摘 要: 2006年8月2—8日的连续晴天中,在天山中部的国家林业局天山森林生态系统定位站野生天山雪莲自然分布区3种生境(分布下限区2 630 m,中部区2 740 m,上限区2 890 m),利用便携式光合测定仪LI6400测定天山雪莲野生植株的光合生理生态特性。分布下限区、中部区和上限区天山雪莲的光补偿点(LCP)分别为(15.69±0.31),(15.94±0.05)和(19.93±0.12)μmol·m-2s-1,光饱和点(LSP)在1 550~1 610 μmol·m-2s-1之间,3者之间无差异性,而3者间的最大净光合速率(Pmax)差异显著。表观量子效率(AQY)在3个生境之间差异不显著,但在上限区处的羧化效率(CE)分别与下限区和中部区处的差异显著。相同生境下天山雪莲的光呼吸速率值(R p)要高于暗呼吸速率值(Rd),且下限区处的光呼吸速率分别与中部区和上限区处的有显著的差异。下限区全天接受日光直接照射的天山雪莲的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率 (Tr)和气孔导度(Gs)的日变化为单峰曲线,在中部区和上限区未接受到太阳直接辐射时段的P n值随时间迅速下降,T r下降缓慢,而Gs则有所上升。随着海拔的升高,天山雪莲Pn的日均值降低,但光能利用率(PE)却显著增加。不同生境下天山雪莲的水分利用效率(WUE)和气孔限制值(L s)没有显著差异。天山雪莲的P n与叶温(T l)、大气温度(Ta)和光照强度(PAR)具有极显著的正相关,与海拔高度(E)呈显著的负相关,但与空气相对湿度(RH)和大气CO2浓度(Ca)之间的相关性均不显著。Tr与T a,Tl和PAR具有极显著的正相关性,与RH之间存在显著的负相关。G s只与C a浓度之间呈极显著的负相关,与其他因子之间相关性不显著。Pn与Tr,Gs和叶温下蒸汽压亏缺(Vpdl)分别具有极显著的正相关性,与C 呈极显著的负相关。通过对不同海拔高度内光合生理参数与光、温等生态因子关系的对比分析表明: 天山雪莲具有一定的对高山自然环境变化的温度和光强有明显的生态适应性。
Abstract: Saussuea involucrata is a rare and endangered alpine species, and it is widely used utilization in traditional Chinese medicine. It naturally distributes in the elevation range of 2 400~4 000 m in the Tianshan Mountains of northwest China. Its adaptability to the natural environmental conditions is the basis for its conservation and reproduction,but this aspect has rarely been studied. In this paper,we selected typical plants of S. involucrata in three elevation (the low,middle and high) zones of its natural distribution,measured and compared the photosynthetic and relevant ecophysiological characteristics. Through analysis of these characteristics,we can further understand the adaptability to its natural environment,and lay scientific basis for the conservation and sustainable utilization for this rare and endangered species. We divided the natural distribution habitats of S. involucrate into three zones,i.e. the low elevation zone (2 600~2 650 m),the middle elevation zone (2 651~2 850 m),and the high elevation zone (≥2 851 m). The photosynthetic and relevant ecophysiological characteristics for each one leaf from each of the five plants of S. involucrate were selected in each zone. The photosynthetic and related ecophysiological characteristics of S. involucrata were measured by Portable LI6400 Photosynthesis System from 2 August to 8 August,2006. The results showed that light compensation point(LCP) of S. involucrate in the three zones was (1569±031)μmol·m-2s-1,(1594±005)μmol·m-2s-1,and (19.93±0.12)μmol·m-2s-1,respectively. Light saturation point (LSP) of them were 1 550~1 610 μmol·m-2s-1,without significantly difference among the three elevation. There was no significant difference in apparent quantum requirement (AQY) of S. involucrate among the three zones,while significant difference existed among the maximum net photosynthetic rate (Pmax) among the three. However, carboxylation efficiency (CE) of S. involucrate in high elevation zone was significantly different with those in the lower middle elevation zones respectively. In the same site,photosynthetic respiration rate (Rp) of S. involucrate was higher than dark respiration rate (Rd). From 8: 00 O‘clock to 20: 00 O‘clock,the diurnal changes of Pn,Tr,and Gs were single peak in the low elevation zone. When S. involucrate did not receive direct sunlight radiation,Pn decreased quickly,Tr decreased slowly while Gs increased. This showed that stomatal characteristics of S. involucrate had strong sensitivity to light. From low or high elevation mean value of Pn in a day decreased with elevation,while PE increased with elevation. But the changes of WUE and Ls had no significant relationship with elevation. Pn of S. involucrate was significant and positively correlated with T l,Ta,and PAR,negatively correlated with E,and had no significant correlation with RH and C a. The Tr of S. involucrate significantly and positively correlated with Tl,Ta,and PAR,negatively correlated with RH. The Gs of S. involucrate negatively correlated with Ca. The Pn of S. involucrate significantly and positively correlated with Tr,Gs and Vpdl,negatively correlated with Ci.
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