作 者 ：王德梅,于振文*,许振柱
期 刊 ：生态学报 2009年 29卷 12期 页码：6552~6560
Keywords:wheat, cultivar, water consumption characteristics, grain yield, water use efficiency,
摘 要 ：设置不灌水(W0)、底墒水+拔节水(W1)、底墒水+拔节水+开花水(W2)3个灌水处理，采用6个冬小麦(Triticum aestivum.L.)品种，研究了不同品种耗水特性和水分利用效率的差异。结果表明：(1)依据籽粒产量和水分利用效率2个因子，采用聚类分析的方法，将供试品种分为高水分利用效率组(Ⅰ组)、中水分利用效率组(Ⅱ组)和低水分利用效率组(Ⅲ组)。同一灌水条件下的籽粒产量，Ⅰ组显著高于Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组；Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组在W0条件下无显著差异，在W1和W2条件下Ⅱ组显著高于Ⅲ组。(2)从Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组中分别取1个品种，泰山23、潍麦8号、山农12进一步分析表明，在W0 和W1条件下，泰山23和潍麦8号的阶段耗水量和耗水模系数为开花至成熟>播种至拔节>拔节至开花，山农12为播种至拔节>开花至成熟>拔节至开花。W2条件下，3个品种的阶段耗水量和耗水模系数为开花至成熟>播种至拔节>拔节至开花；播种至拔节和拔节至开花的耗水模系数为泰山23>山农12>潍麦8号，此阶段的耗水量和耗水强度为泰山23品种最高；开花至成熟的耗水模系数为潍麦8号>山农12 >泰山23，此阶段的耗水量和耗水强度为泰山23品种最低。(3) 在W0 和W1条件下，总耗水量和灌水量、降水量及土壤耗水量占总耗水量的百分率为泰山23品种居中；W2条件下，灌水量和降水量占总耗水量的百分率为泰山23>潍麦8号>山农12，土壤耗水量及其占总耗水量的百分率反之，但泰山23的总耗水量最低。(4) 同一灌水条件下，泰山23品种100~200cm土层的土壤耗水量高于潍麦8号，表明该品种能充分利用深层土壤水；山农12品种在W0和W2条件下，100~200 cm土层的土壤耗水量高于泰山23和潍麦8号，但其籽粒产量和水分利用效率显著低于上述两品种。
Abstract:Water resource shortage is not only a critical environmental problem, but also a limiting factor severely affecting growth and yield of wheat. How to increase the yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of wheat has become a stringent problem to be solved. The aim of this research is to study differences of water consumption characteristics and WUE between six winter wheat cultivars (J17, T23, J22, Z12, S12, and W8) in high yield field to elucidate water consumption characteristics of cultivars with high WUE. Three irrigation regimes were applied in the present experiment: no irrigation water applied during the whole growth season (repressed as W0); irrigated both before sowing and at jointing stage (W1); irrigated 3 times, before sowing, at jointing and anthesis stage (W2). The irrigation amount each time was 60mm. Based on the cluster analysis of grain yield and WUE, these six cultivars can be divided into three groups: high WUE group (GroupⅠ), middle WUE group (GroupⅡ), low WUE group (Group Ⅲ).The results showed that grain yield of GroupⅠwas significantly higher than those of other groups in the same irrigation treatment. However, there was no significant difference of grain yield between Group Ⅱ and Ⅲ in treatment W0, while grain yield of Group Ⅱwas higher than those of Group Ⅲ in treatment W1 and W2. Selecting T23, W8, S12 from groupⅠ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ respectively for further analysis, the results indicated that, in treatment W0 and W1, water consumption amount and water consumption percentage from anthesis to maturity were greatest, following by those from sowing to jointing, and from jointing to anthesis for T23 and W8, respectively; and for S12, the descending order of the two parameters was those from sowing to jointing, form anthesis to maturity, and from jointing to anthesis, respectively. In the condition of W2 treatment, water consumption amount and water consumption percentage from sowing to jointing of the three cultivars were all less than those of anthesis to maturity, but more than those of jointing to anthesis. Compared with W8 and S12, water consumption amount, water consumption percentage and water consumption amount per day from sowing to jointing and from jointing to anthesis for T23 were highest in treatment W2, whereas those from anthesis to maturity were lowest. Total water consumption amount of T23 was moderate between that of W8 and S12 in treatment W0 and W1 and the ratios of irrigation amount, precipitation and soil water consumption amount to total water consumption amount do the same. In treatment W2, the ratios of irrigation amount and precipitation to total water consumption amount for W8 were less than those of T23, but more than those of S12, whereas a opposite change occurred in the ratio of soil water consumption amount to total water consumption amount. However, total water consumption amount for T23 was lowest among three cultivars in treatment W2. Under the same condition of irrigation treatment, soil water consumption of 100-200cm soil layer of T23 was more than that of W8, showing that T23 could adequately use deep soil layer water. Soil water consumption of 100~200cm soil layer for S12 was more than those of T23 and W8 in treatment W0 and W2, but grain yield and WUE of S12 were significantly lower than those of other two cultivars. It is suggested that water consumption characteristics and water use efficiency in high yield wheat field may strongly depend on different cultivars.
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