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Cloning and Characterization of DEADbox RNA Helicases Gene from the Fern Equisetum arvense

蕨类植物问荆DEADbox RNA解旋酶基因的克隆与分析



全 文 :蕨类植物问荆 DEAD ̄box RNA解旋酶基因的克隆与分析∗
徐道兰ꎬ 曹建国ꎬ 王全喜ꎬ 戴锡玲∗∗
(上海师范大学生命与环境科学学院ꎬ 上海  200234)
摘要: DEAD ̄box RNA解旋酶参与 RNA多方面的代谢ꎬ 在植物生长发育和逆境反应中起重要作用ꎮ 本研
究从蕨类植物问荆 (Equisetum arvense) 中克隆到一条 DEAD ̄box RNA 解旋酶 cDNA 全长序列ꎬ 命名为
EaRH1ꎬ 并在 GenBank注册登记 (KJ734026)ꎮ 序列分析显示: 该 cDNA全长 3 230 bpꎬ 包含一个从 487 bp
到 2 799 bp编码 770个氨基酸的开放读码框ꎬ 其对应的蛋白序列包含 9个保守模块结构ꎮ EaRH1与其它物
种 DEAD ̄box RNA 解旋酶蛋白序列比对结果显示: 模块Ⅰa、 Ⅱ和Ⅲ序列几乎完全相同ꎬ 模块 Q、 Ⅰ和 Ⅳ
序列存在一些差异ꎮ EaRH1与江南卷柏 (Selaginella moellendorffii) 基因组一条假定序列相似度高达 69%ꎬ
其中相似度最高的区域集中在包含 9个保守模块的结构域ꎮ 系统进化树分析显示: EaRH1与拟南芥 (Ara ̄
bidopsis thaliana) DEAD ̄box RNA解旋酶 At3g22320在氨基酸序列上有相对较高的同源性ꎮ 序列结构比较和
进化分析可推测出 EaRH1可能参与植物体生长发育、 miRNA生物合成、 与 RNA结合蛋白的相互作用和非
生物胁迫应答ꎮ 本文的研究为探索问荆 DEAD ̄box RNA解旋酶的进一步功能提供参考ꎮ
关键词: 问荆ꎻ DEAD ̄box RNA解旋酶ꎻ EaRH1
中图分类号: Q 785            文献标识码: A              文章编号: 2095-0845(2014)06-715-08
Cloning and Characterization of DEAD ̄box RNA Helicases
Gene from the Fern Equisetum arvense
XU Dao ̄Lanꎬ CAO Jian ̄Guoꎬ WANG Quan ̄Xiꎬ DAI Xi ̄Ling∗∗
(College of Life and Environmental Scienceꎬ Shanghai Normal Universityꎬ Shanghai 200234ꎬ China)
Abstract: DEAD ̄box RNA helicases play an important role in multiple biological processesꎬ including growthꎬ de ̄
velopmentꎬ stress response and metabolism of cell. A full ̄length cDNA of DEAD ̄box RNA helicaseꎬ named EaRH1ꎬ
has been cloned from Equisetum arvense in this study (GenBank accession number: KJ734026). Sequence analysis
indicates that the cDNA of EaRH1 is 3 230 bp in full lengthꎬ and contains an ORF region from 487 bp to 2 799
bpꎬ encoding 770 amino acids. The corresponding protein includes 9 conserved mode structures. Comparison with the
sequence of the DEAD ̄box RNA helicase of other speciesꎬ it is showed that the sequence of Motif Ⅰaꎬ Motif Ⅱ and
Motif Ⅲ are almost completely same while there are certain differences in sequence of Q motifꎬ Motif Ⅰand Motif
Ⅳ. The similarity of the EaRH1 sequence with the hypothetical DEAD ̄box RNA helicase protein of Selaginella moel ̄
lendorffii reaches 69%. And the highest sequence similarity is concentrated in the domain that includes 9 conserved
motifs. Phylogenetic analysis of DEAD ̄box RNA helicases sequences from different plants indicates that Equisetum
arvense is more closely related to a DEAD ̄box gene of Arabidopsis thaliana (At3g22320). It can be inferred from se ̄
quence comparison and phylogenetic analysis that EaRH1 might be involved in growth and developmentꎬ miRNA bio ̄
genesisꎬ interaction with RNA binding protein and abiotic stress responses. Our study provides references for further
functional researches on DEAD ̄box RNA helicases of Equisetum arvense.
Key words: Equisetum arvenseꎻ DEAD ̄box RNA helicaseꎻ EaRH1
植 物 分 类 与 资 源 学 报  2014ꎬ 36 (6): 715~722
Plant Diversity and Resources                                    DOI: 10.7677 / ynzwyj201414036

∗∗
Funding: 上海师范大学理科科研基金 (SK201231)
Author for correspondenceꎻ E ̄mail: daixiling2010@shnu􀆰 edu􀆰 cn
Received date: 2014-03-07ꎬ Accepted date: 2014-05-27
作者简介: 徐道兰 (1987-) 女ꎬ 硕士研究生ꎬ 从事蕨类植物分子生物学研究ꎮ
  Helicases are widely present in almost all life
forms from virus to humans (Hail and Matinꎬ 1999)ꎬ
which are divided into 5 superfamiliesꎬ SF1 - 5.
DEAD ̄box RNA helicaces are members of SF2 fami ̄
ly (Cordin et al.ꎬ 2006)ꎬ which are subdivided into
DEADꎬ DEAHꎬ DECH and DEVH according to se ̄
quence differences of conserved DEAD motif. The
DEAD ̄box RNA helicase family has been defined by
Linder et al. ( 1989) and named according to the
highly conserved residuesꎬ Asp ̄Glu ̄Ala ̄Aspꎬ in
motif Ⅱ. The DEAD ̄box family is characterized by
the presence of nine conserved motifs which are in ̄
volved in ATPase and helicase activities and in their
regulation of many important life activities ( Cordin
et al.ꎬ 2004).
DEAD ̄box RNA helicases have profound effects
on RNA metabolismꎬ including RNA transcriptionꎬ
premRNA splicingꎬ ribosome biogenesisꎬ nucleocy ̄
toplasmic transportꎬ translation and RNA decay
(Zhang et al.ꎬ 2006ꎻ Roack and Linderꎬ 2004).
Recent evidence indicates that DEAD ̄box RNA heli ̄
cases are not only involved in growth and develop ̄
ment of plantsꎬ translation initiationꎬ cell prolifera ̄
tionꎬ vegetative organs developmentꎬ sexual repro ̄
ductionꎬ but also in plant abiotic stress responsesꎬ
including cold stressꎬ heat stressꎬ salt stressꎬ osmot ̄
ic stress and oxidative stress ( Yang et al.ꎬ 2009ꎻ
Gong et al.ꎬ 2002ꎬ 2005).
So farꎬ many DEAD ̄box RNA helicases in
higher plants have been identified (Boudet et al.ꎬ
2001ꎻ Aubourg et al.ꎬ 1999ꎻ Mingam et al.ꎬ 2004ꎻ
Lorkovic et al.ꎬ 1997ꎻ Owttrim et al.ꎬ 1991ꎬ 1994ꎻ
Roel and Kuhlemeierꎬ 1998ꎻ Gallie et al.ꎬ 1997ꎻ
Webster et al.ꎬ 1991ꎻ Gendra et al.ꎬ 2004ꎻ Kato et
al.ꎬ 2001ꎻ Nakamura et al.ꎬ 2004ꎻ Vashisht and
Tutejaꎬ 2005). Fifty ̄eight DEAD ̄box RNA helicas ̄
esꎬ designed as AtRH1 ̄AtRH58ꎬ have been found in
the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana which are al ̄
most evenly distributed in 5 chromosomes of Arabi ̄
dopsis thaliana ( Boudet et al.ꎬ 2001ꎻ Aubourg et
al.ꎬ 1999ꎻ Mingam et al.ꎬ 2004). DEAD ̄box genes
have been found also in Spinacia oleracea (Lorkovic
et al.ꎬ 1997)ꎬ Nicotiana plumbaginifolia (Owttrim
et al.ꎬ 1991ꎬ 1994ꎻ Roel and Kuhlemeierꎬ 1998ꎻ
Wang et al.ꎬ 2000)ꎬ Triticum aestivum (Gallie et
al.ꎬ 1997)ꎬ Zea mays (Zhang et al.ꎬ 2006ꎻ Web ̄
ster et al.ꎬ 1991ꎻ Gendra et al.ꎬ 2004)ꎬ Oryza sati ̄
va (Kato et al.ꎬ 2001ꎻ Li et al.ꎬ 2008)ꎬ Vigna ra ̄
diate (Li et al.ꎬ 2001)ꎬ Hordeum vulgare (Naka ̄
mura et al.ꎬ 2004)ꎬ M􀆰 sativa (Luo et al.ꎬ 2009)
and Pisum sativum (Vashisht et al.ꎬ 2005). Howev ̄
erꎬ the DEAD ̄box genes in ferns are till poorly
known. Hereꎬ we describe the cloning and charac ̄
ters of this novel DEAD ̄box RNA helicase in Equise ̄
tum arvenseꎬ aiming at revealing Equisetum arvense
DEAD ̄box RNA helicases structures and provide
references for the future functional studies.
1  Materials and methods
1􀆰 1  Materials
The reproductive stems of Equisetum arvense were
collected in Tonghe countyꎬ Heilongjiang province in
late April. The fresh materials were quick ̄freezed in
liquid nitrogen and stored in -80 ℃ refrigerator.
1􀆰 2  RNA extraction and cDNA synthesize
The frozen materials were ground to fine powder
in liquid nitrogenꎬ and total RNA was extracted u ̄
sing the SV Total RNA Isolation Kit (Promega) ac ̄
cording to the manufacturer’s protocol. Total RNA
was treated with Recombinant DNaseⅠ (Takara)
for 30 min at 37 ℃ . The integrity and purity of the
samples were assessed by agarose gel electrophoresis
and spectrophotometer quantification. All of them
presented high degree of integrity and purity (1􀆰 8<
A260 / A280<2􀆰 0)ꎻ thusꎬ they were used later for the
synthesis of cDNA single strand. cDNAs were syn ̄
thesized by using the Superscript Ⅲ reverse tran ̄
scriptase ( Invitrogen) and the adaper primer (5′-
GACTCGAGTCGACATCGATTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT -
3′) supplied by Invitrogen.
1􀆰 3  Isolation of DEAD ̄box fragments by PCR
Degenerate primers were designed based on the
reported sequences in Genbank. The following for ̄
ward primer was used: F1 (5′-CCWCNDCSCWNT ̄
617                                  植 物 分 类 与 资 源 学 报                            第 36卷
KCASDGWKCWK-3′). The following reverse prim ̄
er was used: R1 (5′ -CAWTSTWSTYYATNSMTS ̄
NDYAT-3′). PCR was carried out using 1 μL cD ̄
NA and 0􀆰 2 μm specific primers in a 50 μL reaction
volume containing standard buffer (Mg2+ plus)ꎬ 2􀆰 5
mmol􀅰L-1 of each dNTPs and 2􀆰 5 U Taq polymerase
and performed at 94 ℃ for 5 minꎬ followed by 35 cy ̄
cles of 45 sec at 94 ℃ꎬ 45 sec at 55 ℃ꎬ and 1 min
at 72 ℃ꎬ and a final extension of 10 min at 72 ℃ .
PCR products were separated on 2% agarose gels for
electrophoresis and stained with ethidium bromide.
The single specific band of PCR products was cloned
into the pEASY ̄T5 zero cloning kit (Trans) for se ̄
quencing.
1􀆰 4  Isolation of DEAD ̄box containing cDNAs
using RACE
Total RNA was extracted from the strobile of
Equisetum arvense. 3′ -RACE and 5′ -RACE were
both performed by SMARTer RACE cDNA Amplifi ̄
cation Kit (Clontech) according to the manufactur ̄
er’s protocol. The primers used in 3′-RACE were
F2 ( 5′ - TGCGGATGATGTGGCCTCTAC - 3′) and
F3 (5′-CGGTTTCCGTGAGGGCAGATT- 3′). The
primers used in 5′-RACE were R2 (5′-CCGTTGG ̄
GATGGAGAAGAGTTT-3′) and R3 (5′-ACATCT ̄
TCAGCGAAACCAACCC - 3′). The PCR condition
was 94 ℃ 2 minꎬ followed by 25 cycles of 94 ℃ for
30 secondꎬ 68 ℃ for 30 secondꎬ and 72 ℃ for 3
minꎬ and a final step at 72 ℃ for 6 min using Ad ̄
vantage 2 Polymerase Mix (Takara). PCR products
were separated on 1􀆰 2% agarose gels and the single
specific band of PCR products was cloned into the
pEASY ̄Blunt zero cloning kit ( Trans) for sequen ̄
cing. Because of potential PCR errorsꎬ at least two
independently amplified clones were sequenced in
every experiment. ORF amplification was processed
by specific primers designed according to 3′- and 5′
-RACE results and performed according to the KOD
polymerase provided by TOYOBO.
1􀆰 5  Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis
Multiple sequence alignments were performed
on the DEAD ̄box protein sequences using Clustal W
with default parametersꎬ and the alignments were
then adjusted manually. A phylogenetic tree was con ̄
structed with aligned DEAD ̄box protein sequences u ̄
sing MEGA 5􀆰 2 by employing the neighbor joining
(NJ) method with the following parameters: Jones ̄
Taylor ̄Thornton ( JTT) modelꎬ complete deletionꎬ
and bootstrap (1 000 replicates).
2  Results
2􀆰 1  Cloning of EaRH1ꎬ an Equisetum arvense
gene encoding a DEAD ̄box RNA helicase
This study clones an amplification product a ̄
bout 1 285 bp using degenerate primersꎬ F1 and R1
(Fig􀆰 1A). Based on this fragmentꎬ RACE method
is performed and works out its complete 5′ and 3′
terminals (Fig􀆰 1Bꎬ C). Results show that this cD ̄
NA sequence has poly A structureꎬ which indicates
that this clone contains complete 3′  ̄terminal domain.
This cDNAꎬ named EaRH1 ( GenBank accession
number: KJ734026)ꎬ 3 230 bp in full lengthꎬ con ̄
tains an ORF region from 487 bp to 2 799 bpꎬ enco ̄
ding 770 amino acids (Fig􀆰 1Dꎻ Fig􀆰 2).
Fig􀆰 1  Electrophoresis results of PCR amplification of Equisetum arvense DEAD ̄box RNA helicase EaRH1 cDNA ends
M. DL2000 DNA markerꎻ A. The result of core fragment PCR (lane 1)ꎻ B. The result of 5′ RACE PCR (lane 2)ꎻ
C. The result of 3′ RACE PCR (lane 3)ꎻ D. Amplification of the coding region of EaRH1 (lane 4)
7176期      XU Dao ̄Lan et al.: Cloning and Characterization of DEAD ̄box RNA Helicases Gene from the Fern 􀆺       
Fig􀆰 2  Nucleotides sequence and deduced amino acids sequence of Equisetum arvense DEAD ̄box RNA helicase EaRH1.
The translational start coden (ATG) is in bold and the stop coden is indicated by an asterisk
817                                  植 物 分 类 与 资 源 学 报                            第 36卷
2􀆰 2  The structure of EaRH1 protein and phylo ̄
genetic analysis
Searching for conserved domains revealed that
EaRH1 protein contains two typical conserved do ̄
mainsꎬ DEADc and HELICc ( helicase superfamily
C ̄terminal domain)ꎬ which are characteristic of the
DEAD ̄box protein family (Fig􀆰 3). Besidesꎬ EaRH1
also contains 9 conserved mode structures of reported
DEAD ̄box RNA helicases by amino acids sequence
BLAST comparison (Fig􀆰 4A).
DEAD ̄box RNA helicases contain many con ̄
served motif structuresꎬ which are associated with
biochemical functions. Comparision of EaRH1 with
DEAD ̄box RNA helicases conserved motifs so far i ̄
dentified reveals that their amino acids sequences of
conserved domain are highly identical ( Fig􀆰 4B).
This also indicates that EaRH1 belongs to the family
and have biochemical functions similar to DEAD ̄box
RNA helicases from other species. Howeverꎬ there
are still certain differences between themꎬ Q motifꎬ
Motif Ⅰand Motif Ⅳꎬ for exampleꎬ so EaRH1 pro ̄
tein is a new DEAD ̄box RNA helicase.
In fernsꎬ only Selaginella moellendorffii has comp ̄
leted the whole genome sequencing by far. Sequence
comparison result shows that the similarity EaRH1
and a hypothetical DEAD ̄box RNA helicase protein
from Selaginella moellendorffii reaches 69% (Fig􀆰 5).
The highest sequence similarity is concentrated in
the domain that includes 9 conserved motifs.
To research the evolutionary relationshipꎬ phylo ̄
genetic tree is constructed on EaRH1 and DEAD ̄box
RNA helicase proteins from other species (Fig􀆰 6).
Result shows that EaRH1 forms a branch with Arabi ̄
dopsis thaliana At3g22320. Genetic distance and phylo ̄
genetic relationship indicate that EaRH1 is a new
DEAD ̄box RNA helicase. Besidesꎬ EaRH1 also shares
a relatively high similarity with Ricinus communis Rc ̄
XM002512556 and Hordeum vulgare HVD1. This also
indicates that DEAD ̄box RNA helicase motif struc ̄
tures are relatively conserved during plant evolution.
Fig􀆰 3  The NCBI conserved domain search result of the deduced amino acids sequence of Equisetum arvense DEAD ̄box RNA helicase EaRH1
DEADc: DEAD ̄box helicasesꎻ HELICc: Helicase superfamily C ̄terminal domain
Fig􀆰 4  Structural organization of the predicted EaRH1 protein
A. DEAD ̄box RNA helicates′ conserved motifs in deduced amino acids sequence of Equisetum arvense DEAD ̄box RNA helicase EaRH1.
The nine conserved motifs of DEAD ̄box RNA helicases are indicated by underline. B. Comparison of EaRH1
and other conserved motifs of DEAD ̄box RNA helicases
9176期      XU Dao ̄Lan et al.: Cloning and Characterization of DEAD ̄box RNA Helicases Gene from the Fern 􀆺       
Fig􀆰 5  Sequence comparison of Equisetum arvense EaRH1 and a hypothetical DEAD ̄box RNA
helicase protein from Selaginella moellendorffii
Fig􀆰 6  Phylogenetic tree analysis of Equisetum arvense DEAD ̄box RNA helicase EaRH1 with
DEAD ̄box RNA helicase protein from other organisms
The DEAD ̄box RNA helicase proteins used were: Equisetum arvense EaRH1ꎻ Arabidopsis thaliana At3g22320ꎬ RCF1ꎬ DRH1 and
At5g08620ꎻ Oryza sativa DB10ꎻ Homo sapiens BAD18438ꎻ Zea mays DRH1ꎻ Hordeum vulgare HVD1ꎻ Ricinus communis
XM002512556ꎻ Nicotiana tabacum VDL4ꎻ Chlamydomonas reinhardtii CHLREDRAFT ̄129561 and DBP2
3  Discussion
The DEAD ̄box RNA helicase family was de ̄
fined by Linder et al. (Linder et al.ꎬ 1989)ꎬ who
firstly found several highly conserved motifs existing
in eight eukaryotic initiation factor eIF4A homolo ̄
gous proteinsꎬ mice eIF ̄4AIꎬ eIF ̄4AIIꎬ PL10ꎻ yeast
TIF ̄4Aꎬ MSS116ꎻ human p68ꎻ Drosophila melano ̄
gaster vasaꎻ and E􀆰 coli SrmB (Yang et al.ꎬ 2009).
All of these proteins contain 9 highly conserved mo ̄
tifs: Q motifꎬ MotifⅠꎬ MotifⅠaꎬ MotifⅠbꎬ MotifⅡꎬ
Motif Ⅲꎬ Motif Ⅳꎬ Motif Ⅴꎬ Motif Ⅵ (Linder et
al.ꎬ 1989ꎻ Tanner et al.ꎬ 2003ꎻ Linderꎬ 2006). The
existence of all these nine motifs is the standard to
determine whether a protein belongs to this family
027                                  植 物 分 类 与 资 源 学 报                            第 36卷
(Linder et al.ꎬ 1989). EaRH1 contains these con ̄
served motif structuresꎬ so EaRH1 of Equisetum ar ̄
vense is a DEAD ̄box RNA helicase. Sequence com ̄
parison of EaRH1 and a Selaginella moellendorffii
hypothetical DEAD ̄box RNA helicase protein also
shows that 9 conserved motifs are relatively conser ̄
vative with plant evolution.
Many DEAD ̄box RNA helicases in higher plants
have been identified by far. Besidesꎬ several DEAD ̄
box RNA helicases of the algae Chlamydomonas re ̄
inhardtii are found in the NCBI database. Howeverꎬ
no DEAD ̄box RNA helicase has been investigated in
ferns. This study firstly clones EaRH1ꎬ one of Equi ̄
setum arvense DEAD ̄box RNA helicasesꎬ full ̄length
cDNA sequence and enriching the DEAD ̄box RNA
helicases family in plants. According to the phyloge ̄
netic tree analysisꎬ EaRH1 shares a relatively high
similarity with Arabidopsis thaliana At3g22320ꎬ Ric ̄
inus communis Rc ̄XM002512556 and Hordeum vul ̄
gare HVD1. Howeverꎬ due to the DEAD ̄box RNA
helicases studies were relatively fewꎬ the phylogene ̄
tic tree is also not well reflecting the evolutionary re ̄
lationships of the gene.
Comparison with the sequence of the DEAD ̄box
RNA helicase of other speciesꎬ it is showed that the
sequence of Motif Ⅰaꎬ Motif Ⅱ and Motif Ⅲ are al ̄
most completely same while there are certain differ ̄
ences in sequence of Q motifꎬ Motif Ⅰand Motif Ⅳ.
The conserved motifs of DEAD ̄box RNA helicases
proteins are associated with biochemical functions.
Motif Ⅱ and motif Ⅵ are involved in the ATP hy ̄
drolysisꎬ motif Ⅲ is related to RNA desmolysis
(Cordin et al.ꎬ 2006). Motif Ⅱ and motif Ⅲ of
EaRH1 are DEAD and SAT respectivelyꎬ which is
consistent with DEAD group of DEAD ̄box RNA he ̄
licases proteins. Previous studies reveal that DEAD ̄
box RNA helicases lose RNA desmolysis activity
when mutation occurred in motif Ⅲꎬ that is SAT
(Luking et al.ꎬ 1998). This conservatism might also
imply that EaRH1 has important biological functionsꎬ
like the DEAD ̄box RNA helicases from other species.
The available evidences indicate that DEAD ̄
box RNA helicases play an extensive and profound
role in the life of plants (Yang et al.ꎬ 2009). A ̄
mong the DEAD ̄box RNA helicases familyꎬ eIF4A
is the typical representative of this family. Previous
studies have confirmed that Nicotiana tabacum con ̄
tains a number of eIF4A function as translation initi ̄
ation (Owttrim et al.ꎬ 1991ꎬ 1994). Besidesꎬ in
terms of plant growth and developmentꎬ PRH75 from
Spinacia oleracea is related to the rapid cell growth
and division (Lorkovic et al.ꎬ 1997)ꎬ CAF (DCL1)
from Arabidopsis thaliana is related to the floral mer ̄
istem determinacy and miRNA biogenesis (Jacobsen
et al.ꎬ 1999ꎻ Park et al.ꎬ 2002)ꎬ VrRH1 from Vig ̄
na radiate is related to the viability of mung bean
seeds ( Li et al.ꎬ 2001)ꎬ and ZmDRH1 from Zea
mays is related to the interaction with RNA binding
protein MA16 (Gendra et al.ꎬ 2004). In addition to
theseꎬ DEAD ̄box RNA helicases are involved in
plant abiotic stress responses. FL2 ̄5A4ꎬ LOS4 and
PMH2 from Arabidopsis thalianaꎬ for exampleꎬ are
associated with cold responses (Gong et al.ꎬ 2002ꎬ
2005ꎻ Seki et al.ꎬ 2001ꎻ Matthes et al.ꎬ 2007).
Based on the functional analysis of the DEAD ̄box
RNA helicases in Arabidopsis thalianaꎬ Ricinus com ̄
munis and Hordeum vulgareꎬ we also predict that
EaRH1 might be involved in growth and develop ̄
mentꎬ miRNA biogenesisꎬ interaction with RNA
binding protein and abiotic stress responses. Of
courseꎬ further researches are needed to explore the
function of the gene.
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