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Differentiation and Regulation of the Shoot Apical Meristem

植物茎尖分生组织分化调控机制研究进展



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,2016,36(5):1055-1065
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LU Weichao,ZHAOJianguo,ZHANGLi,JINBiao
(ColegeofHorticultureandPlantProtection,YangzhouUniversity,Yangzhou,Jiangsu225009,China)
犃犫狊狋狉犪犮狋:Theshootapicalmeristem(SAM),whichisthetissuelocatedatthetopofaplant,cancontinu
alyundergodifferentiation.TheSAMgivesrisetoalabovegroundorgans,suchasthestems,leaves,
andflowers,throughceldivisionanddifferentiation.SAMdevelopmentiscontroledbytheexternalenvi
ronment,endogenoushormones,andmolecularregulation,accordinglywithphasedcharacteristicsofthe
SAM.Here,wesummarizerecentadvancesinourunderstandingofthemorphologicalstructureofthe
SAMandhowitisaffectedbyenvironmentalfactors,hormones,andmolecularregulatorynetworks.We
alsopresenttheresearchstatusonSAM,includingunsolvedproblemsandfutureresearchdirections.
犓犲狔狑狅狉犱狊:shootapicalmeristem;differentiation;morphologicalstructure;environmentalfactors;hor
mone;molecularregulation
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LŠ‹º»0q&z
Ijm‡„ˆ‰
[46]。
ÁÓ,·„;Kn 犃犚犉7
(犃犝犡犐犖犚犈犖犛犘犗犖犛犈犉犃犆犜犗犚7,犃犚犉7)‡§
犌犃20狅狓,,·„ù;>I,_`~=ÅOGA2ox
`m§à
[47](
A3)。Ž‘IŽ犓犖犗犡öƒ‚ƒ>]
^I,_`mIjn9}Y#$‡„CTK、GAr,
·„œ…8V

†ÝŠ‹Ij9

‘’AIL/PLT(AINTEGUMENTALIKE/
8501 ! " # $ % &                   36´
ÓÔ]^‚ŽA
:a.]^GH_`I4A;b.,·„(AUXIN)J€A9IBA;c.GHIo„(CTK)J€A9IBA;
P1.0͸qž4#;P2.ÏÚ͸qž4#;P0.5A2 ÓÔ]^,·„rGHIo„mJ€IB(²|•³[38])
Thescanningelectronmicroscope(SEM)imageofatomatoSAM:a.CelularcompartmentofSAM;b.Thespatialdistribution
ofauxin;c.Thespatialdistributionofcytokinin(CTK);P1.Theprimordiumoftheyoungestinitiatingleaf;P2.Thenext
oldestleaf;P0.Theregionrecruitedtoproducethenextleafprimordium
Fig.2 Thespatialdistributionofauxinandcytokinin(CTK)intheshoottip(modifiedfromRef.[38])
CZ.}>?GH4;PZ.,=I,_`4;RZ.@­I,_`4;light.¬±;CTK.GHIo„;CTKsignal.GHIo„L®;
犆犔犞3.犆犔犞3öƒ;犠犝犛.犠犝犛öƒ;犃犚犚.犃犚犚öƒ;犔犆犚.犔犆犚öƒ;Auxin.,·„;犃犚犉.,·„~B;犌犃2狅狓.犌犃2-j`öƒ;
犌犃20狅狓.犌犃20-j`öƒ;GA.no„;犓犖犗犡1.犓犖犗犡1öƒ;犐犘犜7.犐犘犜7öƒ;犛犘犔.犛犘犔öƒ;犃犘2.犃犘2öƒ;IAAPIN1loop.
,·„PIN1ÖôŒŠ};犜犆犘.犜犆犘öƒ;犆犝犆.犆犝犆öƒ;DNAmethylation.DNA[öj;histonemodification.
_Ö‘’
;chromatinremodeling.“ù7æ”
•ù4#É5<͸q-ö|b

Íù–—ÉOM^

˜ù-™ÉÑÿM^

˜ùš™É›>ÑÿM^

˜ùœ.miRNA;•ùœ.‡„;öƒ.6ùœ
A3 ]^I,_`IjIJŠ‹kl
CZ.Thecentralzone;PZ.Theperipheralzone;RZ.Theribzone;CTK.Cytokinin;犆犔犞3.犆犔犃犞犃犜犃3;犠犝犛.犠犝犛犆犎犈犔;
犃犚犚.犃犚犃犅犐犇犗犘犛犐犛犚犈犛犘犗犖犛犈犚犈犌犝犔犃犜犗犚;犔犆犚.犔犈犃犉犆犝犚犔犐犖犌犚犈犛犘犗犖犛犐犞犈犖犈犛犛;犃犚犉.犃犝犡犐犖犚犈犖犛犘犗犖犛犈
犉犃犆犜犗犚;犌犃2狅狓.犌犃2狅狓犻犱犪狊犲;犌犃20狅狓.犌犃20狅狓犻犱犪狊犲;GA.Gibberelin;犓犖犗犡1.犮犾犪狊狊犐犓犖犗犜犜犈犇1犔犐犓犈犎犗犕犈犗犅犗犡;
犐犘犜7.犐犛犗犘犈犖犜犈犖犢犔犜犚犃犖犛犉犈犚犃犛犈7;犛犘犔.犛犙犝犃犕犗犛犃犘犚犗犕犗犜犈犚犅犐犖犇犐犖犌犘犚犗犜犈犐犖犔犐犓犈;犃犘2.犃犘犈犜犃犔犃2;
犜犆犘.犜犈犗犛犐犖犜犈犅犚犃犖犆犎犈犇1,犆犢犆犔犗犐犇犈犃and犘犚犗犔犐犉犈犚犃犜犐犖犌犆犈犔犔犉犃犆犜犗犚1;犆犝犆.犆犝犘犛犎犃犘犈犇犆犗犜犢犔犈犇犗犖.
Theblueframe.theregionrecruitedtoproducethenextleafprimordium;Blackarrow.promotion;Redsolidline.inhibition;
Redimaginaryline.potentialinhibition;Redblock.miRNA;Blueblock.hormone;Greenblock.gene
Fig.3 RegulatorynetworksinthecontroloftheSAMceldifferentiation
95015¿              :;<,t:#$]^I,_`IjŠ‹þÿ*+ž
PLETHORA,AIL/PLT)yzƒJëc AP2/
ERF (APETALA2/ETHYLENE RESPONSE
FACTOR,AP2/ERF)‚ƒ,BCáâaÝóÖg
&}º60~70}Zöí_xm¶9ZžDNA 
—4

Kn,·„Š‹K9>#$,·¸¹n9}
¸@M^
[48]。
^_yzƒJAIL/PLT‚ƒmöƒ
犃犖犜(犃犐犖犜犈犌犝犕犈犖犜犃,犃犖犜)、犃犐犔6(犃犐犖
犜犈犌犝犕犈犖犜犃犔犐犓犈6,犃犐犔6)/犘犔犜3(犘犔犈犜犎
犗犚犃3,犘犔犜3)r 犃犐犔7(犃犐犖犜犈犌犝犕犈犖犜犃
犔犐犓犈7,犃犐犔7)/犘犔犜7(犘犔犈犜犎犗犚犃7,犘犔犜7)k‡YŠ‹]^I,_`mIj§à

ÚÛöƒm
,5¯Œ#y]^I,_`mIj§à

*+¸
,·7dm犪狀狋、犪犻犾6r犪犻犾7‘’D“BM¥,
FGH4#GHIoIjÿóm˜

«G‡
Y Š ‹ ] ^ w Ÿ Ÿ   m 犠犝犛 (犠犝犛犆犎犈犔,
犠犝犛)、犆犔犞3(犆犔犃犞犃犜犃3,犆犔犞3)r犛犜犕 öƒ
ù\¸,öbŽú
[49]。
#$,·n9}

Û]^I,_`IBgV×
±IjmFGH

Î^I,_`ùÖgV×FGH

BCIjwx#$zÂ|I

ϓÚ2N{ëcI
,_`G\ÖgFGH

Òºc”Ÿm ¡r¨k
g‘’m»Ý

½¢>¦FGH§à£Ij¨km
IJŠ‹þÿ{fg’Èõt

Ó

yzƒJ
WOX5(WUSCHELRELATED HOMEOBOX5,
WOX5)¯ >Î^ QC(quiescentcenter,QC)4#
áöŽú

BC‡YŠ‹Î^}FGH§à

«Kn
Ñÿ犆犢犆犇3;3Žú› ¡GHIj,DLO¿Î
^GH¢£
[50]。SHR(SHORTROOT,SHR)r
SCR(SCARECROW,SCR)yzƒJ‡YŠ‹?¦
ÇàGHIj

ÚÌIjg¤cÎ^I,_`wx
‘’mGHId

äSHR+SCR,5¯»N΅
·9“¸¢£QC4#GHôã,Ž‘ÚÛyzƒ
J>;hFGHŸ mn9}‰ËæCM^
[51]。
Ò¬¥*+¸ WOX5rSHR/SCRø>Î^}
gŽú

]^}«rŽú

Ô
,AIL(AINTEGU
MENTALIKE,AIL)‚ƒx¦PLT13(PLETH
ORA13,PLT13)rBBM(BABYBOOM,BBM)
ù‡YŠ‹Î^I,_`áàm;h
。犘犔犜狊>Î
^I,_`}Ÿ Žú
,狆犾狋1狆犾狋2xD“BŽ
Î^I,_`§¨©æªMm˜

[‘犘犔犜狊>
QC…|£,~4#mA9IBk§ŒGHmI
j9
[52]。
“Lg*+¸Ýëc AIL‚ƒmÏ
”x¦Ó犃犖犜、犃犐犔6r犃犐犔7t݌ùk‡YŠ
‹]^I,_`mIj§à
[49]。
¢{*+ á3
‘

gÛyzƒJø>]^+Î^}Žú

aÎ^+
]^}½ágmyzƒJ

gÛ;݌>]^YÎ
^}Žú

ÒÚÛyzƒJ>Î^r]^}‡YG
HIorIjmyzŠ‹þÿa«ƒÝ

ƒœ*+
±¬&­

gš&z*+

4.2 犿犻犚犖犃V6789:;8
miRNAa>{|,$}¸m&sVM·®
20~25}|¯ím…†àfgŠ‹¨km?^_
RNA,Ï;Kn°ö„V¦m¤Ø‹t± mR
NA,LTê± mRNA+N ²± mRNAm³
´

MXú·Ñÿá öƒŽúm4m

#$miR
NAa&Ì?ãæCmyzÁŠ‹ƒJ,µ¶z‡
Y·#$}B¸¹¢£#$¦‚L®m…n9
}
。ⅢŽÝ†öŽ·Zí¸¹(classⅢ HOME
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ÓI,_`wx

S,uv¸,r;½…¾¸¹
t
[53]。Ⅲ Ž 犎犇犣犐犘 ö ƒ ‚ ƒ º ¿ 犘犎犅
(犘犎犃犅犝犔犗犛犃,犘犎犅)、犘犎犞(犘犎犃犞犗犔犝犜犃,
犘犎犞)、犚犈犞(犚犈犞犗犔犝犜犃,犚犈犞)、犃狋犎犅8 r
犃狋犎犅15。*+¸,>‘’犼犪犫犫犪1犇 D“B
}
,miR166nŽúl¯»NⅢŽ 犎犇犣犐犘 öƒ‚
ƒ}犃狋犎犅9/犘犎犞、犃狋犎犅14/犘犎犅 r犃狋犎犅15
m mRNA Š,DLO¿]^I,_`BCÀ
V
[54]。
ې‘’

>_&̍Ø#$ab}

miR166ù;KnÑÿⅢŽ犎犇犣犐犘 Žú›Š‹]
^I,_`mVM

_g*+Ž‘
,犠犝犛 öƒ>
]^}áöŽú
,^
_݆ö¡ŽyzƒJ

BC‡
YI,_`ŽŽ“jmn9

ä miR166>#y}
nŽúŒ
,犠犝犛öƒŽúˆ‰¯g½TÌ,»N]
^I,_`BCÀV
[55]。
Ú۠᎑
,miR166
;KnŠ‹ⅢŽ 犎犇犣犐犘 öƒ‚ƒr犠犝犛 öƒ
›Œ]^I,_`mwŸ ¡

A3)。miR165
±öƒÝcùaⅢŽ 犎犇犣犐犘 öƒ‚ƒ,ÒY
miR166»Ý,miR165nŽúl¯»NⅢŽ 犎犇
犣犐犘 öƒ‚ƒÐ|5}öƒyzˆ‰\ÂT,«¯
»N]^I,_`m,5
[56]。
ºÔ;¬

ϓ
miR166rmiR165‹ÿƒÝ±öƒmyzÁŠ‹,
Ò¦FGH;hmŒ•Ž„Áœ…

>#$}

I,_`mIjn9{Y miR156
rmiR172mÂÃM^gœ[5759]。ÊËIj©,
miR156Žúˆ‰Ê miR172ŽúmÑÒ˶LT
0601 ! " # $ % &                   36´
Ì,
G miR156±öƒ犛犘犔(犛犙犝犃犕犗犛犃犘犚犗
犕犗犜犈犚犅犐犖犇犐犖犌犘犚犗犜犈犐犖犔犐犓犈,犛犘犔)r
miR172±öƒ犃犘2(犃犘犈犜犃犔犃2,犃犘2)>Žú
n9}–„VØ
。犛犘犔a¶t#$ágm
¨köƒ

‡YŠ‹#$Àˆ¸¹

deÄÅrqž
¸¹t

BCáâaÖg&}º80}ÆÇZöíÈ
ö_xm¶9Zž DNA  —#,ÇÉ犛犘犔 ¨k
#
;犃犘2öƒ>#$B…BC‡YŠ‹I,_`m
Ij¸¹

Ͻ^_m AP2/EREBPyzƒJm†
gáÃa{ÝóÖg&}º60~70}ZöíÈö
_xmZžDNA —4,ÇM犃犘2 —#。g*
+Ž‘

Q¶miR156mŽúˆ‰¯»NmiR172§
àÿj

DL ¡I,_`Ij9

ÉÊ0qÍ
¸

“L

äKnŠ‹ miR156#åËÙ犛犘犔Œ,l
¯qžË¾xwrs¿Q¬t˜

s„˜
ù;> miR172±öƒ犃犘2Žúˆ‰ÌÌm#y
}KÍ·
[59]。
_
,miR156±öƒ犛犘犔;IÉ2
Vs

&saMŽ SPL Ö,Ó SPL3、SPL4r
SPL5;_&saVŽSPLÖ,ÓSPL9、SPL10r
SPL15。Ï},VŽ SPLÖÓ SPL9;Š÷Y
miR172bOƒJƒ —[58,60]。ڎ‘SPLÖ;
KnQ¶miR172mŽúˆ‰,LŒ]^I,_
`mIj§à

A3)。Ô,ÎÛ miRNA»ø>]
^}k¦ÏIjn9p,Œ

LG>ϔI,_`
ÓsïI,_`
(inflorescencemeristem,FM)}ùk
‰·s„mM^

Ó miR172Ýc;KnTê犃犘2
öƒŒsïI,_`mIjn9

L犃犘2nŽú
#y¯>sïI,_`SÏÅIjnÙÐÑ
[61]。
Ú3‘miR172KnÑÿ犃犘2mŽú,>sïI,_
`FGHŠ‹n9}ù‰ËæCM^

G犃犘2BC
‡Y;hFGHŸ 
,miR172lO¿FGHIj。
‘’}

I,_`mÒcr;hÓp[-~
犆犝犆(犆犝犘犛犎犃犘犈犇犆犗犜犢犔犈犇犗犖,犆犝犆)öƒ
Š‹
,犆犝犆öƒëcNACyzƒJöƒ‚ƒ,B
C ¡áâaÏ^_Öm N»efg¶9Zž
NAM ¡#,C»el¶9“ö,Éyz‡§¨k
4

*+¸
,犆犝犆 ‚ƒºÖ3}|IÔÕöƒ
犆犝犆1、犆犝犆2r犆犝犆3,L miR164l;Tê犆犝犆1
r犆犝犆2mmRNA[6264]。ÓmiR164nŽú#ym
I,_` ¡¯g,Ö

G>犮狌犮32D“B}
miR164nŽú¯»NI,_`mwx~·Ñÿ,
L miR164D“Bl¯>q.Åp,ÙÕm¤
/
[62]。
«GTÌmiR164mŽúˆ‰¯»NI,_
`~=4#ÀVj

GÚÌÀVj˜Y,=I,
_`GHIjØm²“gœ
[64]。
ÚÛ*+Ž‘

miR164KnTê犆犝犆1r犆犝犆2,LÑÿI,_
`~=4#ÀVj

a]^I,_`IjŠ‹kl
mæC_x|I

_g*+¸
,miR319>I,
_`}mM^Y miR164ƒ„[65]。miR319k§Ñ
ÿϱöƒ 犜犆犘(犜犈犗犛犐犖犜犈犅犚犃犖犆犎犈犇1,
犆犢犆犔犗犐犇犈犃犪狀犱犘犆犉,犜犆犘)Žú,L犜犆犘>
‘’}‡Yqžwxmn9
[66]。
Ô
,犜犆犘 ;Š
÷ —·miR164Š‹ïg,LÑÿώú,DL
º»miR164m±öƒ犆犝犆öbŽú[66,67](A3)。
ºÔ;¬
,miR164rmiR319>I,_`~=4#
œ…8V

†ÝŠ‹]^I,_`mIjn9

R×Øûma

ºc#$ miRNAsYϱöƒ
>°öïg{fg¶9„Và

«GÊË,$Lð
%m»¼¸ž

KnìíHßÓÙk§Úî&Û
miRNAsm±öƒ,Ï}&Ûgœ miRNAs›>±
öƒmÛÜùÑÒpݛÝÙm-Þ á½[
-
[6870]。
g&­aÉ

,·„L®K9}mmÙö
ƒ{a&Û miRNAsm›>±öƒ[69,70]。Ó,·
„ß~ƒJ 犜犐犚犐 pÚîÉ miR393 ›>±ö
ƒ
[69]。
&Û犃犚犉狊ùºÖ›> miRNA —bÃ,
Ó犃犚犉10、犃犚犉16r犃犚犉17a miR160m›>±
öƒ
,犃犚犉6r犃犚犉8amiR167m›>±öƒ[70]。
LARFMÉ,·„…ƒJ,µ¶‡Y·]^I
,_`IjŠ‹n9}

àmiR160rmiR167ùg
;k¯Œ]^I,_`mIj§à

ƒœ"#™
gš*+

A3)。Ô,miR394m±öƒ 犔犆犚
(犔犈犃犉犆犝犚犔犐犖犌犚犈犛犘犗犖犛犐犞犈犖犈犛犛,犔犆犚)
öƒ^_mFboxÖk§ ¡]^I,_`}F
GHmIj§¨

ڎ‘ miR394k§€÷Œ]
^I,_`mIj§¨
[71]。
4.3 WX,Y=>
ÊËás%*+m»¼¸ž

ݛÝهYF
GH¨kŠ‹mIJþÿp¸

;h]^I,_
`áâmöƒBCg犠犝犛、犆犔犞1、犆犔犞3r犛犜犕
t

Ï}*+DÉâ¾mþÿa犠犝犛 r犆犔犞3m
ôŒŠ}
[5]。
*+Ž‘

]^I,_`}®>&
}bc}>?GH4r@­I,_`4ü€Å

º
FGHã_xm_`}T4
(organizingcenter,
OC)。犠犝犛>]^I,_`m_`}T4áöà
Žú

gic;hFGH±Ijmáà

G犠犝犛 A
9m;hùgicŠ‹]^I,_`}FGHme
×
[72]。
ä犠犝犛 §àä5Œ,I,_`}mGH¯
ÄÅ»¼IoIj

MXƒÏ ¡-ƒ¼½Àå

G
16015¿              :;<,t:#$]^I,_`IjŠ‹þÿ*+ž
vgó×qžÍ¸

Ô

>_`}T4{¤m}
>?GH4}g&}ºL®p犆犔犞3、æ·Zí~
BÖ犆犔犞1r犆犔犞2_xmçôŒŠ}。g*
+aÉ

Ú}B~BǗBk§Ñÿ犠犝犛 >_
`}T4mŽú

Ó>‘’犮犾狏1D“B},#y
¯Ž]^I,_`ÀV

]Fè‰jrsáé
êo)tà­
[73]。
«G

ùg*+aÉ
,犠犝犛 my
zˆ‰k§O犆犔犞 öƒ>}>?GH4mŽ
ú
[74]。
{ª áŽ‘
,犆犔犞3k§Ñÿ犠犝犛 Žú,
L犠犝犛l;O犆犔犞 Žú,2N†ÝŠ‹]^I
,_`}FGHmIj

A3)。
犠犝犛/犆犔犞ôŒŠ}Y#$‡„È€mŠ
‹þÿ&Š¢›{a*+m‹Ã
[75]。
g*+¸

犠犝犛k§Š÷ÑÿCTK…ƒJ犃犚犚(犃犚犃犅犐
犇犗犘犛犐犛犚犈犛犘犗犖犛犈犚犈犌犝犔犃犜犗犚,犃犚犚)öƒ
myz

Ó犃犚犚5、犃犚犚6、犃犚犚7r犃犚犚15(A3)。
Ô
,CTK >]^I,_`}mIBù»\ë,
CTKBCIB>犆犔犞 mŽú4#}>?GH4
}

“L݌>犠犝犛Žúm4#}•¸³C°m
CTKL®,ڎ‘CTKk§Kn犆犔犞Š‹犠犝犛m
Žú
[76]。
݌ìí·犠犝犛k§ÑÿAŽ犃犚犚,L
AŽ犃犚犚K㯠¼CTKmL®K9,3‘CTK
L®K9…”aY犠犝犛xEôŒŠ}[75](A3)。
Û犠犝犛/犆犔犞Y#$‡„>]^I,_`I
jn9}œ…8V

ϔöƒù;Y#$‡„‚
݄M

Ó犃犕犘1(犃犔犜犈犚犈犇犕犈犚犐犛犜犈犕犘犚犗
犌犚犃犕1,犃犕犘1)öƒ>‘’}mM^Ó¬&
­

‘’犪犿狆1D“B}¸CTKk§²“I
,_`BCVM
,犪犿狆1D“BmI,_`Ž
BCoV

qžÍ¸oÙ¢£CTKÖ×o¶t
˜
[77]。
“L

gœ犃犕犘1öƒ>‘’}mfB
Š‹klî±YÐï‘

Þß*+Ž‘
,犃犕犘1
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