Shanxi University，Taiyuan 030006; 2． Management Bureau of the Heichashan Moun-
tain National Nature Reserve，Lvliang 036300
Abstract ［Objective］This study aimed at researching the species diversity of Populus shanxiensis community in Heichashan Mountain．［Meth-
od］Based on sampling methods，investigation in sampling spots was carried out according to the important indicator，the abundance index
( N0 ) ，Simpson index ( λ ) ，Shannon －Weiner index ( H) and homogeneity index ( E1 and E5 ) were used for analysis． ［Results］Species diver-
sity index of Populus shanxiensis community was not only depended on the species compositions of communities，but also closely related to the
important value of species． The order of abundance index and diversity index in each layer of Populus shanxiensis community was herb layer ＞
shrub layer ＞ tree layer，and the abundance index was positively related to the diversity index; while the variation trend of community homogeneity
index was different from that of abundance index and diversity index，and the homogeneity had shown negative correlation with the dominance．
［Conclusion］In this study，the growth status and conditions of Populus shanxiensis were further understood and researched，which had laid the-
oretical foundation for protecting the endangered species and provided basic information for the future studies of endangered species and related
disciplines．
Key words Plant community; Species diversity; Community structure; Heichashan Mountain; Populus shanxiensis
Received: July 13，2011 Accepted: October 8，2011
Supported by the Fund of Investigation and Evaluation of Biological
Diversity in Shanxi Province of Ministry of Environmental Protection．
* Corresponding author． E-mail: gdghjkx@126． com
Plant community species diversity refers primarily to the
composition，structure，function of plant community and the
diversity and complexity of dynamic change［1］． Research on
species diversity of plant community was an important issue in
the researches of species diversity，which was the basis of
other diversities ( genetic diversity， ecosystem diversity，
etc． ) ． China possesses a vast territory，covering tropical，
subtropical，warm temperate，temperate，cold temperate and
other climate types，sharing the abundant species in China
from south to north． Rare and endangered plants were impor-
tant compositions of plant species diversity in China，so that
studying the community species diversity of endangered plants
and exploring the endangered mechanism had great
importance．
In order to carry out the protection of rare and endan-
gered plants，China had relatively further studied the commu-
nity characteristics of well-known rare plants including Davidia
involucrata Baill［2 －3］，Alsophila spinulosa ( Hook． ) Tryon［4 －5］，
Elaeagnus mollis diele［6 －7］，Paeonia suffruticosa var． spontanea
Rehd．［8 －9］，Tsoongiodendron odorum Cnun［10］，Cinnamomum
micranthum ( Hay． ) Hay．［11］，Dipentodon sinicus Dunn［12］，
Magnolia zenii Cheng［13］，Aristolochia delavayi Franch． var ． mi-
crantha W． W． Smith［14］ and Camellia． changii［15］，which had
further studied the growth status and conditions of Populus
shanxiensis and laid theoretical foundation for exploring the
endangered mechanism of these endangered species． Popu-
lus shanxiensis C． Wang et Tung is a rare tree species which
is peculiar in China，which has been classified as national pro-
tected plants． As a kind of endangered species，Populus
shanxiensis had been rarely studied at home and abroad cur-
rently，so that more in-depth cognition，research and protec-
tion of Populus shanxiensis were necessary． Through re-
searching on species diversity of Populus shanxiensis commu-
nity，the growth status and conditions of Populus shanxiensis
were further understood and studied，which had laid theoreti-
cal foundation for protecting the endangered species and pro-
vided basic information for the future studies of endangered
species and related disciplines．
Materials and Methods
Overview of natural conditions in research areas
Heichashan Mountain Nature Reserve is located in north
central Lvliang Mountains in Northwest Shanxi，the geograph-
ic coordinates are N 110° 11 39″ － 111° 26 30″， E
38° 10 00″ －38° 20 23″，Yellow River is on the west，Luya
Mountain and Pangquangou Nature Reserve on the south-
east． The altitude of main peak Heichashan Mountain is
2 203． 8 m and the altitude of Yangpo Reservoir is 1 219 m，
with the relative height difference of 985 m． The total area of
reserve was 25 741． 7 hm2，covering four counties，seven
towns and 31 villages，including Xingxian County，Lan Coun-
ty，Linxian County and Fangshan County within the bounda-
ries of Lvliang City． The geological features in reserve showed
typical characteristics of mountainous area of the Loess Plat-
eau，metamorphic rocks were widely distributed in the bound-
aries，the reserve was widely covered with Cenozoic loose soil
and obviously vertically distributed，which could be divided in-
to four soil types from top to bottom including loessial soil，
mountain cinnamon soil，leached cinnamon soil and mountain
brown forest soil． When seen from the climate factors，the re-
serve belonged to warm temperate continental monsoon cli-
mate，the annual average temperature was 6． 4 ℃，the annu-
al precipitation was about 650 mm，and the frost-free period
was 120 － 135 d． The annual sunshine hours were 2 800 h，
average daily temperature was 10 ℃ or more，annual accu-
mulated temperature was 2 500 ℃． Vertical variation of tem-
perature in the reserve was significant，when the altitude had
increased by 100 m，the accumulated temperature reduced
130 － 140 ℃，and the frost-free period shortened about 6
Forestry
Agricultural Science ＆ Technology，2011，12( 11) : 1744 －1748
Copyright 2011，Information Institute of HAAS． All rights reserved．
DOI:10.16175/j.cnki.1009-4229.2011.11.043
d［16］．
Research methods
Selection and investigation of sampling spots Based on
the fully investigation of Populus shanxiensis on Heichashan
Mountain at an altitude of 1 561 m，field investigations were
carried out using sampling methods at July in 2010． The sam-
pling area of tree communities was 100 m2，and two 4 m ×5
m shrub sampling spots were set from each sampling area;
the sampling area of shrub was 20 m2，and two 1 m × 1 m
herb sampling spots were set from each shrub sampling area．
Survey contents included: the height，crown width，diameter
and base diameter of each plant of tree species and the cov-
erage of each tree species; the abundance，average height
and coverage of each shrub species; the average height and
coverage of each herb species． In specific，plants of tree spe-
cies with height below 3 m were classified into the shrub layer，
and the woody seedlings in herb layer were classified into the
herbs． In addition，comprehensive characteristics and habitat
features of each community were recorded，including the total
coverage of community，coverage，altitude，slope，aspect，
soil layer thickness，litter layer thickness and humus layer
thickness in each layer．
Measurement of species diversity Based on the method
proposed by Ma Ke-ping，etc．［17］，important value was used
as a quantity index． According to the common index used by
Ludwig，etc．［18］ and researches on species diversity of plant
community at home and abroad［19］，diversity index was se-
lected for study as follows:
( 1) Abundance index: N0 =S
( 2) Species diversity index，including:
Simpsonindex: λ =∑
s
i =1
Ni ( Ni －1) /［N( N －1) ］
Shannon －wienerindex: H= －∑
s
i =1
Ni
N In
Ni( )N
Homogeneity index: E1 =
H
In( S) ，E5 =
λ －1 －1
eH －1
In the formula，S was the number of species in each
community，N was the sum of important value of the total spe-
cies in each community and Ni was the important value of the
ith species． Specifically，the formula for calculating the impor-
tant value of tree layer，shrub layer ( including tree saplings)
and herb layer was as follows:
Important value of tree layer = ( Relative coverage +
Relative height + Relative abundance) / 3
Important value of shrub layer = ( Relative coverage +
Relative height) / 2
Important value of herb layer = ( Relative coverage +
Relative to height) / 2
Results and Analysis
Basic characteristics of Populus shanxiensis communities
As can be seen from Table 1，four samples were collected
from positions with the same physical micro-environment: the al-
titude was 1 561 m and geographic coordinates were N38°13，E
111°17; the slope of sampling spot 1 and 3 was 56° and the
slope of sampling spot 2 and 4 was 60° with a small difference;
the slopes were all in north-east direction with relatively small
difference． In addition，the thickness of humus layer was re-
lated with the thickness of the litter layer，specifically，the thic-
ker the litter layer was，the thicker the humus layer would be，
but there were small differences among the four sampling
spots． Litter layer，humus layer and soil together constituted
the ground environment in the forests． According to the above
analysis，habitat conditions of the four sampling spots were
basically the same，so it was considered that the differences
among the sampling spots were little affected by the external
habitat conditions．
Biocoenosis structure of Populus shanxiensis could be di-
vided into tree layer，shrub layer and herb layer． The average
height of the tree layer was 8． 8 m，and the species composi-
tion was relatively simple，which were mostly Populus shanx-
iensis，and a small amount of Pinus tabulaeformis Carr． and
Populus davidiana Dode． The average height of the shrub lay-
er was 1． 6 m． Common species of high shrub layer with
height around 2 m were Syringa reticulata ( Blume) H． var．
amurensis ( Ruprecht) P． S． Green ＆ M． C． Chang，Rosa da-
vurica Pall．，Acer ginnala Maxim．，Aster tataricus Linn． f．，
Crataegus kansuensis Wils．，etc; short high shrub layer with
height below 1．5 m were mostly Cotoneaster multiflorus Bge．，
Lonicera chrysantha Turcz．，Rubus corchorifolius L． f．，Os-
tryopsis davidiana Decne，etc; there were few tree species
with height above 2． 5 m such as Populus shanxiensis and Liq-
uidambar formosana Hance，which were classified into high
shrub layer; herb layer was abundant in species with height
below 1 m normally，which could be divided into two sub-lay-
ers: the first sub-layer was composed from Artemisia and a
few tree and shrub species with height above 50 cm including
Populus shanxiensis，Rose davurica，Sanguisorba officinalis
Linn．，Roegneria kamoji Ohwi，etc． ; plant species in the sec-
ond sub-layer were lower than 20 cm，such as Dioscorea nip-
ponica Makino，Viola variegata Fisch ex Link，Delphinium
grandiflorum Linn．，Rubia cordifolia Linn．，etc．
Important value was the composite indicator for measur-
ing ecological adaptation and status of species in communi-
ties，whose size was an important basis for determining the
dominant species and constructive species． As can be seen
from Table 1，in the tree layer of Populus shanxiensis commu-
nity，important value of the Populus shanxiensis population
was the largest ( 0． 760) ，which occupied absoluteness pre-
dominance and was the dominant species at the layer，fol-
lowed by companion Pinus tabulaeformis ( 0． 126 ) ． In the
shrub layer of Populus shanxiensis forest，important value of
the Syringa reticulata was the largest ( 0．178) ，which was the
dominant species in shrub layer; followed by the companion
Crataegus kansuensis ( 0．154 ) ， Pinus tabulaeformis
( 0．130) ，Spiraea pubescens Turcz． ( 0．122) ，Rosa davurica
( 0．079) and Cotoneaster multiflorus ( 0．066) ． In the herb layer
of Populus shanxiensis forest，important value of the Carex lan-
ceolata Boott was the largest ( 0．199) ，which was the dominant
species in herb layer; followed by the companion species inclu-
ding Leymus secalinus ( Georgi) Tzvel． ( 0．084) ，Viola variega-
ta ( 0．052) ，Dioscorea nipponica ( 0．047) ，Delphinium grandiflo-
rum ( 0．040) and Rubia cordifolia ( 0．034) ．
Relationship between community structure and species
diversity
Community structure was a significant perspective for
studying plant species diversity，because the structure of
community was a visible sign of the relationship among plants
in the communities and that between plants and the environ-
ment，as well as the basis of other characteristics of commu-
nities［4］． The tree layer，shrub layer and herb layer were used
as objects of study to reveal spatially the composition charac-
5471SUN Dong-hui et al． Research on Species Diversity Characteristics of Chinese Endemic Plant Populus shanxiensis
teristics and variation rules of Populus shanxiensis community
diversity in Heichashan Mountain，which had provided certain
theoretical significance and practical value for researching the
character and development of communities．
Table 1 Habitat conditions in each sampling spot of Populus shanxiensis community
Sampling
spot
Altitude
m Slope∥° Aspect
Humus layer
thickness∥cm
Soil layer
thickness∥cm
Litter layer
thickness∥cm
Geographic
coordinates
1 1 561 56 North east 55° 1 ＞10 3 N 38°1349． 7″E 111°1731． 8″
2 1 561 60 North east 40° 1． 5 ＞10 4 N 38°1349． 4″E 111°1731． 6″
3 1 561 56 North east 55° 1 ＞10 3 N 38°1349． 7″E 111°1731． 8″
4 1 561 60 North east 40° 1． 5 ＞10 4 N 38°1349． 4″E 111°1731． 6″
1: Populus shanxiensis; 2: Pinus tabulaeformis; 3: Cotoneaster
multiflorus; 4: Spiraea pubescens Turcz． var． pubescens;
5: Crataegus kansuensis; 6: Rosa davurica; 7: Populus shanx-
iensis; 8: Syringa reticulata; 9: Dioscorea nipponica; 10: Carex
lanceolata; 11: Rubia cordifolia; 12: Viola variegata; 13: Del-
phinium grandiflorum; 14: Leymus secalinus．
Fig． 1 Average important value of common species in four
sampling spots of Populus shanxiensis community
As can be seen from Table 2，species abundance of
communities in shrub layer and herb layer were higher than
that in tree layer，so that the abundance index of communities
mainly depended on the shrub layer and herb layer．
Abundance index of herb layer were relatively high in sampling
spot 1，2 and 3，which contributed greatly to the abundance of
communities; while the species abundance index of the shrub
layer and herb layer in sampling spot 4 were the same． Thus，
species in different levels had made unequivalent contributions
to communities． In addition，species abundance of herb layer
was affected by the coverage size of tree layer and shrub lay-
er． For instance，the coverage size of herb layer was the lar-
gest in sampling spot 4 ( Table 3) ，which was mainly due to
the small coverage size of both the tree layer and shrub layer，
and the light transmittance was the best compared with the
other sampling spots，so that the plant species of herb layer
could grow relatively better．
Spatial variation of species diversity index in each com-
munity was slightly different from the abundance index，for in-
stance，the actual number of species of shrub layer and herb
layer were the same in sampling spot 4，but the species diver-
sity index of shrub layer varied from that of herb layer ( Table
2) ，which was due to the close important value among spe-
cies of shrub layer in sampling spot 4，while there were huge
differences among the important value of species of herb layer
( Table 3) ． In sampling spot 4，important value of herb Carex
lanceolata was 0．246，while that of Syringa reticulata was only
0． 037; important value of Syringa reticulate，Acer mono Max-
im．，Populus shanxiensis and Acer ginnala of shrub layer
were close，as 0． 146，0．133，0．123 and 0．119，respectively，
resulting in the species diversity index H of herb layer less
than that of shrub layer，which indicated that the species
diversity index was not only depended on the species compo-
sitions of communities，but also closely related to the impor-
tant value of species．
Species diversity index at each level of communities were
in a slightly different order，as can be seen from Table 2，the
order of species diversity index H in tree layer was: sampling
spot 4 ＞ sampling spot 3 ＞ sampling spot 1 ＞ sampling spot 2;
the order of species diversity index H in shrub layer was:
sampling spot 4 ＞ sampling spot 1 ＞ sampling spot 3 ＞ sam-
pling spot 2; the order of species diversity index H in herb layer
was sampling spot 1 ＞sampling spot 2 ＞sampling spot 3 ＞ sam-
pling spot 4． The above results can be drawn that: in tree lay-
er，species diversity index H in sampling spot 3 was larger
than that in sampling spot 1， which was because the
abundance index in sampling spot 3 was larger than that in
sampling spot 1，abundance index in sampling spot 1 and 2
were the same，as well as sampling spot 3 and 4 ( Table 3) ，
while the diversity index in sampling spot 2 was less than that
in sampling spot 1，diversity index in sampling spot 3 was less
than that in sampling spot 4，which was mainly due to the
relatively large difference in importance value of tree layer
between sampling spot 2 and 3． In shrub layer，diversity index
was the largest in sampling spot 4，resulting from the relative-
ly high abundance index and minimum difference in impor-
tance value of species in shrub layer in sampling spot 4
( Table 3) ． In herb layer，the diversity index had shown an in-
creasing trend with the increasing abundance index in sam-
pling spots． In conclusion，the more the species composition
of the community was，the larger the diversity index would be;
in communities with the same species composition，the closer
the important value of species was，the larger the diversity in-
dex H would be． Species diversity index was not only depen-
ded on the species compositions of communities，but also
closely related to the important value of species． In addition，
abundance index of the community had shown a positive cor-
relation with diversity index．
Community homogeneity index showed a different varia-
tion trend from the abundance index and diversity index． Spe-
cifically，when comparing from the perspective of species di-
versity index in each level of the community，the order of
homogeneity index in tree layer was: sampling spot 4 ＞ sam-
pling spot 3 ＞ sampling spot 1 ＞ sampling spot 2; the order of
homogeneity index in shrub layer was: sampling spot 4 ＞ sam-
6471 Agricultural Science ＆ Technology Vol． 12，No．11，2011
pling spot 3 ＞ sampling spot 1 ＞ sampling spot 2． It can be an-
alyzed combining Table 3 that，variation of homogeneity index
in tree layer and shrub layer had shown an opposite trend with
the differences in distribution of important value． In sampling
spot 1，the order of homogeneity index was herb layer ＞ shrub
layer ＞ tree layer; while in sampling spot 3 and 4，the order of
homogeneity index was shrub layer ＞ herb layer ＞ tree layer． It
can be indicated combining Table 3 that，variation of homoge-
neity index in tree layer，shrub layer and herb layer had
shown an opposite trend with the differences in distribution of
important value． In conclusion，in the same life form，the less
the differences in distribution of important value was，the less
obvious the dominance of dominant species in the layer would
be，and the higher the homogeneity index would be，sugges-
ting that the homogeneity index had shown a negative correla-
tion with dominance． The order of species abundance index
and diversity index in each layer of all the sampling spots
was: herb layer ＞ shrub layer ＞ tree layer． The order of homo-
geneity index in sampling spot 1 was herb layer ＞ shrub layer
＞ tree layer; while in sampling spot 2，3 and 4，the order of
homogeneity index was shrub layer ＞ herb layer ＞ tree layer． It
can be analyzed from the statistical results of habitat charac-
teristics of Populus shanxiensis community in each sampling
spot that ( Table 1 ) ，the physical micro-environments of the
four sampling spots were basically the same，in specific，the
habitat conditions were basically consistent in the four sam-
pling spots，which could be considered that the differences of
homogeneity index among the four sampling spots were hardly
affected by external habitat conditions． It can be indicated
from the field survey data that the average diameter of tree
layer in sampling spot 1 was 12．9 cm，and the average diam-
eter of tree layer in sampling spot 2，3 and 4 was 14．6，13．4
and 14．2 cm，respectively，revealing the development of tree
layer in sampling spot 1 was in low level，and when under the
same habitat conditions，understory vegetation could grow
better in sampling spot 1 with relatively high abundance，
which reduced the dominance of dominant species in under-
story growth forms and led to the relatively high homogeneity．
Table 2 Community diversity index of Populus shanxiensis in Heichashan Mountain
Sampling spot Life form
Abundance
N0
Diversity
λ H
Homogeneity
E1 E5
1 Tree layer 2 0． 762 0． 398 0． 575 0． 638
Shrub layer 9 0． 139 2． 048 0． 932 0． 919
Herb layer 17 0． 066 2． 709 0． 956 1． 016
2 Tree layer 2 0． 872 0． 248 0． 358 0． 521
Shrub layer 8 0． 158 1． 919 0． 923 0． 915
Herb layer 14 0． 104 2． 389 0． 905 0． 867
3 Tree layer 3 0． 485 0． 881 0． 802 0． 751
Shrub layer 8 0． 132 2． 016 0． 970 1． 009
Herb layer 12 0． 102 2． 338 0． 941 0． 937
4 Tree layer 3 0． 438 0． 932 0． 849 0． 834
Shrub layer 11 0． 094 2． 329 0． 971 1． 038
Herb layer 11 0． 124 2． 202 0． 918 0． 877
Table 3 Comprehensive characteristics of Populus shanxiensis community
Sampling
spot
Abundance
Layer coverage∥%
Tree layer Shrub layer Herb layer
Important value
Tree layer Shrub layer Herb layer
1 28 80 75 37． 5 0． 136 －0． 864 0． 061 －0． 219 0． 025 －0． 139
2 24 75 65 35 0． 068 －0． 932 0． 053 －0． 254 0． 027 －0． 197
3 23 90 75 45 0． 171 －0． 656 0． 070 －0． 191 0． 035 －0． 212
4 25 75 50 49 0． 128 －0． 589 0． 046 －0． 146 0． 037 －0． 246
Conclusion and Discussion
( 1) From the perspective of vertical structure，the com-
munity could be divided into tree layer，shrub layer and herb
layer． Most of the height of tree species in tree layer was with-
in 2． 5 m，which could be attributed to the high shrub layer． It
can be seen from the determination results of important value
that，the importance value of Populus shanxiensis in tree layer
was the maximum，which was supposed to be the dominant
species in tree layer; the importance value of Syringa reticu-
late in shrub layer was the maximum，which was supposed to
be the dominant species in shrub layer; the importance value
of Carex lanceolata in herb layer was the maximum，which
was supposed to be the dominant species in herb layer．
( 2) The tree layer，shrub layer and herb layer were used
as objects of study to calculate species diversity index in each
layer，in order to spatially reveal the composition characteris-
tics and variation rules of Populus shanxiensis community di-
versity in Heichashan Mountain，results of which indicated that
the species in different levels had made unequivalent contribu-
tions to communities，in specific，the abundance index of
communities was mainly depended on shrub layer and herb
layer，and the species abundance index in herb layer was af-
fected by the coverage size of tree layer and shrub layer．
However，species diversity index was not only depended on
the species compositions of communities，but also closely re-
lated to the important value of species． The closer the impor-
tant value was，the higher the diversity index would be; while
the more different the important value was，the lower the di-
versity index would be． Spatial differences of species diversity
in communities were closely related to species abundance in-
dex，which affected the contributions of species diversity in
each level to the total species diversity in communities．
( 3) The research on species diversity of Populus shanx-
iensis community in Heichashan Mountain indicated that，the
abundance index had shown a positive correlation with diversi-
ty index，while the variation trend of community homogeneity
index was different from that of abundance index and diversity
index，and the homogeneity was negatively related to the
dominance，which might because that，when under the same
habitat conditions，community and understory vegetation in
low level of development could grow better with relatively high
abundance，which had reduced the dominance of dominant
7471SUN Dong-hui et al． Research on Species Diversity Characteristics of Chinese Endemic Plant Populus shanxiensis
species in understory growth forms and led to the relatively
high homogeneity．
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Responsible editor: FAN Xiao-hui Responsible proofreader:
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WU Xiao-yan
中国特有植物青毛杨群落物种多样性特征研究( 摘要)
孙东辉1，郭东罡1* ，上官铁梁1，王振军2 ( 1．山西大学环境与资源学院，山西太原 030006; 2．山西黑茶山国家级自然保护区管理
局，山西吕梁 036300)
［目的］研究山西黑茶山青毛杨群落物种多样性。
［方法］采用样方法进行样地调查，依据重要值指标，应用丰富度指数( N0 ) 、Simpson指数( λ) 、Shannon-Weiner指数( H) 和均匀度指数( E1 和
E5 ) 进行分析研究。
［结果］青毛杨群落物种多样性指数不仅取决于群落的种类组成，而且与种间的重要值配置有密切关系。青毛杨群落内各层物种丰富度指数
和多样性指数的大小为草本层 ＞灌木层 ＞乔木层;丰富度指数与多样性指数呈正相关关系，而群落均匀度指数的变化与丰富度指数和多样
性指数的变化趋势有所不同，且均匀度与优势度呈负相关关系。
［结论］进一步了解和认识了青毛杨的生长现状及生长环境，从而为保护这一濒危物种奠定一定的理论基础，同时也为今后濒危物种及相关
学科的研究提供基础资料。
关键词 植物群落; 物种多样性;群落结构;黑茶山;青毛杨
基金项目 国家环保部山西省生物多样性调查与评价基金资助项目。
作者简介 孙东辉( 1985 － ) ，男，山西襄垣人，硕士研究生，研究方向: 生态地理学。* 通讯作者，讲师，博士研究生，从事植物生态学研究，E-mail:
gdghjkx@126． com。
收稿日期 2011-07-13 修回日期 2011-10-08
8471 Agricultural Science ＆ Technology Vol． 12，No．11，2011