免费文献传递   相关文献

Effect of Steam Heat Treatment on Color of Chinese White Poplar Wood

蒸汽介质热处理对毛白杨木材颜色的影响


以毛白杨木材为研究对象,采用蒸汽介质热处理方法在氧气含量低于2%的密闭容器中以温度170~230 ℃、时间1~5 h的处理条件对其进行热处理。结果表明: 随着处理温度的升高和处理时间的延长,色饱和度差ΔC*逐渐减小、色差ΔE*和色相差ΔH*逐渐增大,说明热处理后木材的颜色由原色逐步过渡到深褐色。方差分析和多重比较结果表明: 热处理温度比热处理时间对毛白杨木材颜色变化的影响更为重要。此外,进一步得出了色差值与热处理温度、时间三者之间的回归模型。利用此特性,对一些浅色木材进行热处理,可赋予其凝重的颜色,同时还可增强其尺寸稳定性,从而提高其产品附加值,扩大应用领域。

Steam heat treatment can darken wood color remarkably. There is a highly relativity among the color change degree, heat treatment time and temperatures. The specimens of Chinese White Poplar (Populus tomentosa) was steam heat- treated in an airtight equipment with an atmosphere within comprising less than 2 percent oxygen content at temperatures from 170 to 230 ℃ for time from 1 to 5 hours, respectively. Saturated steam was used as a heating medium and a shielding gas. The results showed that the chroma difference (ΔC* ) was decreased gradually while the color difference (ΔE* ) and hue difference (ΔH* ) were increased with the increase of temperature and the extension of treatment time. This indicated that the color of steam heat-treated wood became darker and darker compared with original color. Compared with treatment time, treatment temperature played a more important role to change the color of heat-treated wood during the process of heat treatment according to the results of ANOVA and multiple comparison analysis. Additionally, the regression models among the color difference, treatment temperatures and times were established. The results suggested that the better color of wood could be obtained after steam heat treatment compared with original color as well as the dimensional stability would be improved. Therefore, the value of the timber could be increased and the application fields could be extended after the steam heat treatment.


全 文 :!!"
" !
#
#
$ % # $
$
#
%
& ( )
&()*+(, &(-.,) &(*(,)
./01!"!*/1#
2345!$ % # $
Ý؈?@
Õ֊
#
7
\×s
#
7
ØfÖ
#!$
7
ÙÚl
#
7
RfÛ
#
7
/pÜ
#
7
O@D
#
"#1
Rœ&()PQF4ÎMPQ§
7
œ&Ž4Î()YDO—˜ÇÈÉ
7

#%%%;##
$1O//U &YIF4YF34U +FYL4/0/JWF4TSF! k4IZFSVITW/X*FNDSH4VNIY^! BSFUFSIYT/4! *FNDSH4VNIY^! 343U3! )8$K>$
!
7
"
!7
jvWG4ÎfPQ=H
!
Ò¹Ý؈$i
>bœÍ9RjRc
#9% `
$8% d(
‡ˆ
# :` L
>A,ÄÅ=ªö›TA,
%
]^_`
&
¬ÄA,Rc>·t‚A,‡ˆ>²Î
!
×.‚cl
+
#
!
ÅÆEe
(
×l+
<
!
‚×vl+
K
!
ÅÆ®E
!
3`TA,É4Î>ú×°>×Å_YPÁ°€×
%
„l[‚Û—Öd]^_`
&
TA,RcÖTA,‡ˆ=vWG4Îú×Y:>?@5f—¸
%
ÞÎ
!
öÊ_WÝß×
lƒYTA,Rc
(
‡ˆr¥Éˆ>yÙX
%
x¹Þç;
!
=Ê$d×4Îö›TA,
!
½IJªs—>ú×
!
­‡é½®4ª¦Ÿ˜;
!
Ãy-tª.»©Ïƒ
!
°EÞ¹—Ø
%
#$%
&7
vWG
#
Ý؈#
×l
&()*
! &9"#19777
+,-./
!,777
+01*
!#%%# 69!"""$%#$#%# 6%#$> 6%:
ŒŽ#
& $%#% 6%8 6#9#
Ž#
& $%#% 6%; 6%#%
‘’“”
& *;!"+
,6“”
*
ͨ<‘t[Ó6ÎHDO|ö,6
+"$%%> 6! 6%8$
>ʲ[
%
12#3(*25(#8J#(!"#(8#&(*&7*6*"*274)�#c4)(#9*:6"c**.
-€ 2I34QI/4J
#
7AH34JE/4JXF4J
#
73/C/4JtI34
#! $
7OH C34#
7RL/H C/4JU/4J
#
7RL3/C/H^F
#
7OH CH]L34J
#
"#1O&,F8A$"8.$",$(L$$= ?:5&*:&8*= >&:/*$%$,$(?.8.&3$"&1.",)=+5*51."8.5$*79&1&8":/ X*1.5.;.&$(L$$= X*=;1.",! #)37C&5I5* #%%%;##
$1L$$= ?:5&*:&8*= >&:/*$%$,#&*."&! 4*56&"15.,$(-&0C";*105:M! 3"&=&"5:.$*! -&0C";*105:M! #8*8=8! <8#$_>$
;<0("3(&7&TF3UFJSFF! LF3TTSF3TLF3T_TSF3TFU I4 34 3ISTIJLTFuHI@TF<@FS3THSFVXS/<#9% T/$8% d X/STI34U 3VLIF0UI4JJ3V5+LFSFVH0TVVL/NFU TL3TTLFYLS/<3UIXFSF4YF"
+
#
!
$ N3VUFYSF3VFU JS3UH30WNLI0FTLFY/0/S
UIXFSF4YF"
+
<
!
$ 34U LHFUIXFSF4YF"
+
K
!
$ NFSFI4YSF3VFU NITL TLFI4YSF3VF/XTF<@FS3THSF34U TLFFQTF4VI/4 /X
TSF3TY/0/S5/<@3SFU NITL TSF3TTSF3TFU N//U UHSI4JTLF@S/YFVV/XLF3TTSF3T,UUITI/430W! TLFSFJSFVVI/4 SFVH0TVVHJJFVTFU TL3TTLF[FTFSY/0/S/XN//U Y/H0U [F/[T3I4FU 3XTFSVTF3NF03VTLFUI3@@0IY3TI/4 XIF0UVY/H0U [FFQTF4UFU 3XTFSTLFVTF3=#> ?*".0&7!$E;%;1.$+&*.$18# VTF377
4ÎTA,PQèu
$%
]^R#
!
rÐ{
*+LFS"D//4VTS3&.8%5! #;;"$(*+/SFX3YTI/4+(*EFTIXIY3TI/4+
".FS4/IV! $%%## PIS/0&.8%5! #;;8 $
j 7
*hI0
+SF3T¼Ì¬ÐÅ:ß>
[QM°
%
TA,«¢Y Y4Î>k¸:)î[
‚/-¨>;<7€öy Y4Î>ú×
".IT34F4 &.8%5! #;;!# \ITVHI! $%%>$!
@¹n­Rc
‚‡ˆ¼>M°ÇÓîŽ@4Îú×°>×Å_
›°€×YP
!
ÃyIJ4Îi0ys—>Î×
%
4Ϋk¸°0\È
(
Î0\È
(
4<Èj7/
-¨î[>%&6Ÿt[Ó:Ũ
!
nê€{ّ
(
ڑ
(
n.‚»Oj7”Ûúµ×‘³
!
y(é€{
ܑ¼Âב³
%
TA,YNR
!
€A,Rc>
·t‚A,‡ˆ>²Î
!
4Î:)î[R>0\È
‚Î0\ȀÅ_P‹
!
y4<Èv=€Å_
7!
#
# F‰¸¼
&
Ý؈?@
·t
%
4<È>|:.¨«4<È.Íú×>k¸
‘³
"PF44IV&.8%5! $%%># ,W3UI&.8%5! $%%8#
D/HSJ/IV&.8%5! #;;#$%
ÞÎ
!
4Î/-¨R§€µ
ר<
!
o×È
(
3e‚ˆq¼1«4Îo×>>Ç
ÉÊ
"&H4UuZIVT&.8%5! $%%$$%
Ê$/-¨|tRX
݄|:7é>
*
°×:
+(*
]×:
+
†^1LÏ°
4Î>ú×
"
b¦=¼
! #;;>$%
8M&¬Íˆ¬vWG
"!$E;%;1.$+&*.$18$
4
Î>ú×TªW×
!
¦Ÿ˜;‚HÞ;l
!
@ªÞ
¹—ØÀÑ
!
.»©Ïƒd‹
%
yx¹TA,M°
½ Y4Îú×óÊç;
!
Ò¹ÝØfˆ<=vW
G4Îö›TA,Ãy Yªú×j7ªR;#
!
½j=‰¶zœ8M&vWG4Î>Þ¹—Ø}Á
ʘ>Lö¤¹
%

!
&uėPQßTA,R
c‚‡ˆ=vWG4Îú×Y:>?@Nc
!
‰Š
ßTA,M°ÄÅY4Îú×Y:ƒÉˆ>Ú)
yÙX
!
k|fzœM:Í.TA,4Î-.(
)Ü7
%
#7
ÎHY„…
BABC
ÌÍ
vWGàÎҞ+?J·´
!#:
g
!
ˆá
$%
$
!
¤¥
$: 8`8 YÎc
8 <"
†žˆ4>
#18 `
!1: <
tA
$%
Ä>4®~[
:
ß
!
|ß>VêŽ
O牼J[
"
¢„›
!
|¢„›Ž[«†V
êf
:% <<"+$ e$: <<"E$(
Îf
:%% <<

Å
%
Ígˆ4Ž½†W
!%
¢àÅ
!
O
*

j
„
›
j
tc
+
>ïû„…0¸ïÍ
!
ÃR¬‰/†
$>
¢àŹuTA,
%
TA,¹4ÎÃrb€Q­
"i
ïð
%
BAEC
¸{|çèH8Ìáâ$~hi
ҹ⬉×îàȏ¡„…
!
àÅ[«†
ž
#:
gvWG4Î
%
A,Rc[«f
#9%!#":!
$%%!$#:!$8% d!
A,‡ˆ[«f
#!$!8!!!: L%
T
A,¹àÅ>€Q­f
"i!
TA,ÉàÅ>€Q
­Lf
!i%
Ý؈|G€‹u
$i%
¢A,ÄÅXi{
#:
¢àK
!
¢àKŽ

8
¢˜¤fNט
!
[«|TA,¹ÉÂN
ʸ)žæ˜>
F
!
!8
!
!A
!
>ú׈ڃ
!
ŸÉ
~1vw™—¡£Ýæ˜>×lƒ
!
¢A,ÄÅ
X>ú׃ifæÄÅX
#:
¢àÅú׃>òi
ƒ
"
²Ú1R${mwƒ
$%
BA@C
áâ«Î¥hi
Ò¹
\I4/0T3E_8%%
XN×=[«=TA,
¹
(
ÉàK_ê>ú×ö›N
%
Ò¹œ“K`Û
2L>
()F
!
8
!
A
!
"#;9>$
_׊ã_×
!
ªR
F
!
_O`c
!8
!
‚
A
!
[«_Oíª4‚æc4×»
ÜÚ
%
°
F
!
!8
!
‚
A
!
N˜ƒ
!
¢YjX_׊ã™
—
!
½[«ÇW`cl
"
+
F
!
$(
×»ÜÚl
"
+
8
!
!
+
A
!
$(
×.‚cl
"
+
#
!
$(
×vl
"
+
K
!
$
‚ÿú×
l
"
+
<
!
$!
)ÄÉ
8
¢×lƒ¤f‘æ=TA,Î
>ú×Y:ö›[\Y)/
%
#
!
Q3"8
!
$
$
S"A
!
$
$
4
#[$
! "#$
+
F
!
QF
!
YF
!
V
! "$$
+
8
!
Q8
!
Y8
!
V
! "8$
+
A
!
QA
!
YA
!
V
! "!$
+
#
!
Q#
!
Y#
!
V
! ":$
+
<
!
Q3"
+
F
!
$
$
S"
+
8
!
$
$
S"
+
A
!
$
$
4
#[$
! ">$
+
K
!
Q3"
+
<
!
$
$
Y"
+
F
!
$
$
Y"
+
#
!
$
$
4
#[$
% "9$
—R
& #
!
!8
!
!A
!
!F
!
_OTA,É>4Îú׃
#
F
!
V
!8
!
V
!A
!
V
!#
!
V
_O$A,4Î>ú׃
#
+
#
!
f
×.‚cl
!
…ƒ_OÖ=KK"`
!
‡ƒ_OÖ=
KKY°
#
+
<
!
f×l
!
:Ïÿú×l
!
ڃ|E_
OôN¨‚=KKú×l«|E
#
+
K
!
f×vl
!
ڃ|E_OôN¨‚=KK×vY:|E
%
$7
]^Y[EABC
#
B
!
pK
¬ÄA,Rc>·t‚A,‡ˆ>²Î
!
+
#
!
ÅÆP‹
"
ß
#$!
_`4Î>ú׃|µï²ªp
èƒ
!
ëÎ×Å_›€×YP
!
­‡4Îú×>"·
c„rÝÅÆXP>Nø
%
v­A,‡ˆÄÅX
!
2Rc°
#9% d
·tb
$%% d
>YNR
!
+
#
!
_r
fÜ4P‹>Y:Nø
#
2Rctu
$%% d
‡
!
+
#
!
¬Rc>·t݄P‹
"
ß
#,$!
ëRc=4
Îú×Y:>?@݄®Ï
%
v­A,RcÄÅ
X
!
2Rc|
#9% $`%% d
çès‡
!
¬ÄA,‡ˆ
>²Î
!
+
#
!
>P‹NødfòÜ
!
އ>A,M°
#â®Ï4Îú×>JXc
!
|ƘŽ4Î>ú×
Ö=KÎ5f"·y{JX
#
2A,Rcf
$#: d
‚
$8% d
‡
!
¬ÄA,‡ˆ>²Î
!
+
#
!
>XPNø
`oτ
!
(|
8 L
A>O­opÏE
!
_`Y:¬
­`oυ
"
ß
#D$!
h2A,‡ˆ°
! L
®ÏÁ
:
L
‡
!
+
#
!
>Y:nE
%
Ú1[\_`
&
Rc=4
Î>ú×Y:ñ3
!$%% d
«Ê¢Šwá`>½¯
Rc˜
%
½—%»ÇȄl[\_`
&
| !
=%1%#
QòŽ
!
A,‡ˆ‚A,Rcj7¿¥>2¯¤¹
=+
#
!
>?@i"UopQò
"
_
#$%
TA,M
°ÇÓ>ۗÖd]^5u_
$
R
&
|!
=%1%:
Q
òŽ
!#9%!#":
‚
$%% d
Ɉiôoplm
#
y
9$#
& ( )
!"
"
7
$%%!$#:
‚
$8% d
Ɉilmop
!
_`
$%% d
«
4Îú×op Y>Ê¢½¯˜
%
ÆA,‡ˆñ
3
!8 L
«4Îú×µÍY:>Ê¢½¯˜
%
~1
Se¿÷…>,
!
Ò¹ÛQy[\„…
!
+
#
!
‚A
,Rc
"@
#
$
YA,‡ˆ
"@
$
$
>Ú)yÙXf
,`=
$#1;9$ 6%1%>!@
#
6$1##%@
$
"9
$
=%1"#;$%
=ÙX
777
ö›
3
ÛȽ7
& !"m3=%1%%% # f%1%#!
3`ñ
ņ^Uop
#
=ˆÚA,Rc
"@
#
$
‚A,‡ˆ
"@
$
$
ö›
.
ÛȽ7
& !"m.=%1%%% # f%1%#!
_
`
@
#
‚
@
$
>yŠÚUop
%
=ÙXö›Û—”
s;ÛÈ
!
]^_`Rc‚‡ˆ>
.(B
ƒif
#!
ë
¿¥ÉˆnË|ۗ”s;
%
ß
#7
n­A,Rc
",$
‚A,‡ˆ
"D$
ÄÅX+
#
!
>Y:
BIJ5#7L34JFVI4
+
#
!
/XN//U H4UFSUIXFSF4TTSF3T6
BC
¸{|8Ìáââ5«Eãäj9ÊËh5(¾
! &6>0)0*2I")&3#2*"3*6*"34&%#)&4#(+("#(#.?**.)&"&.*83*8:6#(#<6*3[.#0)%&
lmG
&/HSYF
ž°c
UX
ò„‚
&&
i„‚
\&
3
3
op;
!"m3
+
#
!
+
<
!
+
K
!
Rc
+F<@FS3THSF ! 8 "!"1!# ;>$1#% # $;!1!: f%1%%% #
‡ˆ
+IRc
e
‡ˆ
+F<@FS3THSFeTI 8:>1$! $$1$9 $;1;> f%1%%% #
ÿþl
+/T30FS/S 89! : #"%18!
Rc
+F<@FS3THSF ! "# ;!#1:; $1!":1!% : $!81;% f%1%%% #
‡ˆ
+I :9%1:$ f%1%%% #
Rc
e
‡ˆ
+F<@FS3THSFeTI # #%%19! >"1"% #91># f%1%%% #
ÿþl
+/T30FS/S 89! ;8 !8819$
Rc
+F<@FS3THSF ! ;$$19! $8%1>; "881"" f%1%%% #
‡ˆ
+IRc
e
‡ˆ
+F<@FS3THSFeTI 8;1#: $1!: "1"! f%1%%% #
ÿþl
+/T30FS/S 89! # $>91>"
EAEC
#
E
!
pK
¬ÄA,Rc>·t‚A,‡ˆ>²Î
!
+
<
!
ÅÆ·t
"
ß
$$!
_`TA,4Î>ú×ÅÆ
Ï°ß
%
v­A,‡ˆÄÅX
!
+
<
!
€Rc>
·t„rݪ¸us;®E>Y:Nø
!
3`R
c=4Îú×Y:>?@ÅÆ®4
"
ß
$,$%
v
­A,RcÄÅX
!
¬ÄA,‡ˆ>²Î
!
+
<
!
Ü
4®Ï
"
ß
$D$!
_`YA,RcvÖ
!
A,‡ˆ
=4Îú×Y:>?@Nce
%
½—%»ÇȄ
l[\_`
&
|!
=%1%#
QòŽ
!
A,‡ˆ‚A,
Rcj7¿¥>2¯¤¹= +
<
!
>?@i"Uo
pQò
"
_
#$%
°_
$
½jäÝ
&
| !
=%1%:
Q
òŽ
!
n­RcɈ>lmiop
# # L
Y
$ L($ L
‚
8 L
Ɉ>lmop
!
y
8 L
Y
! L(! L
Y
: L
É
ˆ>lmÛÈ{—RrH
!
ëlm;ÛÈ]^n

!
_`TA,YNRRcևˆ= +
<
!
>?
@5f—¸
%
~1Se¿÷…>,
!
Ò¹ÛQ
y[\„…
!
+
<
!
‚A,Rc
"@
#
$
YA,‡ˆ
"@
$
$
>Ú)yÙXf
,`=%1$$>@
#
j#%18#%@
$
6
8!19!;"9
$
=%1;>%$%
=ÙXö›
3
ÛȽ7
&
!"m3=%1%%% # f%1%#!
3`ñņ^Uop
#
=
ˆÚA,Rc
"@
#
$
‚A,‡ˆ
"@
$
$
ö›
.
ÛȽ
7
& !"m.=%1%%% # f%1%#!
_`
@
#
‚
@
$

yŠÚUop
%
=ÙXö›Û—”s;ÛÈ
!
]
^_`Rc‚‡ˆ>
.(B
ƒif
#!
뿥Ɉn
Ë|ۗ”s;
%
"$#
7!
#
# F‰¸¼
&
Ý؈?@
6
EC
¸{|]啖E[üWæ
!
!ÇÈ
B3YT/S
+
#
!
+
<
!
+
K
!

-FZF0
òiƒ
\F34 Z30HF
PH4Y34
ÛÈ
PH4Y34oVTFVT

-FZF0
òiƒ
\F34 Z30HF
PH4Y34
ÛÈ
PH4Y34oVTFVT

-FZF0
òiƒ
\F34 Z30HF
PH4Y34
ÛÈ
PH4Y34oVTFVT
Rc
+F<@FS3THSF
‡ˆ
+I#9% d :1"#! , #9% d $%18$% , #9% d !1>;! ,
#": d :18:! , #": d $"1>$" D #": d :1;%! D
$%% d !19!> , $%% d !!1$$> $%% d 91:;!
$#: d %1;9% D $#: d :!1$;% P $#: d "1#9$ P
$8% d 6$1:!> $8% d :;1%8" ) $8% d ;1%$$ )
# L !1>:" , # L 881>#! , # L >1%:> ,
$ L 81"$> , $ L 8"1%:> D $ L >1:8$ ,D
8 L 818$$ , 8 L !$1:"> 8 L 91%:$ D
! L #1:%$ D ! L !:18>" P ! L 91>:$
: L #1%8% D : L !>1"9" P) : L "1%;!
77
" !
=%1%:1,! D! ! P! )&
lmQò
PIXFSFSYF0FZF05
ß
$7
n­A,Rc
",$
‚A,‡ˆ
"D$
ÄÅX+
<
!
>Y:
BIJ5$7L34JFVI4
+
<
!
/XN//U H4UFSUIXFSF4TTSF3TEA@C
#
8
!
pK
¬ÄA,‡ˆ>²Î‚A,Rc>·t
!
+
K
!
Ÿ˜®Ï
"
ß
8$!
_`A,¹É4Îú×>×vl
ƒ|ñ|E
!
ë4Îú×|ñ|ï²>×
!
|ƘŽ
_rfA,Î>ú×°>
"
W
$
×ÅÆYfd€×
b°€×
%
|v­A,‡ˆÄÅX
!
¬ÄRc>·
t
!
+
K
!
„rÝ›à—Ž·>Y:Nø
"
ß
8,$#
|
v­A,RcÄÅX
!
¬ÄA,‡ˆ>²Î
!
+
K
!
>Y:NøidfòÜ
"
ß
8D$!
_`TA,‡ˆ=
4Îú×Y:>?@df܂
%
½—%»ÇȄl
[\_`
&
|!
=%1%#
QòŽ
!
A,‡ˆ‚A,R
cj7¿¥>2¯¤¹= +
K
!
>?@i"Uop

"
_
#$%
¢YۗÖd["
_
$$!
=u +
K
!
ñ3
!
n­RcɈ>lmi_rfop
#
‡ˆ
! L
‚
: L
Ɉ>lmnop
!
‡ˆ
# L
‚
$ L($ L
‚
8 L
Ɉ>lmÛÈ{—RrH
!
lm;ÛÈ]^n`
±
%
ó_`YA,‡ˆvÖ
!
A,Rc= +
K
!
Y:
>?@5f—¸
%
~1Se¿÷…>,
!
Ò¹ÛQ
ß
87
n­A,Rc
",$
‚A,‡ˆ
"D$
ÄÅX+
K
!
>Y:
BIJ587L34JFVI4
+
K
!
/XN//U H4UFSUIXFSF4TTSF3T;$#
& ( )
!"
"
7
y[\„…
!
+
K
!
‚A,Rc
"@
#
$
YA,‡ˆ
"@
$
$
>Ú)yÙXf
,`=%1%8:@
#
j#1%;$@
$
6
81#$""9
$
=%1;!$ $%
=ÙXö›
3
ÛȽ7
&
!"m3=%1%%% # f%1%#!
3`ñņ^Uop
#
=
ˆÚA,Rc
"@
#
$
‚A,‡ˆ
"@
$
$
ö›
.
ÛȽ
7
& !"m.=%1%%% # f%1%#!
_`
@
#
‚
@
$
>y
ŠÚUop
%
=ÙXö›Û—”s;ÛÈ
!
]^_
`Rc‚‡ˆ>
.(B
ƒif
#!
뿥ɈnË|
ۗ”s;
%
€Ž§º
!
Ý؈>ú׬ÄRc>·t‚‡ˆ>²ÎÅÆ°>
"
W
$
×Yf€×b°€×
!
+
#
!
(
+
<
!
‚ +
K
!

Íß½EY:
!
ªR
!
Rcևˆ=ú×Y:>?@
5fop
%
ÊZñ3
!
4εÍ`oTP~ýÞ«Ã
#>: d
“è>
"&T3<<&.8%D! #;89$%
4ÎrEî[
R
!
Î0\ÈShµÍTP~
!
ª¸«0\È
!
Ƹ
«4<È
"&T3<!$!
r¥>TP~Rcçè
[«f
#"% 8`%% d($!% !`%% d
‚
$"% :`%% d
"rHSIW3<3! #;>9$%
TA,YNR
!
4ÎR>4<
Èv=€op·t
!
|
$>% d
A,
! L!
4<Ȁ
½°
$"i
-tÁ
"!i"D/HSJ/IV&.8%5! #;""# PIS/0
&.8%5! #;;8$%
{)¥Ïf
!
TA,YNR
!
nêË
|Ä4<ÈP~ýÞ
!
­‡1Ë|Ä4<È>2
ýÞ
"D3Y^! #;>9# #;"9$%
|
#$% $`$% d
çès
!
4<Èk¸µÍ߿ߑ^_§òýÞ
!
­‡éÃ
{é^|‘ýÞ
!
.ÍßEž°‘ˆÏß2ý
Þ
%
ó$ýÞ>µÍ
!
õ=4<Ȁ>·tÝ
ßʘ>µ‰
"BH43/^3&.8%5! #;;%$%
vWG4Î
|A,ÄÅf
$8% d(: L
‡
!
4<Èv=€½°
#:1!$i
-tÁ
8!1!;i!
ª-t­"Á
#$81>9i
"
æJ¬¼
! $%#%$%
TA,ÉvWG4Îú×Ï°
Y4<Ȁ·t{w
!
hª¤¹‰Òé{ëuö
Ê_°#PQ
%
87
]/
Ý؈ú
×
%
TA,M°ÇÓR
!
Rcևˆ=4Îú×Y
:>?@5fop
%
TA,YNR
!
_èvWG4
Îú×Y:>ˆÚR
!
+
<
!
‚ +
K
!
€A,Rc-
t‚A,‡ˆ²Î_rÝÅÆ®E>Nø
!
y +
#
!
_rfXP>Nø
!
_`4Îú×°>×Å_›°
€×YP
%
4<Ȁ>op-t
!
=Ï°4Î>
ú×Ýßʘ>µ‰
%
ǓÍ.R
!
½~1=4
ÎS.ú×>^Ç
!
01§‰Š>y„NñËÌ
vÞ>A,RcYA,‡ˆ
!
j"Á§^>Î×
¸Ç
%
X Y + ,
æJ¬
!
F‰¸
!
§‰
!
¼
5$%#%1
tRTA,=vWG4Î:)[
[€>?@
5
B’&E))"
!8$"8$& #>$ 6#>95
b¦=
!
b¯[
!
b¦‹
5#;;>1
ÏTA,=n­ˆ¬Î×>?@
5
&(D
!$#"#$& !! 6!>5
,W3UI*! -FtFH4FB! L3SIFSD! &.8%5$%%81/0/SVT3[I0ITW/XLF3T_
TSF3TFU N//U UHSI4J3STIXIYI30NF3TLFSI4J5A/0]30VE/L_H4U
OFS^VT/X! >#"8$& $$# 6$$>5
D3Y^ )-5#;>91+LFS<303HT/_YS/VV0I4^I4JI4 YF0H0/VF<3TFSI30V5?H0@
?3@ \3J34! >""!$& #>: 6#9#5
D3Y^ )-5#;"91+LF[/4UI4J"SFZIFNSF@/ST$5A/0]X/SVYLH4J! !#"!$& $!9 6$:"5
D//4VTS3\ 2! +tFFSUV<3DB! KS/F4FZF0U A ,5#;;"1+LFS<30
TLFS<30O//U ?SFVFSZ3TI/4 !! \3VTSIYLT! *FTLFS034UV! (EK &FYSFTFSI3T
r+A! &T/Y^L/D/HSJ/IV2! KHW/44FTE! )TIF44F&5#;""1L3S3YTFSI]3TI/4 34U 3430WVIV
/XT/SFXIFU N//U5O//U &YI+FYL4/0! $$"$$& #!8 6#::5
D/HSJ/IV?2! 234I4 K! KHW/44FTE5#;;#1+LFY/0/SX3VTH4UFSJ/4FI4 TLFTLFS899 68"$5
PF44IV2! \/Sw4 +5$%%>1+LF@/TF4TI30/XY/0/HSVTSF4JTL @SFUIYTI/4 /XTLFS<30WTSF3TFU N//U5A/0]30VE/L_H4U
OFS^VT/X! >!"$$& #%! 6##%5
PIS/0P! KHW/44FTE5#;;81+LFI<@S/ZFSFTIXIY3TI/4 @S/YFVV5(EK O?& (4TFS43TI/430EFVF3SYL KS/H@ /4
O//U ?SFVFSZ3TI/4 $!1hS034U/! B0/SIY3! k&,! !& # 6##5
BH43/^3\!r3^/+!,[F(5#;;%1/4UF4V3TI/4 /X0IJ4I4 UHSI4JLF3TI4J
/XN//U5O//U &YIF4YF34U +FYL4/0/JW! $!"8$& $99 6$""5
rHSIW3<3,5#;>91h4 TLFYL34JFI4 TLFYLFNITLI4 TLFTF<@FS3THSFS34JFH@ T/$%%d5\3TFSI30V! #> "#>;$&
99$ 699>1
\IT/HIr5$%%>1L34JFVI4 Y/0/S/XV@SHYF[WSF@FTITIZFTSF3T0IJLT_IS3UI3TI/4 34U LF3TTSF3T!
"8$& $!8 6$!!5
E3@@ ,h! &3I0FS\5$%%#1hI0TSF3TTLF3ST5EFZIFN/4 LF3TTSF3TVF&3St{4F4 +! hWr5$%%#1?S/UHYTI/4 34U Y03VVIXIY3TI/4 /XLF3TTSF3TFU
N//U I4 BI4034U5EFZIFN/4 LF3TTSF3TTLFV@FYI30VF&T3<<, 2! A34VF4 -,5#;891\I4IVNF0I4J& FXFYT/XLF3TI4JI4 Z3SI/HVJ3VFV5(4U )4JLF"8# 6"885
&T3<<,25#;>!1O//U 34U YF0H0/VFVYIF4YF5E/430U ?SFVV! *FN
C/S^! ,&H4UuZIVTD! \/Sw4 +5$%%$1+LFI4X0HF4YF/XN//U @/0WFQTS3YTIZFV/4 N//U Y/0/HSI4UHYFU [WLWUS/TLFS<30TSF3T30VE/L_H4U OFS^VT/X! >%":$& 89: 689>5
.FS4/IV\5$%%#1AF3TTSF3TEFZIFN/4 LF3TTSF3Th&+,YTI/4 )$$! ,4TI[FV! BS34YF5
.IT34F4 A! 2{TSF3TEFVF3SYL KS/H@ /4 O//U ?SFVFSZ3TI/4 $:! *HV3PH3! D30I!
(4U/4FVI3! # 6!5
!
!"#$
7
?@A
"
%8#