期 刊 ：生态学报 2008年 28卷 6期 页码：2635~2635～2644
关键词：种群动态；群落结构；多样性；苹果绵蚜；日光蜂；天敌；
Keywords:seasonal abundance, community structure, diversity, Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann), Aphelinus mali Haldeman, natural enemies,
摘 要 ：通过田间蚜块计数、黄色粘虫板诱集、室内镜检等方法统计苹果绵蚜Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann)及其寄生性天敌日光蜂Aphelinus mali Haldeman种群数量，分析比较了它们的消长动态。利用群落结构特征指数研究比较了不同时期苹果绵蚜及其天敌群落多样性。连续2a调查发现，苹果绵蚜种群在鲁西南地区全年发生两个高峰，其中5月中、下旬~7月上旬为第一高峰期，8月下旬~10月中旬为第二高峰期。有翅蚜发生在4月上旬~6月上旬和9月上旬~10月上旬。不同时期，苹果绵蚜在苹果树体不同部位的种群数量存在差异，上半年，苹果绵蚜在根、树干及主枝部位分布密集，发生危害较重；7月中、下旬之后，苹果绵蚜在根及树干部位基本不再发生或发生较轻，而在枝干部位，包括主枝、侧枝和新梢，发生危害较重。7月份之前，日光蜂滞后于苹果绵蚜的发生高峰，其控制作用不很明显，7月份以后日光蜂跟随现象才比较明显，与苹果绵蚜的第二个发生高峰前期基本吻合，可以很好地控制苹果绵蚜的危害。鲁西南地区苹果绵蚜及其天敌群落多样性低，群落稳定性差，发现天敌23种，捕食性天敌亚群落中七星瓢虫Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus、二星瓢虫Adalia bipunctata (Linnaeus)和叶色草蛉Chrysopa phyllochroma Waesmael等为优势种，特别是4、5月份，七星瓢虫和叶色草蛉可以很好地弥补因日光蜂跟随滞后而对苹果绵蚜控制作用的影响。这为保护利用自然天敌、可持续控制苹果绵蚜危害奠定了理论基础。
Abstract:Seasonal abundance of woolly apple aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann) and its parasitoid, Aphelinus mali Haldeman, were studied through the methods of counting aphid patch of the wingless aphids, trapping the alate aphids with yellow sticky board and binocular microscope examination of the parasitoids and the mummy aphids in Southwestern Area of Shandong Province from 2001 to 2002. The results showed that two peaks of the aphid appeared in the orchard, one from the middle or last ten-day of May to the first ten-day of July, and the other from the last ten-day of August to the middle ten-day of October. The alate aphids also had two peaks, one from the first ten-day of April to the first ten-day of June and the second from the first ten-day of September to the first ten-day of October. The parasitoids, Aphelinus mali, can′t have effective suppression on the aphid population before July because of its lagging behind the first peak of aphid, but after July they synchronized with the beginning of the second peak of the aphids and could keep them in control. In the different periods of the growing season, the number of the aphid was variable in different parts of the trees, the survey showed that the aphids crowded on the root, trunk and boughes, and seldom on branches and twigs before July, but after the middle of July, the number of aphids was much more on the boughes, branches and twigs than on the root and trunk. The community structure of woolly apple aphid and its natural enemies was investigated in 2002, twenty-three species of natural enemies were found and the dominant species included Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus, Adalia bipunctata (Linnaeus), and Chrysopa phyllochroma Waesmael etc.. The community diversity of woolly apple aphid and its natural enemies was low, showing the unstable community easy to be disturbed in Southwestern Area of Shandong Province. All the results in this paper can lay the scientific basis for controlling woolly apple aphid and conserving its natural enemies.
全 文 ：