作 者 ：常旭虹 赵广才 王德梅 杨玉双 马少康 李振华 李辉利 贾二红 陈枫
期 刊 ：植物营养与肥料学报 2014年 20卷 4期 页码：885-895
Keywords:wheat, ecological environment, nitrogen application rate, micronutrient,
摘 要 ：【目的】铁、 锰、 铜、 锌等微量元素含量的高低不仅直接关系到小麦植株的生长发育也直接影响到小麦籽粒的营养价值。不同地区、 品种以及种植方式小麦微量元素营养品质不稳定。本试验主要研究不同生态环境与栽培措施协同对小麦籽粒微量元素含量的影响，以期为小麦高产优质生产提供参考。【方法】试验位于生态环境差异较大的北京、 河北任丘和河北赵县，采用裂区设计，以试验点为主区，即任丘、 北京、 赵县； 施氮量为副区，设5个氮素水平0、 90、 180、 270、 360 kg/hm2； 小麦品种为副副区，为济麦20、 皖麦38、 京冬8号、 中麦8号。收获后于每个小区中随机取样测定籽粒样品中Fe、 Mn、 Cu、 Zn等4种微量元素的含量。比较微量元素含量的差异显著性，分析不同试点生态条件与施氮量对小麦微量元素含量的影响，探讨不同生态环境下小麦微量元素含量的稳定性以及氮肥的调控补偿效应。【结果】 1）小麦籽粒中铁、 锰、 铜、 锌微量元素含量受生态环境、 栽培因素及品种遗传因素的共同作用，各试验因子均对其有显著影响。其中以生态环境的影响最大，生态环境差异越大，对小麦微量元素的影响作用越大。降水量可以影响小麦对铁和锰的吸收， 锌则受土壤有机质含量和试点纬度影响较大； 土壤中的钾可以促进小麦对铁、 锰、 铜、 锌的吸收利用。2）在0~360 kg/hm2 施氮范围内，氮肥有利于促进小麦对土壤中铁、 铜和锌的吸收，不利于锰的吸收积累。适当施用氮肥有利于缩小小麦籽粒铁、 锰、 铜元素含量的生态环境变异，提高其生态稳定性，但对锌元素试点间稳定性影响较小。施用氮肥对不同小麦品种微量元素含量差异有不同程度的调节效应，有利于缩小小麦品种间铁、 锰、 锌含量的差异。【结论】栽培环境对小麦籽粒微量元素含量的影响大于遗传因素，即小麦籽粒微量元素含量有较强的栽培可塑性。施氮有利于弥补生态环境或品种差异引起的微量元素含量不稳定性，调节品种差异并补偿生态环境对小麦造成的不利影响。适宜的栽培环境对提高小麦籽粒微量元素含量有明显效果。
Abstract:【Objectives】 Microelements are important parts of wheat grain. The contents of Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn, not only directly affect the growth of wheat plants, but also the nutritional quality of wheat grain. The micronutrient contents are varied in different ecological regions, cultivars as well as fertilization practices. To provide a reference for stable development of wheat quality, effects of different ecological environment and cultivation on microelements contents in wheat grain were studied through a synchronous test.【Methods】Experiment were carried out simultaneously in three ecological test sites, namely Renqiu, Beijing and Zhaoxian in 2009-2011. Split plot design was used with the test area as the main plot, nitrogen level as subplot, which is arranged with 0, 90, 180, 270 and 360 kg/ha and wheat cultivar as sub-subplot, which includes Jimai 20, Wanmai 38, Jingdong 8 and ZhongMai 8. The contents of microelements (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn) in wheat grain from different plots were determined after the harvest. The microelement contents in different ecological conditions and nitrogen levels were analyzed, and the ecological stability of the microelement contents and regulate compensation effect of nitrogen application on the microelement contents under different environment conditions were discussed.【Results】1) The results show that the contents of microelements (Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn) are affected by all the three factors significantly. The highest difference is from ecological environment. The absorption of precipitation Fe and Mn is affected, and Zn element by soil organic matter content and latitude of experiment site. Soil potassium content can promote the Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn absorption and utilization in wheat. 2)Within the 0-360 kg/ha of N fertilizer use levels, the N fertilizer application is beneficial for the absorption of Fe, Cu and Zn by wheat, not to that of Mn. Proper application of N fertilizer is beneficial to reducing variations in the contents of Fe, Mn and Zn caused by ecological enviroment, not obvious to that of Zn among environments. The moderating effects of N fertilizer on the grain microelement contents are different in wheat cultivars. Proper application rate of nitrogen fertilizer narrows the differences of the contents of Fe, Mn and Zn in cultivars. 【Conclusions】The effect of cultivation environment on the micronutrient contents of wheat grain is higher than that of genetic factors, that is, the microelement contents have strong cultivation plasticity. Nitrogen fertilizer has compensation effect to the instability of the microelement contents caused by adverse ecological environments or cultivars. Reasonable cultivation environment can effectively improve the micronutrient contents in wheat grains.
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