全 文 ：生态科学20(B年05月第22卷第2期 ECOIGICSCIENCEMay2003222
红树林厌氧环境对多环芳烃类有毒物的降解预测
梁佩芝，顾继东(香港大学生态及生物多样性学系环境毒理实验室香港薄扶林道)
【摘要】 红树林是连接陆地和海洋的重要生态系统．由于潮汐活动，氧化还原条什表现}}{明显的昼夜问的变薛ji
—q态伴系中不但有大量的动植物种类，同时还有数量极高的不同种类的细菌．包括好氧和厌氧类型，状养的硫雌盐，
还麒菌[二证实在降解多环芳烃有机物方面有其独特的生化优势，但从红甜林中分离出的此类纯细菌还很少．n．辟斛^
而，已初步确定荣的厌氧降解途径异于好氧细菌，厌氧降解时的系列代谢中间产物也有驯屁的号一十牛，羰基化瓜Jo
是开始的一个重要步骤，而后的每步生化反应还有待进一步验证。从现有的结果可以看出，}坤H林中厥养的硫酸逊n
卣直在降解多环芳烃有机物中起到非常重要的作用。
关键词：红料林：厌养的硫酸还原菌；多环芳烯i降帑途径
中图分类号：xl3I3 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1008—8873(2003j 02— 97，08
PotentialDegradationofPolyaromaticHydrocarbonsUnderAnaerobicConditionsofMangroveEcosystem／LlAN(；
Pet-ZhifladGUJi—Dongr LaboratoryofEnvironmentalToxicology,DcpartmentofEcology＆Biodiversity,ThcUniversitv
ofHoneKong，PokfulamRoad，HongKongSARl
AbstractMangrovesarevulnerablehabitatstopollutionandaccumulationofpolycyclicaromatichydrocafhoas【PAtl～
ManysludieshavereportedheaerobicochcmicalpathwaysofPAHdegradationbybacteriaandfungibut[inleiskIlowll
aboultheanaerobicrles．Inthispaper,naphthalenewasuseda8amodelcompoundfurPAilsdemonstrathl2thepossibl
anaerobicdegradationpathwaysinmangrc)veen ironmentsOxidationofnaphthalenewasfirstlyfoundundmanaerobi
t：ondifum,sinsedimentcolul／lilsandsubsequentlyu derstrictanaerobiccondilionsandtheprocesseswereproved1i1bL‘
sulfate—reducingdepe dentbytestingwithsodiummolybdate．asp cificinhibitotofsulfatereductionFunherd tailedstu ic、
isolatedanidentifiedseveralintermediatessuchas2-naphthoate，5．6．7．8一tetrahydro一2*NAandecalin 一carboxylatedurin?
thetr￡mslormationprocessesofnaphthalene．Inthesetudies．differentinitialsteps(hydroxylafionOl-c rb xylationtn’en
proposedfornaphthalenedegradation．However,specifictrailsformatfunst∞sfornaphthalenewiIIne dfurtherinvesdgallon【．1
elucidateifd gradationp hwayfbenzoateisinvolved
Keywords：Mangrove；Pathway；PoiyaromaticardrocarbonsWAlls)；Sulfate—reducingbaetefia
Introduction
Mangrovesarecoastal一marineecosystemforfood
productitm：medicines，fuel，wood，andconstruction
materials
tJ
J，Mangroveshavenotonlyhighfinancial
valuebulalsohighecologicaljmportanee，Theyserveas
ahu仃erzonebetween山eopen．oceanandthein—land
telTeStrialenvironment．Thesoftmudb dofmangroves
servesasasedimenttrapperrichinorganicmatterandart
ecologicalnichefordiversecommunityof nfauna．They
a[soprotectshorelinesfromstormdaIllagend
lire．threateningerosion．Inaddition，mangrovesserveas
nurseryandfeedinggroundsforadiversityofanimals
includingfish，prawns，crabsandmollusksandnesting
birds”⋯．Asmangrovesaretheinterstitialenvironments
betweenthe1andandopen-ocean，water-bornepollutants
areoftendetectedantheconcentrationofpersistent
organicchemicalsareincreasingaspollutionintensifies．
It isimportanIthatmangroveecosystemcanbeself
sustainedbyfilteringoutmostofthetoxicpollutantsa d
contaminantssothatheaccumulationandthreatsto血e
marineecosystemnanbeprevented．
Polycyclicaromatichydrocarbons(PAHs)alea
classol’hazardousorganicchemicalsshowing
recalcitranceinthellvironments．Theyarederivedfrom
benzenebyfusionofadditionalsix-memberedbenz noid
rings“1(Figure1)．PAHsxhibittoxicpropertiesatv ry
】owconcentrationsndmanyoftheirnlenlbcrshave
beenlistedas prioritypollutantsforenvironnlental
m itoring．Theyaremostlyresultedfrom10ssi；ruel
combustion．jndustrialprocessingandeooking⋯“、．
Theycanenterthewate卜sotlsystemviaeft]uent
discharge．fromcokeandpetroleumr finerylndustries，
accidentalspil sandleakages．ratnwaterru offronl
highwaysndroadways¨⋯．Eventually．PAHswill
accumulateinestuaryeassuchasmangroves．Tht：lOW
watersolubilityofPAHsmakesthemeasilyadsorpedto
sedimentandpersistedinthenvironmentfora[,roger
pertodoftime_【1,t4,31,35．37I．
Mangrovesar vulnerablehabitatstoPAH
contamination1’’”．SincePAHsarehighlypersistentand
mutagenic，bothflorandfaunalivingin this
environmentmayconsequentlysuffernegativelyfrom
PAHSthroughtheactivitiesofindigenouschronic
exposureandincreasingtoxicityandmutations／zi。Ifis
importantthamangrovesmighthavetheimportant
abilityto successthllydegradeor transiorm
基金项“=荇蘑In·坝日
9通信联系凡emaikjdgu@hkttcchkuhk
作者摘赍粱佩芝(19_89-，，女，研究山向为外求经人物种
2003．05435收稿，2003．5．20接受
万方数据
生态科学
◎◎ 簸
Naphthalene Anthracene
Benzfa】anth吼cenePyrene
Phenanthrenc
Chrysene
Benzofa】pyrene Dibenz[a，h]anthracene
Fig1 Selectivechemicalstructuresofpolyaromatichydrocarbonsofenvironmentali portance
microorganismssothatallowingrecoveryfrompollution
andpreventingPAHsfromaccumuladngin the
ecosystem．Thispaperistoillustratetheconceptual
pathwayfordegradationofPAHsbyanaerobic
microorganisms．Witha betterunderstandingofthe
degradalionofPAHsinmangroves．predictionsofshoR—
andlong—termInteraetionsbetweencontaminated
compoundsa microorganismsCallbepredictedand
betterbioremediationtechn logiesmayb developedfor
preservingandmanagingma roves．
Mangrovesasanenvironmentfordegradationof
PAHs
Mangrovesedimentsarecharacteristicallyhighin
sulfate—reducingba teria(SRBs)．nledominatedSRBs
areresponsibleforparticipatingin hebiogeochemical
cyclesofcarbona dothernu耐ents．如thenatural
environmentofmangroves，bacteriainsedimentare
impogantin thebreakdownofillangrorelitters
includingmangaltreeleavesanddeadanimals．
Mmangrovelitterinthemangrovebedsformsapoolof
particulateandissolvedorganiccarbonfDOC)．The
DoCisamajorfoodsourceforbacteriaandreleased
nutrientsbecomeavailableforplanttogrow．Cyclingof
DOCmaytakeplacewithinthebacterialcommunity,
constitulingacarbon—sinkinmangrovespal．Apartf om
thenaturalm ngrovelitter,pollutantstendto ccumulate
in mangrovt!sduetotheincreasedurbanizationnd
pollutionalongthecoastallines．Thesepollutants
becomepapofdieDoCorparticulatesposing
decompositionpressurefor,thesedimentbacterial
community,mainlytheSRBsduetotheirtoxicity．Itis
thereforeimportanttok owthedegradationcapabilityof"
SRBssothatoxicityassessmentcanbemadeforthe
long—termexposureofpersistentorganiccompounds．
SRBs．alsokn wnassulfidogens．arestrict
a aerobesutilizingor anicsubstratessa SOLIIceof
carbona denergyandsulfateaselectronacceptor
[11．12．30】．111aerob≤degradations，oxy譬enisu edas—the
terminalelectronacceptor,andalsoasareactantforthe
oxygenaseenzymebecauseit isincorporatedinth
productsOn血eotherhand．anaerobicdegradationsuse
i organicele tronacceptorse．g，SOd”whichisreduced
toS。．Thepathwayofanaerobicdegradationofal matic
h drocarbonsisalsoclearlydistinctfromtheaerobic
o。nes【13,19】．
’
TheabilityofSRBsifl degradinga ,matic
compoundswasnotrecognizeduntijf980sWI(妣I
confirmedthata numberofsulfate—reducerscould
completelyd gradearomaticcompounds，including
Desuf南COCCUSmultivorans．Desulfosarcinavariabilis，
andDesulfonemamagnumforbenzoate；D．niacmifor
nicotinate．Desulfobacteriumphenolicumforphenol1’⋯
nmdolicumforjndole．andD．carecholicumfor
catech01．Recently,newtypesofSRBscapableof
deeradingaromatichydrocarbonshavealsobeenisolated
forutilizationoft lueneiztl．andforo-xylene．m—xylene
ndhomologousalkylbenzenes⋯1UnidentifiedSRBs
werefoundresponsibleforthedegradationofindoleand
3，mec}lylindole”⋯．Thediscoveryof anaerobic
deeradanonofaromaticcompoundsinsulfate—reducing
environmentdrawsscientists’attentiontoinvestigatethe
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2期 梁佩芝，等：红树林跃氧环境埘gr4,芳烃类有毒物的降解预测
feasibilityof remediatingPAHscontaminated
environmentusingindigenousSRBs．
PAlls：IbxicityandPersistence
PAHsaretoxicevenatlowconcen”atjonsand
theyareals(，highlypersistentinthe nvironmentt14,34]．
Theyarecommonlyfoundin
[6,331_：Asmentionedbefore．
mangroveenvironments
theyareanthropogenic
chemicaisandtendtoaDpearintheboundarybetween
terrestrialandmarineenvironments．particularly血e
mangrovesTheyarehighlyh drophobicand，with
increasingnumberofaromaticr ngs，theybecofm，deI
increasinglypersistentinthemangrovessediment”⋯．
Oncetheybecomeassociatedwiththemangrove
sedimenta dagedovertime，aerobicdegradationis
unlikelytobethedominantprocessesinthestrictIY
anaerobicconditionsa dhighlysulfate—reducing
environluentundertidalwateristhecontrollingfactor
fortheproliferationofappropriatem croorganisms．
AnaerobicbiodegradationofPAHswasinitially
believedtobeunitkelyduetothelackofring
substitutionsuchasthemethylgrouD120,24．28,29]．However
MichelcicandLuthydemonstratedthedegradationof
PAHsundervariousredoxconditionsj423’“’Intheir
experiment．PAHwasdegradedun erdenttritying
conditionsbutbecamerefractoryundersulfate—reducing
conditions．Unfil1990’s．oxidationofPAHsunder
sulfate-reducingconditionswas substantiated
is，9，10．233s 9l
—
EvidenceshowingPAHdegradationinsulfare-
reducingenvironment
Naphthaleneisoftenusedasamodelcompoundin
studyingde radationofPAHs．Itconsistsof wofused
benzeneringsandisthesimpleststructureofPAHs
Langenhoff-Aletteeta1．showedthathebehaviourof
di船rentaromaticcompounds．suchastoluene．benzene
andnaphthaleneunderdifierentanaerobicconditionsin
sedimentcolumnsizzl．Inthexperiment．chemicalswere
providedwithdifferentelectronaceeDtorslikenitrate．
sulfate，bicarbonateandselectivemetal—ionsfor
initiationofarangeofincubafionconditions．Thisstudy
wasprobablythefirstonetoshowthatdegradationof
naphthalenecouldbeachievedin sulfate—reducing
sedimentCpatesta1．werethefirstgroupof
researchersprovingthesulfate，reducingdepe dentof
PAHsdegradation“⋯Samplescontainingnaphthalene
andphenanfllreaefromthesedimentofSanDiegoBay
wereoxidizedtocarbondioxideundersulfate．reducing
conditions．TheyflushedtllesampleswitllN2-C02to
removeoxygen，ensuringstrictanaerobicconditionsto
beestablishedforchromatographicmeasurements．The
highlyreducingconditionwasmaimainedwithsofficleat
sulfatemendedtotheculturem diumDegradanonof
nanhthalenendph nan血renewasobservedandamuch
higherrateofdegradationwasdetectedinthesamples
takenfromaheavilycontaminatedsiteThercsearchers
funherprovedthesulfate-reducingdependenceofth
degradationproCessbyaddingmolybdate，aspecific
inhibitorofsulfatereductionothesamples dbnems
DegradationD1．ocessesw reinhibitedbytheadditlonof
theinhibitor,furtherconfirmingthatsulfate—redaction，
notFe(III)orMnOV)reduction，washepredominant
lectron—acceptingprocessduringde-,radationofPAHs．
Thedifferencesi therateofdegradationindicat(一dthat
long—termexposureofPAHsmaybenecessarybeforea
PAH．degr¨dingcorrmmnitycarlbeestablished1⋯．
C()alesetat．furtherinvestigatedtherangeof
PAHsthatcouldbedegradedwithsedimentofSan
DiegoHarbourasanjnoculum””oMorePAHssuchas
methylnaphthalene．fluorene，andfluoraeth ncwere
foundto behipdegradableundersulfate—retiuclng
conditions．Althoughtheab vestudiessuggestthat
SRBswereinvolvedinthedegradationofPAHs．no
directevidencewasavailableshowingthatSRBs
metabolizedPAHs．Unfortunately，thepathwayalldt
intermediatesofth degradationprucesseswerenot
investigatednCpates’studies．
AfterthestudiesofCpatesela1．1 ⋯．Bedeshemet
a1．[sjperformedallexperinlentusi gsedimenttiomwo
sulfate—rich．coaltar-contaminatedaquifersoestablish
sulfate．reducinglaboratorymicrocosms．Transformation
ofnaphthalenewasmonitoredin themicocosm
enrichmentovera 3-yearperiod．Aseri{、sof
sediment．freeen ichmentculturesw remaintaine{1with
naphthalenesthesolesourceofcarbonandenergyl"or
over2lmonths．Traesformationofnaphthaleneoccurred
buttheinitiationofdegradationeventvariedgreatly
from1 weektoabout5 monthsNonaphthalene
transformationw sdetectedintheabioticCtmtrols
Naphthalenewasfoundtoberapidlybiotransformed，
eveni microcosmswitheslowestini ialdegra：]ation
rates，subsequentadditionsofnaphthalenedisappearedat
ratescomparabletoth fastestnaphthalene—de2Iading
microcosms．Byaddingsodiummolybdate，stdfate*
reductionwasinhibitedanresultedina45％reduction
innaphthalenedegradationinthenrichmentcu]tures
Thisprovidedfurtherconvincingevidencesshowingthe
sulfate-reducingdependenceof naphthalene
transformation
Inmicrocosmsofenrichmentculturesshowing
naph【11alenetrailsforlnation．naphthalenolwasdetected
consistentlybyGas．Chromatography—MassSpectroscopy
(GC／MS)analysis。。“．Naphthalenolw sonlydetectable
duringthetransformationofnaphthalene，butneitherof
thempriortoare—spikingnoratiernaphthalenehaibe n
depletedfromtheculturemicrocosms．Attheameime，
theabioticCOBtrOlmediumdidLotcontainany
naphthaien01．Bedessemeta1．ther fore，concludedthat
tllehydroxylatedproduct．naphthalen01．wasonlyIbrined
inmicrocosmsthatdegradednaphthaleneiJi．1twasthen
uggestedthathydroxylationmightbe heinitialstepin
万方数据
万方数据
2期 粱佩芏，等：}T树林厌氧环境对多环芳烃类存毒物的降解穗测
identifiedt．1’lThishowedthathydrogenationmightnot
necessanlyoccurontheunsubstitutedringaswhat
Zhangeta1．hadpredictedl。⋯．Meckenstocke a1．
disprovedth possibility血atnaphthalenedegradation
mightfollowthepathwayofbenzoate．becausenoring
fissiona alogoust thebenzoyl—CoApathwayas
detected‘”oTheculturesintheirstudywereableto
growonthereducedsubstrates，cycIohexanecarbodylic
acidandcyclohex-l—ene-carboxylicacid．whichcouldbe
theoreticallyderivedfromadecahydro一2一naphthoicacid．
However、thesewosubstratesr notspecificto
naphthalenedegradationbutarc ommoniathegrowth
ofmostSRBs．MeckenstocktallastlypointedOutIlat
thereduced2．naphthoicac derivativescouldbethe
dead．endmetabolitesin thetrailsformationof
naphthalene
123j
ConceptualpathwaysforPAilsdegradation
Theabover viewedinformationprovidesstrong
evidencefortheabilityofsulfatereducerstodegrade
PAHs．Theconsensusfortheresearchesisthat血estudy
model01、PAHs．thenaphthalene．istransformable．and
2-naphthoicac dis theprominentintermediate
Naph山aleneis alsobiodegradableorcompletely
mineralizedasC02evolved
la,aal
Bedessemeta1．
suggestedthathydroxylationmightbetheinitialstepin
degradationofnaphthalene，asnaphthalenolwasdetected
consistentlybvGC，MSanalysisofmicrocosmsthat
exhibitednaphthalenetra sformationint}leirstudyfFig
2a、”J．However,carboxylation．whichtransf rmed
naphthaleneto2． aphthoicac d．wastheinitialstepin
naphthalenedegradation[23,38,39】(Fig．2b)．
。
Theapproachthatcarboxylationtobetheinitial
stePforPAHdegradationseemstobemorer asonable．
asinthebicarbonatetestthattheutilizationofC02to
transformnaphthaleneto 2一naphthoicacidwas
confirmed”⋯．Inaddition．tlleenfichmentculturesof
ZhangandYoung[381andofMeckenstocketal1d1could
notgrowonnaphthalen01．Naphthalenolwasnot
detectedintheabovetwostudies．
Althoughthesuggestedpathwaysfordegradation
ofPAHsunderstrictanaerobicandsulfater ducing
condidonsremainambiguous，thepa wayforanaerobic
degradationofPAHsi distinctfromthatoftheaerobic
ones．Duringaerobicdegradation，theoxidationoccursat
thexpenseofmolecularoxygenas廿leterminalelectroil
aeceptorandthedegradationintermediatesare
naph血alenecis．1‘2．dihydrodiolfromnaphthaleneby
nanh血alenedioxygenase．1．2-dihydroxynaphthaleneby
naphthalenedihydrodiolehvdrogenase，2-hydroxy—
chromene一2。carboxylicacid(HCCA)bydihydroxy—
naphthalenedioxygenase．trans．o-hydroxybenzyfidene-
p2,ruvicacid(tHBPA)by HCCAisomerase．
sa“cvlaldehvdebvtHBPAhydratase—aldolase．and
salicyclicac dbvsaIicvlaldehvdedehy rogenaseWig．
2a)．Oxygennoto lyservesasthelectronacceptorbut
alsoservesasareactantasitisalsoincomoratedimohe
productsThisiswhyoxygenisthelimitingfacrorln
aerobicdegradationprocesses．Foranaerobicdegradation
inthesulfatereducinge vironmentsofmangroves，
sulfateisa undanta dservesasthelectronaccept?r
duringthedegradationprocess，inwhichSt-)l—ls
reducedtoS。．Incomparison．sulfateisnotincorp{1rated
int}lestructureofthetransformedp oductsasthe
oxYgendoes，butsimplySerVeStOacceptthelectrons
duringthedegradationprocesses．Becauseofthis． ulfate
reductionis a dissimulatoryprocessforanaerobic
degradationofPAHsOtheranaerobicconditionssucha
nitrate—reducingthatcanprovideothersufficient
inorganicele tronacceptors，nitratecanalsos rveto
anaerobicallydegradePAHs
Anaerobic，sulfatereducingmangrove
environmentsprovidedistinctpa hwaysfordegratlation
ofPAHsfromtheaerobiconeThe2-ringPAH．
naphthalene，canbeusedasaninvestigativemo,tellO
illustratetheditlerences．Theinitialstepsi12volve
dioxygenationandehydrogenationfollowedbyfurther
dioxygenationthatcleavagesth ring“”．Themitial
productfromaerobicdegradationofnaphthaleneis
naphthalene(+)一cis-(1R．2S)一l，2-dihydro一1，2一diolthatis
dehvdrogenatcdto1．2- ehydroxynaphthaleneandthen
degradedtosalicylateandcatech01．Fig．2bSunlnlArizes
a suggestedpathwayforanaerobic，sulfate—reducing
degradationofnaphthalene．Thepathwayjnvolved
transformationofnaphthaleneto naohthalenolby
hydroxylation．i l_ws similartothatoccurredn the
aerobicone”1．However，thepathway：；lessconvincing
andthefateofthenaphthalenolisu known．Another
pathwaysuggestedbyZhangetalismorecompleteand
includesmoreintermediates．inwhich2一 aphthoate．
5,6．7．8一tetrahydro一2-NAanddecafin一2-carboxylate
weredetectedandidentifiedin血eirstudy‘”o．whilet e
dihydro一2一NA．hexallydro，2一NAan octahydro一2一NA
werededucedintermediates．In thispathway,
carboxylation．nothydroxylation、istheinitiaitepof
degradingnaphthalene．Furtherreduc ivehyd ogenations
canoccurafterthenaphthaleneiscarboxylated．Since
investigationsof napththalenedegradationnder
anaerobic，sulfate．reducingconditionhaveo lybegun
recently,thereisveryrareinformationontheisolated
pureculture
o”1 It appearst11atdegradationof
naphtllaleneby sulfate-reducingbacteriafollows
naphthoicacid，5,6，7，8一tetrahydro-2一naphthoicacid，
octahydro．2．naphthoicacidwithuncertainpositior’!ofa
doublebond，decahydro一2-naphthoicacid， ydroxy—
decahydro一2一naphthoicacid， 8一OXO—decNlydro一
2-naphthoicacid， C1IHl604一diaeid(cis／uaflS
c nfigurationnoconfirmed)，andcis一2一carboxycycio
hexy矗ceticac d121．
万方数据
万方数据
2期 梁佩芝，等：红树林厌氧环境对多环芳烃类有毒物的降解预测
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Hn似i耐o“jS“扫s抽ncPR出Pd砌．3’1*13
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(下转第126页)
万方数据
生态科学
化分化成颗粒细胞从而引起细胞数量的减少；颗粒细
胞则考要起吞噬作用．在接受刺激一段时间后细胞数
量明显增多。也有学者认为，透明细胞在虾类的免疫
中利用其光滑表面的强烈附着和扩散能力起吞噬功
能．小颗粘细胞脱粒后也具有吞噬功能，是防御反应
中的关键细胞，大颗粒细胞受到小颗粒细胞刺激后释
放颗粒巾的酚氧化酶原，对细胞的免疫反应起作用。
罗氏沼虾在注射光合细菌后其血细胞组成的变
化，应与各种细胞的功能密切相关。根据本文试验结
果．罗氏潲虾在注射光合细菌24h时，透明细胞在全
部循环j】)I细胞中所占比例有轻微下降，F降警60％左
右；36h左右所占比例急剧下降到30％左右，达到最
低点：48h左右开始逐步回升：60h恢复至55％。颗
粒细胞比例增加的原因可能是因为对光合细菌的免
疫，因此我们的结果支持颗粒细胞为识别和吞噬细胞。
在实验过程中还发现，刺激后的血细胞形态多样
性增大．有伪足的细胞明显增多，伪足长度也较正常
状态长，细胞大小向分布曲线的两端发展。这样的变
化是否由光合细菌的“入侵”专一性引起，或者是罗
【上接第103页)
【35】VanAgterenMH1998．Polyaromatichydrocarbons[A]．In：
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novelmetabolitein tIledegradationof pyreneby
MycobazteriumspstrainAPl：actionsoftheisolateontwo—
andthree—ringpotycyclicaromatichydrocarbonsfJ]．Appl括d
andEnvironmentalicrobiology,67：5497-5505
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sulfur．reducingba teria[A]In：ZehnderAJB．Biologyof
AnaerobicMicroorganisms[C】．NewYork：JohnWtiey,
氏沼虾m细胞对所有类似刺激都产生的反应还有待丁
进一步的研究。
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万方数据
红树林厌氧环境对多环芳烃类有毒物的降解预测
作者： 梁佩芝， 顾继东
作者单位： 香港大学,生态及生物多样性学系,环境毒理实验室,香港薄扶林道
刊名： 生态科学
英文刊名： ECOLOGIC SCIENCE
年，卷(期)： 2003,22(2)
被引用次数： 4次

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