作 者 ：杨晓亚,于振文*,许振柱
期 刊 ：生态学报 2009年 29卷 2期 页码：846~853
Keywords:irrigation amount, wheat, water consumption characteristics, nitrogen accumulation and allocation, yield,
摘 要 ：在田间试验条件下，以小麦品种济麦20为材料，研究了不同灌水处理对小麦的耗水特性和氮素积累分配的影响。试验设置7个处理：不浇水（W0）；拔节期和开花期浇水，每次灌水量为30mm（W1）、60mm （W2）、90mm（W3）；拔节期、开花期和灌浆期浇水，每次灌水量为30mm（W4）、60mm （W5）、90mm（W6）。研究结果表明：（1）随灌水量的增加，总耗水量逐渐增加，土壤耗水量和降水量占总耗水量的比例降低。产量和水分利用率最高的W2和W4处理总耗水量分别为413.87，362.15mm；灌溉量、降水量、土壤耗水量分别占总耗水量的比例为29％、36.34％、34.66％，24.85％、41.53％、33.62％；两个处理比较，W4处理提高了对降水的利用比例，但降低了对灌溉水的利用比例。通过对全生育期0～200cm不同土层土壤耗水量的研究得出，W0和W1处理的深层土壤耗水量较低，W3、W5、W6处理的0～200cm 每个土层土壤耗水量均较低，对W2和W4处理，小麦能够利用120～200cm的深层土壤水分，其土壤贮水消耗量显著增加。（2）W2处理的籽粒氮素积累量较高，W1、W4处理籽粒中的氮素分配比例显著高于其它处理，有灌浆水的处理，尤其是灌浆水高于30mm的处理，营养器官氮素转移率和贡献率显著降低；W4处理的籽粒蛋白质含量较高，W2和W4处理的籽粒蛋白质产量显著高于其它处理。（3）籽粒产量随着灌水量的增加先升高后降低，其中W2和W4处理显著高于其它处理；W4处理的产量水分利用效率和蛋白质产量水分利用率显著高于其它处理。结果表明，W4为本试验条件下高产节水的最佳灌水处理。
Abstract:Agricultural water resource is greatly limited in the Huang-Huai-Hai plain of China, a continental monsoon region in warm temperate zone, especially during winter wheat growth period. No sufficient surface water resources are available for irrigation while the traditional and mostly current irrigation regimes are not well made so far leading to water waste to a certain extent. The experiment was conducted to elucidate the effects of different irrigation treatments on water consumption characteristics, and nitrogen accumulation and allocation in wheat plants. The results may be helpful to determine a best irrigation regime suited for this region. The experiment was conducted in the field at the Agricultural Experiment Station (latitude 36°09′N, longitude 117°09′ E) of Shandong Agricultural University (Taian, Shandong Province, China) during the winter wheat growing season (from the fall of 2005 to the summer of 2006), which is located in the central zone in the Huang Huai Hai Plain of China. The winter wheat cultivar was Jimai 20. The experiment had seven treatments: no irrigation during the whole growth season (represented as W0); irrigated at jointing and anthesis stages, and irrigation amount was 30mm(W1), 60mm(W2), 90mm(W3), respectively; irrigated at jointing, anthesis and filling stages, and irrigation amount also was 30mm(W4), 60mm(W5), 90mm(W6), respectively. Each treatment had 3 replicates, with a plot of 1.5m 6m. We mounted the width of 1.5m isolation to put apart every plot. We used water meters to strictly control irrigation amount. Wheat seeds was sowed on October 10 in 2005, with plant density of 180 m-2. The results of this experiment showed that, with the increase in irrigation water amount, the total water consumption were reduced. The total water consumption amounts of treatment W2 and W4, with the highest yield and water use efficiency were 413.87mm, 362.15mm respectively; the ratio of irrigation amount, precipitation, and soil water consumption amount to total water consumption amount were 29%, 36.34%, 34.66%, 24.85%, 41.53%, 33.62%, respectively. And these compositions of water consumption ratio promoted wheat production and water use efficiency. Compared with treatment W2 treatment W4 increased the ratio of precipitation to total water consumption amount and reduced the ratio of irrigation amount to total water consumption amount. Through measuring soil water consumption amount of 0 to 200cm different layers during the whole growth, we found that deep soil layer water consumption amounts of treatment W0 and W1 were less and each soil layer water consumption amount of treatment W3, W5, W6 from 0 to 200cm were lower. Treatments W2 and W4 would take advantage of 120 to 200cm soil layer moisture, because of great water demand by increasing soil water consumption amount. Through determining nitrogen concentration, the grain nitrogen accumulation amount of treatment W2 was the highest. The proportion of nitrogen accumulation of treatment W1 and W4 was significantly higher than other treatments. For the treatments irrigated at filling stage, especially with irrigation amount of more than 30mm, the nitrogen translocation efficiency and contribution proportion of vegetative organs were reduced significantly. The grain protein content of treatment W4 was the highest. With the irrigation amount increasing, the grain yield first increased, thereafter reduced. The grain protein yield and grain yield of treatment W2 and W4 were not significantly different. The water use efficiency and protein water use efficiency of treatment W4 was significantly higher relative to other treatments. In conclusion, treatment W4 had higher grain yield and water use efficiency, it was suggested that treatment W4 may be the best irrigation regime in irrigation management practices.
全 文 ：