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作 者 ：康永祥,康博文*,刘建军,李文华,季志平

期 刊 ：生态学报 2010年 30卷 16期 页码：4328~4339

关键词：文冠果；群落结构；物种多样性；陕北；黄土高原；

Keywords:Xanthoceras sorbifolia, community structure, species diversity, North Shaanxi, the Loess Plateau,

摘 要 ：文冠果是我国北方地区生物质油料能源首选树种，陕北黄土高原次生林区是其主要分布地域之一。通过黄土高原森林区和森林草原区32块文冠果群落标准地调查，对该区域文冠果林群落结构、种类组成和物种多样性等进行了研究。结果表明，文冠果在森林区既可以形成小乔木林，也可以形成灌木林，而在森林草原区只有灌木林。标准地内共有维管束植物77种，隶属27科65属。乔木林乔木层以油松、文冠果为主，灌木层以狼牙刺、黄蔷薇、葱皮忍冬等占优势，草本层野菊、铁杆蒿、长芒草、披针苔草等占优势；灌木林灌木层以文冠果、狼牙刺、荆条等为主，草本层阿尔泰狗哇花、白草、披针苔草、铁杆蒿等占优势。群落丰富度指数（S）乔木林21.2±4.8，森林区灌木林21.7±5.7，森林草原区灌木林12±1.7，多样性指数D值与H′值乔木林为0933±0.022和2.519±0.023，森林区灌木林为0.917±0.040和2.755±0.368，森林草原区灌木林是0.861±0.023和2.190±0.126；均匀度指数J值与E值乔木林是0.837±0.200和0.840±0.257，森林区灌木林是0.923±0.047和0.806±0.064，森林草原区灌木林是0.885±0.036和0.790±0.083；统计分析显示，S,D和H′值森林区乔木林与灌木林差异不显著，但都极显著（P<0.01）高于森林草原区灌木林，J和E值无显著差异，其中丰富度指数变异系数森林区灌木林＞乔木林＞森林草原区灌木林，而多样性指数和均匀度指数变异系数乔木林＞森林草原区灌木林＞森林区灌木林。群落不同层次 D值和H′值乔木林乔木层、灌木层差异不显著，但显著低于草本层，其变异系数灌木层＞乔木层＞草本层；灌木林草本层显著（P<0.05）或极显著（P<0.01）高于灌木层，其变异系数灌木层＞草本层，J值和E值在群落（乔）灌草层之间无显著差异。根据天然文冠果林的群落结构特征，人工文冠果油料林营造和经营管理过程中应注意树种的混交搭配和地被植物多样性的培育，以提高林地的生态功能。

Abstract:Xanthoceras sorbifolia, the most important seed oil tree for bioenergy in North China, mainly distributes in North Shaanxi Loess Plateau and other regions with similar environment. The research on the community structure of X. sorbifolia natural forest and its variations with locations could promote scientifically the construction and management of X. sorbifolia plantation in the future. The structure, species component and plant diversity of X. sorbifolia communities were studied based on 32 plots in forest and forest-prairie zone. The research concluded that X. sorbifolia exists in both forest and bush in forest area, while only bushes in forest-prairie zone. There are 77 species of vascular plants within all plots belonging to 27 families and 65 genera in total. For X. sorbifolia forest, Pinus tabulaeformis and X. sorbifolia are dominant tree species in upper layer, Sophora viciifolia, Rosa hugonis and Lonicera ferdinandii in shrub layer and Dendranthema indicum, Artemisia gmelini, Stipa bungeana and Carex lanceolata in herbage layer; for X. sorbifolia shrub forest, X. sorbifolia, S. viciifolia, Vitex negundo are dominant shrub species, while Heteropappus altaicus，Pennisetum flaccidum, Carex lanceolata, Artemisia gmelini etc. take majority in herbage layer. The Richness (S) indices describing the diversity of the communities respectively are 21.2±4.8 for arbor forest, 21.7±5.7 for bush type in forest area, 12.0±1.7 for bush type in forest-prairie area; Simpson′s diversity indices (D), Shannon-Wiener′s diversity indices (H ) are respectively 0.933±0.022 and 2519±0.023 in forest; 0.917±0.040 and 2.755±0.368 for bush type in forest area, 0.861±0.023 and 2.190±0126 for bush type in forest-prairie zone; Pielou′s evenness indices (J) and Alatalo evennes indices (E) are respectively 0.837±0.200 and 0.840±0.257 in forest, 0.923±0.047 and 0.806±0.064 for bush type in forest area, and 0.885±0.036 and 0.790±0.083 for bush type in forest-prairie zone. Meanwhile, the results from ANOVA showed that the values of S,D and H′ reveal no significant difference between forest and bushes in forest area but are much higher than those in forest-prairie area with significant difference among them（P<0.01）. J and E have no significant difference. The order of Richness variance is: bushes in forest area＞forest＞bushes in forest-prairie zone, whereas variation coefficient of diversity indices and evenness follows the order: forest＞bushes in forest-prairie zone＞bushes in forest area. The values of D and H′ of arbor and shrub layers in arbor forest show no significant differences but are much lower than that in herbage one, of which the order of variance is: bushes>forest>herbage. For the bush forest, values of D and H′ in herbage layer are significantly higher than those in shrub layer （P<0.05）or much more significantly higher（P<0.01）, of which the order of variation coefficient follows the order: bush layer>herbage layer; and there are no significant difference among different layers regarding J and E. According to the natural structures of X. sorbifolia forest, attentions should be paid the arrangement of tree species and the development of plant diversity in herb layer in the oil plantation of Xanthoceras sorbifolia so as to enhance the ecological function of the forest land.

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