Abstract:With the commercial planting of transgenic plants on a large scale, their impacts on non-target organisms have become an important part of risk assessment of transgenic organisms. The flowers of many transgenic plants are phanerogams that require bees for pollination. Some transgenic plants do not need bee pollination but are important food sources for bees. Transgenic plants with resistance traits may have direct or indirect effects on bees. Direct effects may arise upon ingestion of transgene products (pr...