Based on a 22 years long-term experiment of applying fertilizers on continuous wheat, the effect of fertilization on soil fertility and nitrate accumulation of black loessial soil of dry land in Loess Plateau was studied. The result showed that long-term application of manure and combination applying of NPM could significantly increase soil fertility. Compared to the soil nutrient content in 1984, the farmland under current fertilization increased the contents of soil organic matter, total N, total P available N, available P and available K by 27.1%, 84.2%, 34.8%, 46.9%, 540.0% and 10.2%，respectively. The soil fertility status was similar to the soil under NP treatment in the long-term experiment. Combination applying NP or NPM could reduce nitrate accumulation and leaching. The highest nitrate accumulation (1006.4 kg/ha) was found under the treatment of solo N application. Soil nitrate accumulation in field was lower than that under long-term experiment.