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A Preliminary Study of Traditional, Wild Medicinal, Edible Plants in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, China

西双版纳传统利用的野生药食两用植物



全 文 :西双版纳传统利用的野生药食两用植物∗
顾  玮1ꎬ2ꎬ 杨  珺1ꎬ 杨付梅3ꎬ 孙黔云3ꎬ 王跃虎1ꎬ 龙春林1ꎬ4∗∗
(1 中国科学院昆明植物研究所资源植物与生物技术所级重点实验室ꎬ 云南 昆明  650201ꎻ 2 中国科学院大学ꎬ
北京  100049ꎻ 3 贵州省中国科学院天然产物化学重点实验室生物活性筛选室ꎬ 贵州 贵阳  550002ꎻ
4 中央民族大学生命与环境科学学院ꎬ 北京  100081)
摘要: 2010年 3月至 2011年 7月对西双版纳少数民族传统利用的药食两用植物进行民族植物学调查ꎬ 通
过访谈和野外调查工作ꎬ 收集并记录了关于当地社区传统利用药食两用植物的传统知识以及其他相关信
息ꎬ 并选择了其中 20种植物进行抗菌活性的筛选ꎮ 共调查统计了 43 科 95 种西双版纳传统利用的药食两
用植物ꎬ 从分类学角度来看ꎬ 以茄科 (6 种) 和唇形科 (6 种) 最多ꎬ 其中草本植物占了最大比例ꎬ 为
49􀆰 5%ꎮ 对其中 20种植物的抗菌活性筛选结果显示ꎬ 只有马蓝 (Baphicacanthus cusia) 和旋花茄 (Sola ̄
num spirale) 对金黄色葡萄球菌有抑菌活性ꎮ 从调查中可以看出: 药食两用植物的利用在当地人的日常生
活中仍占有相当重要的分量ꎮ 但随着近年来经济快速发展导致的传统知识的急剧流失和森林的大面积砍
伐ꎬ 很多植物已经逐渐从人们的生活中淡出ꎬ 如何保护这些传统知识并使其能够可持续发展下去是一个值
得思考的问题ꎮ
关键词: 西双版纳ꎻ 药食两用植物ꎻ 传统知识ꎻ 抗菌活性
中图分类号: Q 949􀆰 9            文献标识码: A              文章编号: 2095-0845(2014)01-099-10
A Preliminary Study of Traditionalꎬ Wild Medicinalꎬ Edible
Plants in Xishuangbannaꎬ Yunnanꎬ China
GU Wei1ꎬ2ꎬ YANG Jun1ꎬ YANG Fu ̄Mei3ꎬ SUN Qian ̄Yun3ꎬ
WANG Yue ̄Hu1ꎬ LONG Chun ̄Lin1ꎬ4∗
(1 Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnologyꎬ Kunming Institute of Botanyꎬ Chinese Academy of Sciencesꎬ Kunming
650201ꎬ Chinaꎻ 2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciencesꎬ Beijing 100049ꎬ Chinaꎻ 3 Drug Screening Labꎬ The Key Laboratory
of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Scienceꎬ Guiyang 550002ꎬ Chinaꎻ
4 College of Life and Environmental Sciencesꎬ Minzu University of Chinaꎬ Beijing 100081ꎬ China)
Abstract: An ethnobotanical study was conducted through interview and field work during 2010􀆰 3-2011􀆰 7 to deter ̄
mine the wild medicine ̄food plants used by the local people of Xishuangbannaꎬ southwest Yunnanꎬ China. All infor ̄
mation provided on the uses of medicine ̄food plants by local communities was documented. In additionꎬ the disk dif ̄
fusion method was used to test the antibacterial activities of some plants. A total of 95 plant species belonging to 43
families were reported as medicine ̄food plantsꎬ with Solanaceae (6 species) and Lamiaceae (6 species) being the
most represented families. Most plants used were herbs (49􀆰 5%)ꎬ of which 20 were screened for antibacterial activi ̄
ties. Baphicacanthus cusia and Solanum spirale showed moderate antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus au ̄
reus. Our interviews revealed that in the study area wild plants are still commonly used for food and medicinal purposes
植 物 分 类 与 资 源 学 报  2014ꎬ 36 (1): 99~108
Plant Diversity and Resources                                    DOI: 10.7677 / ynzwyj201413069

∗∗
基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目 (31161140345ꎬ 31070288)、 国家科技基础性工作专项 (2012FY110300ꎬ 2008FY110400)、 教
育部和国家外专局创新引智计划 (B08044ꎬ MUC985)、 日本学术振兴会项目 (JSPS / AP / 109080)
Author for correspondenceꎻ E ̄mail: long@ mail. kib. ac. cn
Received date: 2013-03-28ꎬ Accepted date: 2013-08-02
作者简介: 顾  玮 (1981-) 女ꎬ 博士ꎬ 助理研究员ꎬ 主要从事民族植物学研究ꎮ E ̄mail: guwei@ mail. kib. ac. cn
by people in their daily lives. Howeverꎬ there is a gradual loss of traditional knowledge about these plants due to a
decline in inter ̄generational transmission of knowledge. Loss of this precious knowledge is a major concern.
Key words: Xishuangbannaꎻ Medicine ̄food plantsꎻ Traditional knowledgeꎻ Antibacterial activitiy
  As people paying more attention to the health
careꎬ medicine ̄food plants plays more important role
in modern timeꎬ especially in Chinaꎬ which has a
long history to use the medicine ̄food plants. With
the rapid development of economy and the rapid loss
of biodiversity and traditional knowledgeꎬ a large
number of traditional knowledge in minority national ̄
ities is facing the danger of disappearingꎬ documen ̄
tation and evaluation of the traditional knowledge re ̄
lated to the diversityꎬ usageꎬ culture of medicine ̄
food plants is crucial (Trotter and Loganꎬ 1986).
Xishuangbanna is an area with high floristic and
cultural diversity. Because of the close relationship
with natural forestꎬ all native ethnic groups have de ̄
veloped knowledge systems related to the use and
conservation of natural resources (A et al.ꎬ 1999ꎻ
Chen et al.ꎬ 1999ꎻ Li et al.ꎬ 1996ꎻ Peiꎬ 1982).
Earlier studies about Traditional Knowledge (TK) in
Xishuangbanna have involved traditional cultivated
plants ( Yu et al.ꎬ 1985 )ꎬ traditional beverage
plants ( Pan et al.ꎬ 2006)ꎬ and utilization of the
wild vegetable (Li et al.ꎬ 2007)ꎬ traditional aquatic
plants (Fangꎬ 2006) used by Dai people.
The present study focused on the ethnobotany of
medicinal ̄edible plants used by local people living
in Xishuangbana from ancient time. Several ethnic
groups in Xishuangbanna such as Daiꎬ Haniꎬ Bu ̄
lang were involved in this study. Ninety ̄five species
were recorded in this research. Their food and me ̄
dicinal function and other usage were documented.
Additionallyꎬ 20 of these medicine ̄food species were
screened for antibacterial activities.
1  Materials and methods
1􀆰 1  Study area
Xishuangbannaꎬ a region of exceptional interest
to biologistsꎬ is located in the south of Yunnan and
bounded approximately by the geographical coordi ̄
nates of 21°09′ and 22°36′ northern latitudeꎬ and of
99°58′ and 101°50′ eastern longitude. Xishuangban ̄
na borders Laos to the east and southꎬ and Burma to
the southwest and to the north adjoins the plateau of
Yunnan (Zhuꎬ 1992). The region has mountain ̄val ̄
ley topography with the Hengduan Mountains run ̄
ning north ̄southꎬ and about 95% of the region is
covered by mountains and hill. The altitude varies
from 475 to 2 430 m above sea level ( Li et al.ꎬ
2009). The vegetation can be divided into two major
groups: tropical evergreen forests in the mountain
areasꎬ and tropical monsoon forests in the hilly areas
(Li et al.ꎬ 1996).
1􀆰 2  Field study
The field ethnobotanical study was carried out
in Xishuangbanna during several visits in 2010 and
2011. The investigated localities cover 12 villages of
three counties (Jinghongꎬ Menghai and Mengla) in
Xishuangbannaꎬ three ethnic groups ( Daiꎬ Haniꎬ
Bulang) were involved. Free ̄listing and semi ̄struc ̄
tured interview techniques were used. Research fo ̄
cused exclusively on medicine ̄food plants use and
knowledge. Informants were chosen using the com ̄
plementary strategies of snowballꎬ purposiveꎬ and
convenience sampling (Bernardꎬ 2006). Forty key
informants whom have great knowledge and experi ̄
ence about wild plants usage were selected in our in ̄
terview. Information was compared with other areas
and neighboring villages to verify the accuracy (Ba ̄
har and Sukranꎬ 2013). Interviewees ranged in age
from 20 to 82 yearsꎬ 8 folk healers were included.
Interview questions aimed at understanding tradition ̄
al uses for medicine ̄food plantsꎬ including informa ̄
tion on local plant namesꎬ ailments against which
the plants were usedꎬ edible parts of the plantsꎬ and
methods of preparation and administration. Speci ̄
mens of the plants were collected and identified with
the help of experts from Kunming Institute of Bota ̄
001                                  植 物 分 类 与 资 源 学 报                            第 36卷
nyꎬ Chinese Academy of Sciences.
Three major markets of Menglunꎬ Menghan and
Menghun were surveyed at least twice for analyzing
marketing condition of traditional medicine ̄food
plants. Surveys were conducted at the peak market
hours between 7􀆰 00-10􀆰 00 am and 2􀆰 00-6􀆰 00 pm.
Information was gathered on the plants parts used
and quantities sold numbers of retailers in the mar ̄
ketꎬ prices and total volume available for each spe ̄
cies (Jain et al.ꎬ 2011). Semi ̄structured interview
techniques were used during the marketing survey.
1􀆰 3  Assay of antibacterial activity
The in vitro antibacterial effects of the methanol
extract of 20 selected medicine ̄food plants on Staph ̄
ylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were deter ̄
mined with the disk diffusion method (Yang et al.ꎬ
2012). Filter paper disks (6. 18 mm in diameter)
impregnated with 40 μL sample solutions (mg / mL)
were placed on cation ̄adjusted Mueller ̄Hinton agar
platesꎬ which had been inoculated with test organ ̄
ismꎬ according to the standard protocol described by
the National Committee of Clinical Laboratory Stand ̄
ards (NCCLS) (NCCLS 2002). The plates were in ̄
cubated at 37 ℃ꎬ and the diameters of the inhibition
zones were measured after 18 h. gentamicin was in ̄
cluded as a control. Each assay was performed in
triplicate and repeated at least two times. All of the
analyses were performed to compare the mean or av ̄
erage values.
2  Results
2􀆰 1  Wild medicine ̄food plants diversity and fre ̄
quently utilized species
According to our interviewꎬ there are 95 species
(see Table 1) of medicine ̄food plants which belongs
to 43 families were identified by local ethnic groups
(Daiꎬ Haniꎬ Bulang). Solanaceae (6 species) and
Lamiaceae (6 species) were the most represented
familiesꎬ followed by Araceae ( 5 species )ꎬ and
Acanthaceae (5 species). Most of the used plants
(Figure 1) are herbs (49􀆰 5%)ꎬ trees (25􀆰 3%) and
shrubs ( 14􀆰 7%). Besides the medicinal and food
functionꎬ there has 14􀆰 7% species have other uses.
Among these plantsꎬ common know species by
all ethnic groups numbered 49. Eating bitter foods is
a unique feature of the local dietꎬ because of the hot
and moist climate in Xishuangbannaꎬ local people
summarized through the diet regulating the balance
of the body in a long time. They prefer sour (Spondi ̄
as pinnataꎬ Ardisia solanaceaꎬ Citrus limonꎬ and so
on)ꎬ bitter (Baphicacanthus cusiaꎬ Dregea volubi ̄
lisꎬ Solanum coagulansꎬ S􀆰 spiraleꎬ and so on)ꎬ and
spicy food. Another unique feature of the local diet is
eating flowers. The most common edible flowers are
Gmelina arborea ( The powder of the dry flowers
used for making the festival cake of Dai)ꎬ Buddleja
officinalis (the flowers used for adding into the rice
as the coloring and flavoring agent)ꎬ Bauhinia uar ̄
iegate (the flowers used as vegetable) and so on.
2􀆰 2  Edible parts and cooking methods diversity
The local people choose the certain parts of
each edible plant as food. For exampleꎬ the young
shoots and fruits of Ficus auriculata were used as
vegetablesꎻ the flowers of Buddleja officinalis was
used as pigment and flavor additive of riceꎻ the flow ̄
ers of Mayodendron igneum eaten as vegetablesꎻ the
bracts of Musa basjoo flowers and the rhizome of
Houttuynia cordata are also used as food. Through
our investigation and statisticsꎬ the main edible parts
of these plants are young shootsꎬ flowersꎬ rhizomesꎬ
leaves and fruits. Their cooking methods were decid ̄
ed by many factorsꎬ such as different seasonsꎬ dif ̄
ferent edible partsꎬ even some edible plants has low
toxicity. The common cooking methods include roast ̄
ingꎬ poundingꎬ boilingꎬ fryingꎬ steaming or making
saladꎬ the plants with low toxicityꎬ for exampleꎬ
Plumeria rubra flowersꎬ need to boiled and in water
for a period of time before eating.
2􀆰 3  Medicinal uses of edible plants
The most common practice for the use of plants
for medicinal purposes was to cut into piecesꎬ grind
into powderꎬ rubꎬ fry or decoct the medicinal herbsꎬ
make stew with chicken or spareribsꎬ sparkle medi ̄
cine wineꎬ applied externally and so on.
1011期    GU Wei et al.: A Preliminary Study of Traditionalꎬ Wild Medicinalꎬ Edible Plants in Xishuangbanna 􀆺     
Table 1  List of wild medicine ̄food plants investigated with their related information
Family Species Growthhabit
Local
name
Local use(s)
(edible only) Medicinal use(s)
  Additional
  local use(s)
Acanthaceae Baphicacanthus cusia(Nees) Bremek. Herb
Huang
man
Young shoots eaten
as vegetable
Stem and leaves used for anti ̄
inflammatoryꎬ antisepticsꎬ heat ̄
clearing and detoxifying
Dipliptera riparia Ness
var. yunnanensis Herb
Young shoots eaten
as vegetable
Herb used to treat rheumatic
arthritis and cold
Mananthes patentiflora
(Hemsl.) Bremek Herb
Young shoots eaten
as vegetable
The herb used to treat trau ̄
matic injury
Pseuderanthemum
polyyanthum
(C.B. Clarke) Merr
Herb Flowers eaten asvegetable
The herb used for the wound
inflammation and cure trau ̄
matic injury
Thunbergia grandiflora
(Rottl. ex Willd.) Roxb. Herb
Flowers eaten as
vegetable
Roots and leaves can used to
treat stomach trouble
Anacardiaceae Mangifera indica Linn. Tree Mameng Fruits can edible
The fruits used as stomachic
tonicꎻ the stone heat ̄clearing
and detoxifying medicine
Spondias pinnata (Linn.)
Kurz Tree
Wai mu
ge
Fruits and young
shoots eaten as
vegetable
The fruits and stem bark used
as heat ̄clearing and relieving
cough and resolving phlegm
medicine
Bark can use for
extraction of tann ̄
inꎻ the sap can
used to bond pills
Angiopteridaceae Angiopteris nuda Ching Herb Ge guji ma
Young shoots eaten
as vegetable
The rootstock used for expel ̄
ling wind and scattered stasis
detumescenceꎬ heat ̄clearing and
detoxifyingꎬ relieving uneasi ̄
ness of mind and body tran ̄
quilization
Apocynaceae Ecdysanthera roseaHook. et Arn. Liana
Ji feng
mei
Young shoots eaten
as vegetable
The whole plants used to cure
rheumatalgiaꎬ traumatic inju ̄
ry and soreꎬ chronic enteritis
and so on.
The whole plants
can used for Ex ̄
traction of latex
Amalocalyx yunnanensis
Tsiang Vine
Young shoots and
young fruits eaten
as vegetable
Roots used as galactogogue
Plumeria rubra
‘Acutifolia’ Tree
Guo luo
zhang
ba die
Flowers eaten as
vegetable
The flowers used to cure sun ̄
strokeꎬ dysenteryꎬ stomach ̄
ache and cough
Araceae Alocasia macrorrhiza(Linn.) Schott Herb
Petiole eaten as
vegetable
Roots used as heat antidotesꎬ
scattered stasis detumescence
and detoxification medicine
Amorohophalms konjac
K. Koch. Herb Rhizome edible
Roots used as reducing swell ̄
ingꎬ detoxification and pain
relief medicine
Colocasia esculenta (Linn.)
Schott var. illustum Schott Herb
Young flowers eaten
as vegetable Roots used to treat weakness
Colocasia gigantea (Bl.)
Hook. f. Herb
The petiole eaten
as vegetable
Roots used for detoxification
and pain relief
Lasia spinosa (L.) Thwaites
[L.heterophylla Schott] Herb
Young shoots eaten
as vegetable
Rhizome used to treat chronic
gastritisꎬ rheumatic arthritis
and so on
    —
Araliaceae Acanthopanax senticosus(Rupr. et Maxim.) Harms Shrub
Young shoots eaten
as vegetable
Root bark used to treat rheu ̄
matism
Kalopanax stptemlobus
(Thunb.) Koidz. Tree
Young flowers and
young shoots eaten
as vegetable
Roots and bark used as relie ̄
ving fevers medicine
Timber can used
to make furni ̄
tureꎬ instrument
and so on
Aralia armata (Wall.)
Seem. Tree
Young shoots eaten
as vegetable
Bark used to treat hepatitisꎬ
nephritisꎬ prostatitis
201                                  植 物 分 类 与 资 源 学 报                            第 36卷
Table 1 continued
Family Species Growthhabit
Local
name
Local use(s)
(edible only) Medicinal use(s)
  Additional
  local use(s)
Asclepiadaceae Marsdenia tinctoriaR. Br.
Scandent
subshrubs
Young shoots eaten
as vegetable
Fruits used for dispersing
stagnated liver qi for regula ̄
ting stomach
Cyptolepis sinensis
(Lour.) Merr. Vine
Young shoots eaten
as vegetable
The whole plant used to treat
consumptionꎬ stomach bleed ̄
ingꎬ snake bite and so on
Dregea volubilis (Linn. f.)
Benth. ex Hook. F. Vine
Pa kong
song
Young shoots eaten
as vegetable Roots used as emetic
Stem bark used to
make ropes and
artificial cotton
Asteraceae Enydra fluctuans Lour. Herb Ya jingbu
Young shoots eaten
as vegetable
The herb used to treat urticariaꎬ
diarrheaꎬ nausea and vomiting
Sonchus oleraceus L. Herb Young shoots eatenas vegetable
The herb used to cure enteri ̄
tisꎬ dysenteryꎬ icteric hepati ̄
tis and appendicitis
Bignoniaceae Dolichandrone caudafeline(Hance) Benth. Et Hook. f. Tree
Mai guo
jie
Flowers and fruits
eaten as vegetable
Leaves used for heat ̄clearing
and detoxifying
Mayodendron igneum
(Kurz) Kurz Tree
Guo luo
bi
Flowers eaten as
vegetable
The barkꎬ stem and root bark
can used to cure dysentery
and diarrhea
    —
Oroxylum indicum (Linn.)
Vent. Tree
Guo leng
ga
Fruits and flowers
can edible
Seeds and bark used as anti ̄
inflammatory and analgesic
medicine
Bombacaceae Bombax malabaricum DC. Tree Ge niu Flowers eaten asvegetable
Flowers used to cure diarrheaꎬ
enteritisꎻ Bark used to treat
diarrhea and menoxenia
Fibre used to
make textile
Caesalpiniaceae Cassia siamea Tree Mai xilie
young shoots and
flower eaten as
vegetable
The heartwood and leaves
used for relieving rheuma ̄
tismꎬ chills and painsꎬ relie ̄
ving itching
The heartwood can
used to make fur ̄
nitureꎻ the bark
and the pods can
used for extrac ̄
tion of tannin ex ̄
tract
Tamarindus indica Linn Tree Mu han Fruits can edible
Fruit used to treat sunstrokeꎬ
jaded appetiteꎬ mallnutrition
and indigestion syndrome in
childrenꎬ vomiting of preg ̄
nancy and constipation
The plants is a
nectar plantꎻ the
leaves can be used
to feet Cows and
sheepꎻ the young
shoots can be used
to Stocking lac
insectꎻ the heart ̄
wood can used to
make furnitureꎬ
boat and so on
Capparaceae Cleome gynandra L. Herb Young shoots eatenas vegetable
The herb used to treat rheu ̄
matic arthritisꎬ bones injuries
and hemorrhoids
Crateva unilocularis
Buch. ̄Ham. Tree Pa gong
Young shoots eaten
as vegetable
Roots used to treat hepatitis
and diarrhea
Caricaceae Carica papaya Linn. Tree Ma guisha bao
Fruitsꎬ young shoots
and male flower eat ̄
en as vegetable
Fruitsꎬ roots and leaves used
to treat abdominal distentionꎬ
headache

Chenopodiaceae Chenopodium athun L. Herb
Ge xia
wo niu
(ha ni)
Young shoots eaten
as vegetable
The stemꎬ leaves and seed
used to treat coldꎬ dysentery
and diarrhea
Commelinaceae Commelina benghalensisLinn. Herb
Young shoots eaten
as vegetable
The herb used to treat infant
pneumoniaꎬ difficulty in uri ̄
nationꎬ Furuncle swollen
3011期    GU Wei et al.: A Preliminary Study of Traditionalꎬ Wild Medicinalꎬ Edible Plants in Xishuangbanna 􀆺     
Table 1 continued
Family Species Growthhabit
Local
name
Local use(s)
(edible only) Medicinal use(s)
  Additional
  local use(s)
Commelina communis
Linn. Herb
Young shoots eaten
as vegetable
The herb used to treat edemaꎬ
dermatophytosisꎬ difficulty in uri ̄
nationꎬ coughꎬ mumps and so on
Compositae Crassocephalum crepidioides(Benth.) S. Moore Herb
Young shoots eaten
as vegetable
The herb used to treat feverꎬ
coldsꎬ dysentery and enteritis
et al.
    —
Gnaphalium affine
D. Don Herb
Ya muo
fie
Flowers used as the
material of cake
The herb used to treat coughꎬ
high blood pressureꎬ rheuma ̄
tism and so on
Vernonia volkameriaefolia
(Wall.) DC.
Small
tree
Dang hao
wen
Young shoots eaten
as vegetable
The whole plants used to cure
urinary calculusꎬ headache and
so on
Convolvulaceae Dichondra repens Forst. Herb Young shoots eatenas vegetable
Herb used to treat icteric hepa ̄
titisꎬ diarrheaꎬ fractureꎬ injury
Cucurbitaceae Gynostemma pentaphylla(Thunb.) Makino
Herbace ̄
ous vines
Ya ha
bai
Young shoots eaten
as vegetable
The herb used for heat ̄clear ̄
ingꎬ detoxifying and slimming
Momordica cochinchinensis vine Ma xiga
Young shoots eaten
as vegetable
Rootsꎬ leaves and seeds used to
treat dermatophytosisꎬ herniaꎬ
hemorrhoidsꎬ freckles and so on
Elaeagnaceae Elaeagnus conferta Roxb. Shrub Ma luan Fruits can edible
Rootsꎬ leaves and fruits used
to cure indigestionꎬ coughꎬ
and hemorrhoids and so on
Euphorbiaceae Antidesma acidum Retz Shrub Songmen
Young shoots eaten
as vegetable
Rootsꎬ stem and leaves used
for anti ̄inflammatoryꎬ antisep ̄
ticsꎬ analgesia and detoxify
Antidesma montanum Bl. Shrub Young shoots eatenas vegetable
Rootsꎬ stem and leaves used
for anti ̄inflammatoryꎬ antisep ̄
ticsꎬ analgesia and detoxify
Sauropus androgynus (Linn.)
Merr. (Euphorbiaceae) Shrub
Ha pa
wan
Young shoots eaten
as vegetable Roots used to treat tonsillitis
Phyllanthus emblica Linn.
(Euphorbiaceae) Tree
An mo
le
Fruits can edibleꎬ
bark used as con ̄
diment
Fruits used to cure abdominal
distensionꎬ cough and so on
Seeds can used to
make soapꎻ tim ̄
ber used to make
furniture
Gramineae Cymbopogon citratus(D. C.) Stapf Herb Sha hai
Stem and leaves
eaten as condiment
The herb used to treat feverꎬ
coldsꎬ abdominal painꎬ diar ̄
rhea and dermatophytosis
Stem and leaves
used for extrac ̄
ting essential oils
Lamiaceae Elsholtzia communis(Coll. et Hemsl.) Diels Herb Ying xin
Young shoots used
as condiment and
beverage
stems and leaves used to treat
coldꎬ coughꎬ pharyngitis
E.fruticosa Herb Whole plant usedas condiment
Roots used to cure rheumatic
arthritis
E.kachinensis Prain Herb An nanmu
Young shoots eaten
as vegetable
The herb have regulating
qi ̄flowing for strengthening
spleen function
    —
Mentha haplocalyx Briq. Herb Young shoots eatenas vegetable
The herb used to treat influ ̄
enza and sore throat
Ocimum basilicum var.
pilosum (Willd.) Benth. Herb
Guang
guo
Young shoots eaten
as vegetable
The herb used to treat measlesꎬ
traumatic injury and urticaria
Perilla frutescens Herb Zha aliang
Young shoots eaten
as vegetable
Herbs used as relieving fever
medicine
Leguminosae Bauhinia uariegate Linn. Tree Mai xiu Flowers eaten asvegetable
Bark used to treat coughꎬ di ̄
arrheaꎬ eczema et al.ꎻ leaves
used to treat coughꎻ flowers
used to cure pneumonia and
bronchitis
401                                  植 物 分 类 与 资 源 学 报                            第 36卷
Table 1 continued
Family Species Growthhabit
Local
name
Local use(s)
(edible only) Medicinal use(s)
  Additional
  local use(s)
Acacia pennata (Linn.)
Willd. Vine
Ha pa
la
Young shoots eaten
as vegetable
Stem bark used to treat lassi ̄
tude
Acacia sinuata (Lour.)
Merr Vine
Young shoots eaten
as vegetable
Fresh leaves used to treat ab ̄
dominal and teeth pain
Loganiaceae Buddleja officinalisMaxim. Shrub
Ran fan
hua
Flowers used for
rice ̄coloring
Flowers used to treat eye dis ̄
eases     —
Marantaceae Phrynium capitatumWilld. Herb
Leaves used as
food packaging
Herbs used as relieving fever
medicine
Moraceae Ficus tikoua Bur. Liana Fruits can edible
The roots used to cure jaun ̄
diceꎬ dysenteryꎬ hemorrhoidsꎬ
and gynecological disorders
Broussonetia papyifera
(Linn.) L′Hert. ex
Vent. (Moraceae)
Tree Ge sha
Flowers and young
shoots eaten as
vegetable
Fruits used to cure soreness and
weakness of waist and kneesꎬ
impotenceꎬ blurring of visionꎬ
and edemaꎻ the sap can used to
treat a lot of skin diseases
Bark used as the
material for pa ̄
per ̄making
Ficus auriculata Lour. Tree Young shoots eatenas vegetable
Leaves used to treat injury
and blood
Leaves used as
food packaging
Ficus maclellandi var.
rhododendrifolia Corner Tree
Young shoots eaten
as vegetable
Leaves used to treat injury
and blood     —
Musaceae Musa basjoo Sieb. etZucc. Herb
Flowers eaten as
vegetable
Leaves can use to prevent epi ̄
demicsꎻ fruit can treat consti ̄
pationꎻ the roots used to cure
all the pain
Leaves used as
food packaging
Musella lasiocarpa Herb Flowers eaten asvegetable
The stem juice can used for an ̄
tialcoholism and detoxificationꎻ
the flowers have the function of
constringency and hemostasia
Myrsinaceae Ardisia solanacea Roxb. Shrub Pa lei Young shoots eatenas vegetable           —     —
Embelia ribes Burm. F. Shrub Ma guilang
Young shoots eaten
as vegetable
The roots used to treat gyne ̄
cology and traumatic injury
Myrtaceae Psidium guajava Linn. Tree Ma guixiang la
Fruits can edibleꎻ
the leaves used to
make tea
The leaves and fruits used to
cure traumatic injuryꎬ enteri ̄
tisꎬ dysentery and so on
Papilionaceae Sesbania grandiflora (L.)Pers. Tree Luo jie
Young shoots and
flowers eaten as
vegetable
Bark used as apocrustia
Parkeriaceae Ceratopteris thalictroides(L.) Brongn. Herb
Young shoots eaten
as vegetable
The whole plants used to cure
injuryꎬ abdominal mass in the
abdomen and dysentery
Piperaceae Piper longum Linn. Herb Pa xie Young shoots eatenas vegetable
Rootsꎬ leaves and fruits used
to treat heat ̄clearing and de ̄
toxifyingꎬ cooling blood for
hemostasis and so on
Piper sarmentosum Roxb. Herb Diu bingmi
Young shoots eaten
as vegetable
The roots used to cure trau ̄
matic injuryꎬ cough and rheu ̄
matic arthritisꎻ the fruits used
to treat toothacheꎬ stomach ̄
ache and abdominal distension
Polygonaceae Polygonum aviculare L. Herb Young shoots eatenas vegetable
The herb used to treat dys ̄
menorrheal and fever
Polygonaceae Polygonum capitatumBuch. ̄Ham. Herb
Young shoots eaten
as vegetable
The herb used to treat nephri ̄
tis
5011期    GU Wei et al.: A Preliminary Study of Traditionalꎬ Wild Medicinalꎬ Edible Plants in Xishuangbanna 􀆺     
Table 1 continued
Family Species Growthhabit
Local
name
Local use(s)
(edible only) Medicinal use(s)
  Additional
  local use(s)
Polygonum hydropiper L. Herb
Young shoots eaten
as vegetable and
condiment
The herb used for subdhing
swelling and detoxicating
Rumex crispus Linn. Herb Herbs can usedas condiment
The herb used to cure skin
disease     —
Pteridiaceae
Pteridium aquilinum (Linn.)
Kuhn var. latiusculum
(Desv.) Underw. ex Heller
Herb Young shoots eatenas vegetable
Herbs used to treat feverꎬ
dysenteryꎬ rheumatic arthritisꎬ
high blood pressure and so on
Starch can make
many kind of food
Rosaceae Pyrus calleryana Dcne.Jard. Fruit. Tree
Young flowers eaten
as vegetable
Roots and leaves used to treat
acute ceratitisꎬ coughꎬ and
dysentery and so on
Rutaceae Citrus limon Smalltree Ma nao
Fruits used for
condiment and
beverage
Fruits and roots used for heat ̄
clearingꎬ swelling analgesicꎬ
bronchiectasis
Saururaceae Houttuynia cordataThunb. Herb
Pa hao
duan
Young shoots and
root crown eaten
as vegetable
The herb used to treat enteri ̄
tisꎬ dysenteryꎬ nephritis and
so on
Scrophulariaceae Lianophila rogosa(Roth.) Nerr. Herb
Nian bag
no(ha ni)
Young shoots eaten
as vegetable
The herb used to cure coldꎬ
caugh and sore throat
Solanaceae Solanum coagulans Forsk Herb Ma heleng
Fruits used as
vegetable
Fruits used to cure tineaꎬ par ̄
onychiaꎬ and vomiting
S.nigrum Linn. Herb Young shoots eatenas vegetable
Whole plants used as heat ̄
clearing medicine     —
S.spirale Roxburgh Shrub Pa li Young shoots eatenas vegetable
Whole plants used as heat ̄
clearing medicine
S.suffruticosum Schousb. Shrub Young shoots eatenas vegetable
Whole plants used as heat ̄
clearing medicine
S.torvum Shrub Young fruits usedas vegetable
Whole plants used to scattered
stasis detumescenceꎬ Detoxi ̄
fication
S.verbacifolium Linn. Shrub Ge mahei
Young shoots eaten
as vegetable
Whole plants have anti ̄in ̄
flammatoryꎬ relieve pain and
relieve itching functions
Umbelliferae Centella asiatica Herb Stem and leaveseaten as vegetable
The herb was used to cure
sunstrokeꎬ diarrhea et al.
The plants can used
to make cosmetic
Oenanthe benghalensis
(Roxb.) Benth. Herb
Young shoots eaten
as vegetable
The herb used to cure feverꎬ
coldsꎬ diarrhea and gynopathy
Oenanthe javanica
(Bl.) DC. Herb
Young shoots eaten
as vegetable
The stem and leaves can used
for clearing heat and promo ̄
ting dieresisꎬ stomachic tonic
and liver protection
    —
Eryngium foetidum Herb Leaves used ascondiment
The herb used to cure coldꎬ
tracheitisꎬ enteritis and dysentery
Verbenaceae Clerodendrum japonicum(Thunb.) Sweet Shrub Bin liang
Flowers eaten as
vegetable
Roots and leaves used to treat
chest tightnessꎬ menoxenia
Gmelina arborea Roxb. Tree Mai suo Flowers used as thematerial of cake
The heartwood leaves and
bark used to treat liver disea ̄
sesꎬ injuryꎬ and eczema and
so on
The wood used to
make furnitureꎬ
figureꎬ and boat
and so on
Vitaceae Cissus repens Lamk.Encucl. Vine
Hei song
xie
Young shoots eaten
as vegetable
The stem and roots used to
cure Virus gall
Zingiberaceae Amomum maximamRoxb. Herb He gu Fruits edible
Roots used to cure abdominal
painꎬ abdominal disrensionꎬ
indigestion
601                                  植 物 分 类 与 资 源 学 报                            第 36卷
Fig.1  Frequency of wild edible plant taxa
arranged by life forms
The most common diseases or ailments that were
treated with local traditional medicine ̄food plants
were cold and fever / cough (30 species)ꎬ dysentery
and diarrhea (18 species)ꎬ cuts and injury (15 spe ̄
cies) and indigestion (12 species).
2􀆰 4  Results of antibacterial activity testing
Twenty of these medicine ̄food species were
screened for antibacterial activities. According to Mi ̄
crobial Test Technology ( Gou and Wangꎬ 2008)ꎬ
with the diameter of inhibition zone characterizing
antibacterial performanceꎬ the diameter of inhibition
zone is more than 20 mm indicating that the tested
sample belonging to the level of high sensitiveꎬ the
diameter of inhibition zone is between 10-19 mm in ̄
dicating that the tested sample belonging to the level
of medium sensitiveꎬ and if the diameter of inhibi ̄
tion zone is less than 10 mm indicating that the test ̄
ed sample belonging to the level of muting sensitive.
The results ( see Table 2) indicated that the only
methanol extract of Baphicacanthus cusia (the diam ̄
eter of inhibition zone is 19. 84 ± 4. 09 mm) and So ̄
lanum spirale ( the diameter of inhibition zone is
10􀆰 90 ± 1􀆰 44 mm) showed the moderate antibacteri ̄
al activities on Staphylococcus aureusꎬ the other
plants showed no any antibacterial activities on
Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.
3  Discussion
The Multifunctional Characters of traditional
herbal plants is one of the common characteristics of
Chinese traditional medicineꎬ a lot of edible plants
Table 2  Antibacterial activity of selected 20 medicine ̄food plants
Sampleα
Test strains∗
Staphylococcus
aureus
Escherichia
coli
Diameter of
inhibition
zone / mm
Diameter of
inhibition
zone / mm
Mayodendron igneum — —
Bauhinia uariegate — —
Baphicacanthus cusia 19􀆰 84 ± 4􀆰 09 —
Plumeria rubra ‘Acutifolia’ — —
Musella lasiocarpa — —
Eryngium foetidum — —
Dregea volubilis — —
Spondias pinnata — —
Solanum verbacifolium — —
Acacia pennata — —
Solanum spirale 10􀆰 90 ± 1􀆰 44 —
Musa basjoo — —
Cassia siamea — —
Ceratopteris thalictroides — —
Clerodendrum japonicum — —
Perilla frutescens — —
Momordica cochinchinensis — —
Angiopteris nuda — —
Crateva unilocularis — —
Dolichandrone caudafeline — —
Gentamicin 30􀆰 96 ± 1􀆰 01 26􀆰 59 ± 1􀆰 10
α The dried and finely ground samples were extracted by the ethanolꎬ
The ethanol solutions were vacuum dried and dissolved in DMSO.
∗ All data are shown as the means± standard deviation for triplicate
determination in the same test strain
also can used as medicine. The local people in
Xishuangbanna have a long history to use the wild
plants for different purposes. In their traditional cul ̄
tureꎬ a typical ethnic trait is the homology of medi ̄
cine and food. But in recent timesꎬ the old traditions
in many tribal communities are at the risk and grad ̄
ually declineꎻ henceꎬ there is urgent need to study
such knowledge systems and find innovative ways of
tapping their potential for the welfare of mankind
(Rasingam and Rehelꎬ 2009).
Our interviews revealed that in the study area
plants are still commonly used for food and medicinal
purposes by people in their daily lives. Howeverꎬ
there is a gradual loss of traditional knowledge about
these plants as the inter ̄generational transmission of
7011期    GU Wei et al.: A Preliminary Study of Traditionalꎬ Wild Medicinalꎬ Edible Plants in Xishuangbanna 􀆺     
knowledge is declining (Bahar and Sukranꎬ 2013).
The medicine ̄food plants which were sold in the
markets are becoming scareꎬ along with the deforest ̄
ationꎬ many plant species facing endangermentꎬ ac ̄
tuallyꎬ on condition of resource scarcityꎬ these tradi ̄
tional knowledge is seems particularly valuable. How
to preserve this precious knowledge effectively and
let them get sustainable utilization is a problem worth
deeply thinking.
The research of traditional knowledge about me ̄
dicinal ̄edible plants not only can provide new ideas
for the modern development of medicinal plantsꎬ but
also can provide new clues and scientific supports for
looking for new plant health products.
Acknowledgements: Special Thanks are due to all the par ̄
ticipants of Xishuangbanna in our interview. Thanks for their
warm hospitality and for sharing their knowledge with the au ̄
thors. We would like to thank to the Drug Screening Labꎬ The
Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou
Province and Chinese Academy of Science for their help for
the assay of antibacterial activities.
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