全 文 ：己 7—0
第 19卷第 5期
1999年 9月
生 态 学 报
ACTA ECOLOGICA SINICA
V01．19．No．5
Sept．，1999
残次油松林群落特征与生物多样性恢复
⋯ 隆 57 f 大军 — l∞o，2．河北省雾灵山国家级自然保护区，兴) )／J’‘ ／
抽要 ：在河北省 隆县雾是山国家级 自然保护区研究了经长期人为破坏的残扶油橙林的群落特征及其在不 同保护年限
下的生物多样性恢复规律 研究表明，与正常林分相 比，残披林的物种多样性指数大幅度降低，物种数量显著减少 在植
物和 昆虫群落各项参数的变化中．以寝术和天敌昆虫类群受影响最大 ，其科教分别减少 55 56 和 6O ，科一种多样性指
数分别减少 30．1 和 60 72 。随保护年限的增 加，植物群落呈现明显的规律性变化，在保护早期，科、种赦无明显变化
个体数大幅度增加 ，多样性指数略有降低，此期为十体数量恢 复时期 ，保护 中期，种数迅速增加，十 体数减少 ，多样性指数
增加．国而 ，该期是物种的重要雠复时期；此后，科的组成变化明显，科散和科一种多样性指数显著增加 昆虫群落的变化
特别是 ，早期植食性 昆虫的科、种 ．个体数均明显增 加．随保护年限延长，所 有奘群的多样性指数持续增加，特别是保护中
期整十群 落的科教厦 天敌昆虫共 群的科 种数与多样性指数增加最 为显著，分别增加了 28．26 ，56．25 、44．8 和
38．97 ，此期为昆虫群落得到最大程度的恢复时期 可见，在油橙残次林 的恢复过程中，1Oa左右是群落恢复的戋键时
期，近 20a可接近未受破坏 的水平
关蕾诃：群落特征；生物多样性恢复，油松林
Community characteristics of degraded Chinese pine stands and
their biodiversity restoration
GAO Bao-Jia ·LIDong—Yi ，CAIW an—Po ，YU Fu Cai (1．HP Agri hMral i~rsity，Baodi
071000．c ^M I2 Nature Rese~ of Igullng Mountain Heb~" China)
Abstract：The community characteristics of degraded Chinese pine (Pinus tabulaeforrais Carr．)stands
which were damaged／or a long time (23 years)by mankind and the restoration of their biodiversity after
different years (2，5，ll and 19 years)of protection were studied．Investigations showed that the numbers
of species in the degraded stands,4vpre~hviously reduced and their diversity indices were significantly[o~er
compared with that in the stands without damage．For the variation degrees of plant and insect groups，
shrub and natural enemy insect groups were mostly affected with decreases of 55．56 and 60 in family
number，and 30-1 and 60．72 in family—species diversity indices．W ith the prolonging of protection，
plant community was found changed regularly．In the early period of protection(2～ 5 years)．the numhers
of family and species showed no obvious changest number of individuals significantly increased，and the di
versity indices decreased slightly．In the middle period of protection (11 years)，species numbers increased
sharply．the number of individuals decreased．and the diversity indices raised，s0 this period WaS featured
mainly with species restoration．Alter this，the compositions of families changed a lot．the family numbers
and family—species diversity indices significantly increased．The features／or the changes of the insect corn-
mun[ty were thatt in the early protect[on period，all the numbers of family，species and individuals in—
creased together with the obvious increment of pbytophagous insect groups，and that，the species diversity
indices of al the groups increased continuously with stand protection featuring in considerable increases of
the numbers of family and species and diversity index of the natural enemy insect group in the middle pro—
tect Jon period．
Foundation item：The research is financed by National Sdence Foundation of China
Recelved date：1997—05 10
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生 态 学 报 19卷
Key word5：community characteristics；biodiversity restoration；Chinese pine stand
文章绾号 ：i000—0933(1999)05—0647—07 中田分类号 ：S718．55+3 文献标识码 A
A large area of degraded Chinese pine stands has been formed in the northern mountainous 8teas of
Hehe i Province due to the overpruning，overcutting and overgrazing in the past decades．These stands pos-
sess the characteristics of obovious changes in community composition，significant decline in biodiversity
and community unstability．And these stands are often found as the outbreak base of many pests like pine
caterpillar．However，some degrad ed stands have been restored in biocommunity through artificial protec—
tions．Therefore·to study the affected community of the degraded stands and the variation patterns in
community diversity restoration of the protected stands are rather important in studying the stable mocha—
nism of communitytin searchingforthe protectionwaysfor hiodiversity，in analyzingthe community caus-
es of pest outbreaks·and in perfecting the theories for integrated pest contro1．
1 M ethods
1．1 Location of investigations and stand status
The investigations were carried OUt in Wulingshan State Nature Reserve in Xinglong county of Hehei
Province．Different stands of Chinese pine as the degraded stands，normal stands(no damaged)and the
degraded stands with various years of protection were selec ted in this ieseai-ch．These stands have similar
basic status such as stand age—site type and distance from the residential areas．The basic status of the dif—
ferent&taad s are listed in table 1．
Table 1 Is|c$“It岫 of v"I aIIn嘴 衅 It·I血
1．2 Sampling methods
Investigations were carried out in the above stand s from 1990 to 1995．In each stand．2 sample plots
of 3O× 30m were estabhshed．In each sample plot．5 sample points of 3X3m were set up．During investi—
Ration，the species，heights and number of plants together with species and numbers of insects in each
sample point were recorded．Meanwhile，200 nets were taken randomly in a stand to catch insects，and
their spe cies and numbers were reco rded．
1．3 Statistics
For the calculation of diversity index，the formula of Shannon—Weiner H 一 2 lnP．was used．In the
diversity index of family—species．P indicates the ratio of the species number of family to the total species
number．In the diversity index of vertical structure+P indicates the ratio of individuaI numbers at i layer
height to the total individual numbers．口diversity index w／is calculated with Cody Index： 一Eg(日)--l
(日)：／z．In the formula g(日)indicates the number of increased species and I(H)indicates the number of
decreased species along with the environmental gradient．
2 Results and analysis
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5期 高宝嘉等：残次油松林群落特征与生物多样性恢复 64g
2．1 Community characteristics of degraded Chinese pine stands
Firstly．investigations were given to the degraded stands with many years of human damage (No．1)
and to the normal stands with no damage (No．2)．Thent their community characteristics were compared．
It was,fnund that the speciest individual number and diversity of both plants and insects between the two
kinds of stands were obviously different．Investigation results are shown in tabh 2 and table 3
Table 2 Comptrison 口ant emmmmalt~ _ra “ be en the degraded
and n0rm I Chinese lane stands
Table 2 shows that the family and species numbers of plant in the degraded Chinese pine stands were
declined by 47．06 and 46．27 respectively compared with the normaI stands．All the diversity indices
were also reduced obviously．However，their individual numbers had no signifcant difference．The results
show that many years of human damage to the stands resulted in environment deterioration，and that the
species of adaptable plants decreased with domination by only a few plant families．The variation patterns
of bush and grass plants under the trees were tha t all the community indices in the degraded stands except
the ind ividual number of grass plants were lower than that in the normal stand．And the bush plants re—
duced the most，fami number reduced by 55 ，individual number by 6O ．so that，long term damage
to the community mostly affected the bush plants．
Table 3 Comtmrlson of insect tmmmunlty~har~ tertstks between tbe degraded
and normal Chinese pile stands
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650 生 态 学 报 l9卷
For the variation of insect community，all the indices in the degraded stands were lower than those of
the normal ones．Of which the family number and family—species diversity indices reduced the most This
indicates that long term human damage to the stands significantly affected the insect community．As to the
variation of different insect group，the reduction of family numbers was greater than species numbers and
individual numbers，in which the predacious insects，parasitic insects and sap—sucking insects were found
mostly reduced by 66．7 ．54．5％and 54．5 ·respectively．Moreover，in the various insect groups．the
diversity index of naturfl enemy insects was obviously reduced compared with those of phytophagous in—
sects and others．This shows that the natural enemy insects are more easily affected by human damages to
the Slitnds． ．
2．2 q d versity variation of Chinese pine stands
In order to learn the restoration status of biodversity of the stands under human protections，compar—
ative investigations were窖lyen to the Chinese pine stands with different years of closing and protection．
2．2．1 Diversity variation of plant comm unity
Along with the prolongation of protected periods．plant community showed a regular pattern of varia—
tion．The results are shown in table 4．Results showed that，in the early period of protection，the num—
bets of family and species of plant had no obvious changes，individual numbers increased much，diversity
index of plant species slightly reduced，diversity index of vertical structures slightly increased．These were
directly related to the status of incompletely restored growth of Chinese pine in the early protection and to
the unimproved en ronment of the whole stand．0f the increase of indivlduaI plant numbers，the plants jn
grass family increased mostly with a figure of 101 ．These demonstrated that，in the early period of pro—
tect／on．the restoration of plant community was dominated with the increase of individual plant number，
but not ts com position．
Tmble 4 Vltrlatlol 0f m alt community of a l pine with various
periods of proteetl~
For the stands with middle and long periods (1l～ 19 years)of protection．their composition and dev—
ersity of plant community were found obviously change d， (1)The numbers of fami ly and species s nifi
cantly increased by 27．8 and 5。．O in the middle protection period respectively，and 72．7 for both
numbers in the long protection period compared with those of degraded stands． Analysis shows that
61．5 of the increased family numbers occurred after closing of the middle protection period ，and 69．2
of the increased species numbers was be fore this protection．This further indicates 10 years of protection
mainly accelerated the restoration of plant species，while plant family wag restored from longer protection．
(2)The individual number of plant in the long protection period veas decreased compared with that in early
protection．This was resulted from the restoration of plant community and the improved environment in
the stands．Also，shade—living plantsincreased．andtheindividual numbers ofgrassfamilywhich domlnat—
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5期 高宝嘉等 ：残次油松林群落特征与生物多样性恢复 651
ed in the early protection period started to decrease． (3)Al the diversity indices were found significantly
increased along with the prolonging of protection years．Of which，the diversity index of plant species in-
creased much in the middle protection period·f~mi|y—species diversity index increased most|y started trom
the period of middle protection．However，the diversity index of vertical structure showed a tendency of
successive inerease．
2．2．2 Diversity variation oI insect community
Investigations showed that insect community in the stands was also changed along with the diversity
restoration of plant community．The results were given in table 5．
Table 5 shows that the variation tendency of insect community was similar to that of plant community
along with the protec ted years to the stands．In early protection period，individual insect numbers showed
slightly increase·hut were down from middle protection pe riod However，the numbers of family and
species obviously increased in early protection by 12．0 and 19．O respectively．Diversity index also
showed some increase．These indicated that insectS wete sensitive to the
cre s ot tamity arLd species numbers mostly occurred in the period ot 5～ 11 years of protection to the
stands，and family number changed significantly by 28．26 ．This demonstrated that this period was most
of importance for the restoration of insect community．Further analysis was given to the changes of various
insect groups in the insect community，and the etfects of environment on insect community were made
clear．The variations are shown in table 6．
TaMe 6 shows that，in the early protection period，the increases of family，species and individual
numbers of phytopha gous insects were more than those of natural enemy insects，but the diversity index
showed some decrease．In the middle period of protection，all the insect groups changed a lot．The family
number，spe cies number and diversity index of natural enemy insect group greatly increased by 56．25 ，
44．8Nand 38．97 respectively compared with those of degraded stands．This indicates natural enemy insect
group was mostly restored in this period．The effects of long time protection for the stands on the insect
comraunlty provided successive increase in family numbe r，species number and diversity index for al[the
insect groups，decrease in individual number of phytophagous insect。in further increase in individual hum—
hers of natural enemy insects，turning to the high diversity of community，more serious control inside the
community，and improvement in stability of the community．
Table 5 Dlverslty variations of Insect community in Chinese pine stands
with different years 0f protect／on
2．3 diversity variation of Chinese pine stands
For the sake of analyzing the variation status of the community structure of Chinese pine stands in
their restoration， diversity indices of plant and insect communities were calculated with Cody Index at
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652 生 态 学 报 l9卷
the gradient of different protection years(table 7)
Table 6 Variations 0f various Insect groups of~msect community with
different years of stand protection
Table 7 shows that the diversity indices of plant and insect community in the stands which were pro-
tected for 11 years is higher than that in other stands along with the gradient variation of protection years．
This indicates that the variation of composition structure of insect community is the most obvious and口di—
versity indices of plant community tend to increase in that stage of protection．Analyzing the variation sta—
tUS of various type stands can find that along with the prolongation of protection time，口diversity indices
of plant community don’t increase obviously but those of insect community increase greatly in the stands of
shorter protection time，and that the口diversity indices increase in plant community but they tend to de-
crease year by year in insect community in the middle and long protection stands．This can further indicate
that insect community had restored obviously in the early protection period and the most variation of it is in
10 years of protection．the restoration of plant community need longer protection time．
TaWe 7 芦diversity Indices of p】ant and Insect comm~ fles in
difereat protection years
P— — PhⅡt community：I—— Insect community
3 ConclusioⅡs and discussion
3．1 The community characteristics of degraded Chinese pine stands by many years of human damage
were hck of plant species，simp1e community composition and vertical structure，low biodiversity index．It
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5期 高宝嘉等 ：残次油橙林群落特征与生物多样性恢复 653
was found that hush plants were affected mostly．And the numbers of family and species of insect comTflU—
nity decreased，biodiversity reduced．The insect group of natural enemy decreased most significantly．The
dormant species of phytophagous insects turned tO be obvious．And the whole community was rather U．n—
stable．
3．2 The restoration pattern of community diversity which was under human protection wBs slow restora—
tion of plant community．In early restoration，indiv／dual number increase dominated the Yestoration． A—
long with the prolonging of protected years，the composition of plant family and species changed a lot，and
their numbers continued to increase．insect community was found sensitice to environment．1n the early
protection period，insect species obviously increased．In the middle pe riod ，the whole community changed
s n拄icantly，especially the restoration of natural enemy insect group．
3．3 For the restoration of natural Chinese pine stands in north China，10th year of protection was criti—
ca1．After 20 years of protection，the stands were restored similar to the normal stands．In the forest mBn—
agement，attentions should he given tO the protection of the whole community，in order tO accelerate the
restoration of biod iversity of the community and make it relatively stable．
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