全 文 : Guihaia Mar. 2016ꎬ 36(3):297-302
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DOI: 10.11931 / guihaia.gxzw201407020
张进忠ꎬ 韦绍龙ꎬ 孙嘉曼ꎬ 等. 兰州百合组培鳞茎发育研究 [J]. 广西植物ꎬ 2016ꎬ 36(3):297-302
ZHANG JZꎬ WEI SLꎬ SUN JMꎬ et al. Bulblet formation and development of Lanzhou lily (Lilium davidii var. unicolor) by tissue culture [J]. Guihaiaꎬ
2016ꎬ 36(3):297-302
Bulblet formation and development of Lanzhou lily
(Lilium davidii var. unicolor) by tissue culture
ZHANG Jin ̄Zhong1ꎬ WEI Shao ̄Long1ꎬ SUN Jia ̄Man2ꎬ
HAN Yuan ̄Shan1ꎬ ZHOU Wei1
( 1. Biological Technology Institute of Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciencesꎬ Nanning 530007ꎬ Chinaꎻ
2. Guangxi Key Lab oratory for Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnologyꎬ Nanning 530007ꎬ China )
Abstract: Bulblet formation and development of Lanzhou lily (Lilium davidii var. unicolor) by tissue culture could provide
technical solutions to realize the mass production of Lanzhou lily bulbletꎬ which needs three steps to achieveꎬ including
multiple shoots proliferationꎬ induction of bulblets and enhancement growth of bulblets. The starch content and the charac ̄
teristic parameters of bulblet were detected at different culture stages. This study acquired an advanced technique that could
effectively promote the bulblet formation and developmentꎬ and induce the growth of main stem. The results demonstrated
that the bulblet diameterꎬ weight and number of scales were up to 1.66 cmꎬ 2.48 g and 26.33 piecesꎬ respectively. The
starch content showed a gradual increasing trend according to the culture processꎬ which indicated that the starch content
was positively correlated to the development of bulblet. In additionꎬ the bulblet sizeꎬ weight and number of scales showed a
positive correlation. The growing point of bulblet was easy to form the main stem when the number of scales reached to 26 or
more. In this paperꎬ the invented three ̄step tissue culture technology effectively promotes bulblet enhancement develop ̄
mentꎬ and enlargement of the bulblet can effectively shorten the field growth cycleꎬ improve lily production on timeꎬ and al ̄
soꎬ it can provide technical reference for achievement of mass production of enhancement bulblet.
Key words: Lilium davidii var. unicolorꎬ bulbletꎬ developmentꎬ starchꎬ plant hormone
CLC number: Q943.1ꎬ S644.1 Document code: A Article ID: 1000 ̄3142(2016)03 ̄0297 ̄06
兰州百合组培鳞茎发育研究
张进忠1ꎬ 韦绍龙1ꎬ 孙嘉曼2ꎬ 韩沅杉1ꎬ 周 维1
( 1. 广西农业科学院 生物技术研究所ꎬ 南宁 530007ꎻ 2. 广西作物遗传改良生物技术重点开放实验室ꎬ 南宁 530007 )
摘 要: 该研究以兰州百合商品种球鳞片为外植体材料ꎬ通过组织培养诱导丛生芽萌发及高频增殖ꎬ再以丛生
芽为材料诱导其发育形成小鳞茎ꎬ调节培养基对小鳞茎进行膨大发育培养ꎬ最终形成促进兰州百合组培鳞茎膨
大发育的“三步”组培培养技术路线ꎻ对发育过程中形成的丛生芽、小鳞茎及膨大鳞茎进行淀粉含量测定与生长
特征参数统计ꎬ分析各步培养对鳞茎形成发育过程中淀粉含量与形态变化的影响ꎮ 结果表明:所建立的“三步”
培养方案培育出的组培鳞茎直径、重量与鳞片数分别为 1.66 cm、2.48 g和 26.33片ꎬ有效地促进了鳞茎的膨大ꎬ并
能诱导鳞茎主茎杆的形成发育ꎻ在培养进程中其淀粉含量呈现逐步增加的趋势ꎬ这表明与鳞茎膨大发育正相关ꎬ
同时鳞茎大小、重量及鳞片数三者也表现为正相关性ꎻ当鳞茎所含鳞片数在 26片以上时ꎬ其生长点易发育形成
主茎杆ꎮ 该文研究了兰州百合组培鳞茎的形成与膨大发育技术ꎬ所研发的“三步”培养组成的鳞茎膨大发育组培
收稿日期: 2014 ̄09 ̄14 修回日期: 2014 ̄12 ̄20
基金项目: 南宁市科学研究与技术开发计划项目(20133164)ꎻ广西农业科学院基本科研业务专项(桂农科 2014YQ15)[Supported by Scientific Re ̄
search and Technology Development Program of Nanning City(20133164)ꎻ Fundamental Research Project of GXAASꎬ China (2014Y Q15)]ꎮ
作者简介: 张进忠(1979 ̄)ꎬ男ꎬ湖南澧县人ꎬ博士研究生ꎬ副研究员ꎬ主要从事作物遗传育种研究ꎬ(E ̄mail)jzzhang@ foxmail.comꎮ
技术有效地促进了鳞茎的膨大发育ꎬ而膨大发育的鳞茎能有效地缩短田间生长周期ꎬ从时间上提高百合生产量ꎬ
同时为实现兰州百合膨大的鳞茎种球规模化生产提供技术支撑ꎮ
关键词: 兰州百合ꎬ 小鳞茎ꎬ 发育ꎬ 淀粉ꎬ 植物激素
Lanzhou lilyꎬ a variation of Lilium davidiiꎬ is the
main edible and the only sweet lily in Chinaꎬ which has
big bulbꎬ gorgeous colorꎬ high quality and medicinal
value. Lanzhou lily has broad marketing space and de ̄
veloping prospect because of its advantages. Howeverꎬ it
has a long natural growth periodꎬ and the conventional
propagation pattern is to sow scales that possess low ̄cost
and handleability. The propagated bulblet can not devel ̄
op main stem in the first yearꎬ which only grows some
basal leaves for growth of the bulblet ( Gao et alꎬ
1986). It needs 2-3 a for formation of the big bulblet
with developed main stem which can be transplanted di ̄
rectly as seed ̄bulb (Teng & Songꎬ 2005). The commer ̄
cial bulb would be harvested after the seed ̄bulb with
main stem had transplanted and grown for another 2-3 a
(Wangꎬ 2010).
In this connectionꎬ the development of bulblet and
formation of main stems by tissue culture are of great
significance in commercial production of Lanzhou lily
bulblet. The research about tissue culture of Lanzhou
lily focuses on induction of regeneration plantꎬ for ex ̄
ampleꎬ inducing sprouting and plant regeneration from
Lanzhou lily scale and leaf explants (Long et alꎬ 2004ꎻ
Han & Guoꎬ 2009)ꎬ inducing callus formation and
shoot differentiation from petals (Liuꎬ 2007)ꎬ but there
is little on the bulblet formation and development of
Lanzhou lily. It has been reported that high concentra ̄
tions of glucose could effectively promote the bulblet
formation and development of other lilium plants (Ku ̄
mar et alꎬ 2005ꎻ Varshney et alꎬ 2000ꎻ Rice et alꎬ
1983ꎻ Taeb & Aldersonꎬ 1990). Nhut (2003) reported
that the combination of N6 ̄benzyladenine ( BA) and
gibberellic acid (GA3) could promote main stem forma ̄
tion directly from the in vitro receptacle of Lilium longi ̄
florum. Up to nowꎬ there is no report about the bulblet
formation and development of Lanzhou lily. To overcome
low proliferation rates and long period of Lanzhou lily
bulblet propagationꎬ in this studyꎬ the propagation tech ̄
niques of tissue culture were used to cultivate bulblet of
Lanzhou lily at different stagesꎬ and to improve its
bulblet formation and development. The correlations be ̄
tween starch contents and characteristic parameters of
bulblet growth were investigated. The changes of charac ̄
teristic parameters of bulblet swellingꎬ especially the
parameters changes of main stem formation were also ex ̄
amined. The proposed technology on bulblet formation
and development of Lanzhou lily was establishmentꎬ
which would lay the foundation for large ̄scale produc ̄
tion of bulblet.
1 Materials and Methods
1.1 Experimental materials
Tissue culture plantlets of Lanzhou lily were pro ̄
vided by Biological Technology Institute of Guangxi
Academy of Agricultural Sciences. The media were set
asꎬ Fp1: MS+0.3-0.5 mgL ̄1BA+0.03 mgL ̄1NAA +
30 gL ̄1 Sucrose+5 gL ̄1AgarꎻFp2: MS + 90 gL ̄1
Sucrose+5 gL ̄1AgarꎻFp3: MS+0.15 mgL ̄1BA+0.15
mgL ̄1GA3+ 90 gL ̄1 Sucrose+5 gL ̄1Agar.
1.2 Experimental methods
1.2.1 Culture approach The whole culture process was
comprised of three steps. Step 1ꎬ Fp1 medium was used to
culture multiple shoots of Lanzhou lily. Steps 2ꎬ the leav ̄
es of multiple shoots were excised and transferred the
multiple shoots to Fp2 medium for two subcultures. Step
3ꎬ the basal leaves of bulblets on Fp2 medium for one
subculture were excised and transferred the multiple
bulblets to Fp3 medium for two subcultures. The growth
status in every step was recorded. All culture conditions
as followꎬ (25±2)℃ with a light intensity of 150 μmol
m ̄2s ̄1 and 14 h light / 10 h dark photoperiod for 28-30
d of one subculture period.
1.2.2 Trial on the change of culture step The multiple
shoots of Lanzhou lily cultured on Fp1 transferred into
Fp3 medium directly without inducing bulblet on Fp2.
The growth was recorded.
1.2.3 Starch content determination The starch content
was estimated following the spectrophotometric method
according to Liu et al(2013).
892 广 西 植 物 36卷
1.2.4 Material preparation and electron microscopy ob ̄
servation Observation of cultures at different develop ̄
ment phases through scanning electron microscope
(SEM) has been done. The basal portion of adventitious
shoot from step1 and scales of bulblets from other step
were observed with SEM ( Tescanꎬ VEGA Ⅱ LUMꎬ
Czech)ꎬ and the treatment method for specimens refer to
Nhut (2003).
1.3 Data analysis
Each treatment had 30 explants and was repeated 3
times. Explants in experiments were arranged in a com ̄
pletely randomized design. Data were presented as mean
± standard error of three independent experimentsꎬ and
was analyzed for significance by analysis of variance with
the mean separation by Duncan’s multiple range test and
significance was determined at 5% level (SPSS 15.0).
2 Results and Analysis
2.1 Culture approach of Lanzhou lily bulblet forma ̄
tion and development
Multiple shoots could propagate stablely without
vitrification through Step 1 (Fig. 1: a)ꎬ and the prolif ̄
eration coefficient got to 3 -4. The bulblets formed in
Step 2 and the bottom of leaves enlarged and formed
small scales with significant differences in leaf morphol ̄
ogy. The whole base of buds swelled gradually into an o ̄
val shape to achieve a change from buds to bulblet (Fig.
1: b). Step 3 was the enhancement and development of
bulbletsꎬ in which the scale enlarged and the bulblet
size increased rapidly (Fig. 1: c). The transformation of
tissue culture plantlet of Lanzhou lily from multiple
shoots to bulblets was achieved according to the three
continuous culture steps.
The growth of bulblet was explored by changing the
culture approach. As shown in Fig. 1: dꎬ the multiple
shoots failed to form bulblet and remained the multiple
shoot status after the multiple shoots obtained from Step
1 transferred to Step 3 directly for one subculture.
The increase of bulblet size was much more through
twice subculture than once subculture in Step 2 (Fig. 1:
eꎬ Table 1)ꎬ with the increase rates of diameter and
weight were 33.33% and 80.08%ꎬ respectivelyꎬ but the
increase was significant less than that in Step 3 (Table
1). Compared to the first subculture in Step 2ꎬ the in ̄
crease rates of diameter and weight were up to 180.56%
and 894.29% in Step 3 for one subculture. The bulblet
grew more rapidly after culture for two cycles in Step 3ꎬ
with the diameter and weight of bublet were up to 1.32
cm and 1.66 g (Table 1). Some of the bulblets devel ̄
oped main stems in this stage (Fig. 1: f).
Table 1 Formation development of bulblets in Step 2 and
enhancement growth of bulblets in Step 3
Culture phase Bulblet diameter(cm)
Bulblet mass
(mg)
Once subculture in Step 2 0.36±0.02 d 87.26±3.35 d
Twice subculture in Step 2 0.48±0.05 c 157.14±5.78 c
Once subculture in Step 3 1.01±0.03 b 867.62±4.39 b
Twice subculture in Step 3 1.32±0.05 a 1663.28±8.17 a
Note: Values are means ± SE. Means in a column followed by the same letters are
not significantly different according to Duncan’s multiple range test at the 5% level.
The same below.
2.2 Starch content change of Lanzhou lily during the
bulblet formation and development
The starch contents of Lanzhou lily in the process
of bulblets formation and development were estimated
(Table 2). The starch content was the lowest with the
medium containing 30 gL ̄1 sugar in Step 1. Howeverꎬ
the starch content increased significantly (P<0.05) and
up to 32.54% through increasing the sugar concentration
to enhance the bulblets formation in the Step 2. By
adding the BAꎬ GA3and sugar to stimulate the bulblets
formationꎬ the starch content of bulblets increased to
42.68% in Step 3. Compared to Step 1 and 2ꎬ the starch
contents increased 113.83%ꎬ 31.16%ꎬ respectively. The
results demonstrated that the starch content increased
gradually in the process of tissue culture Lanzhou lily
bulbets formation and development from multiple shoots
inductionꎬ and the starch content was positively correla ̄
ted to the development of bulblet.
The starch grain formation during the development of
multiple shoots and bulblets was oberved with scanning e ̄
lectron microscope (SEM)ꎬ as shown in (Fig. 2: a). The
bulblets starch grain increased obviously on the condition
of bulblets induction and development (Fig. 2: bꎬ c).
2. 3 Correlation between main stem formation and
bulblet diameterꎬ weight and scale number
The development of main stem was promoted with
9923期 张进忠等: 兰州百合组培鳞茎发育研究
Table 2 Starch content change during the
development process of Lanzhou lily
Developmental stage Starch content (%)
Multiple shoots (Step 1) 19.96±0.31 c
Bulblet formation (Step 2) 32.54±0.18 b
Enhancement growth (Step 3) 42.68±0.43 a
the increasing of bulblet size and weight in the process of
Lanzhou lily tissue culture bulblet development. Howeverꎬ
in its natural breeding processꎬ it needs 1-2 a from plant ̄
ing scales to forming bulblets with main stem (Gao et alꎬ
1986). Thereforeꎬ it is of great importance for bulblet
production that Lanzhou lily bublet development and main
Fig. 1 Efficient approach of inducing bulblet development using bulb scale explants of Lanzhou lily a. Multiple shoots induced from
callus in Step 1ꎻ b. Little bulblets formation on Fp2 in Step 2ꎻ c. Bulblets growth and development on Fp3 in Step 3ꎻ d. Shoots development
come from the approach of Step1 to Step 3 directly without Step 2 of little bulblet formation cultureꎻ e. Bulblets development on Fp2
in Step 2 for twice subcultureꎻ f. Bulblet main stem formation in Step 3ꎻ g. Obtained big bulblets in Step 3.
Fig. 2 SEM allowed clear visualization of starch grain formation during Step 1-3. a. Transverse section of shoot’s base in Step 1ꎬ
hardly to find starch grainꎻ bꎬ c. Plenty of starch grain formed on the inner of scales in turn in Step 2 and Step 3.
stem formation by tissue culture. The parameters of buble ̄
ts such as diameterꎬ weightꎬ number of scalesꎬ were in ̄
vestigated in the once and twice subculture in Step 3 (Ta ̄
ble 3). The data indicated that the bulblet diameterꎬ
weight and number of scalesꎬ which formed the main
stemꎬ were significant higher than that did not form main
stems (P<0.05)ꎬ with 22.96%ꎬ 48.50% and 38.36% in ̄
creased rateꎬ respectively. Meanwhileꎬ it was easy to form
main stems while the scale number of bulblets reached to
26 or more.
As shown in Fig. 3ꎬ the bulblet diameterꎬ weight
Table 3 Comparison of bulblets that formed
and unformed the main stem
Bulblet type Diameter(cm)
Mass
(g)
Number of scales
per bulblet
Unformed main stem 1.35±
0.14 b
1.67±
0.16 b
19.03±
1.61 b
Formed main stem 1.66±
0.12 a
2.48±
0.15 a
26.33±
2.43 a
and number of scales showed a positive correlation be ̄
tween each other. The increasing of bulbets size accom ̄
panied with the increasing of weight and scale number
during the bulblets development.
003 广 西 植 物 36卷
Fig. 3 Relativity of bulblet diameterꎬ weight and scale number during the bulblet development
3 Discussion
There are some related studies focused on tissue cul ̄
ture techniques about Lanzhou lily buds development and
multiple shoots propagation inducing by the scale explants
(Han & Guoꎬ 2009ꎻ Liu et alꎬ 2010). In this studyꎬ
combination of certain concentration of BA and α ̄naph ̄
thaleneacetic acid (NAA) that have been reported by for ̄
mer studies (Lin et alꎬ 2008ꎻ Xu et alꎬ 2009)ꎬ were
used to propagate multiple shoots stably ( Fig. 1: a).
Howeverꎬ these researches were limited to the regenera ̄
tion shoots by tissue cultureꎬ lack of the bulblet develop ̄
ment research. Based on the proliferation of multiple
shoots culture for the first phase of Lanzhou lily bulblet
developmentꎬ it provided bud materials for the formation
and enlargement growth of bulblet. Howeverꎬ the bulbs
formation and development mainly proceed in the follow ̄
ing Step 2-3ꎬ which was difficult to proliferate. The pro ̄
liferation rate of the whole tissue culture system mainly
reflected in the first stage of buds proliferation rate.
The bulblet size increased significantly (Fig. 1: e)
through two successive subcultures in the Step 2ꎬ which
indicated that the high concentration of sugar could con ̄
tinuously stimulate bulblet growth to a certain extentꎬ at
the same timeꎬ the quantity of bulblet formed was relat ̄
ed to the multiple shoot size and growth stateꎬ in gener ̄
al bud block of 1 cm ×1 cm size could form 10 - 15
bulblets (Fig. 1: b).
Continuous twice subculture with a high concentra ̄
tion of sugar could promote bulblet growth in Step 2ꎬ but
the growth rate still could not meet the requirements for
the bulblet development. In order to make the bulb devel ̄
opment moreꎬ the enhancement growth of bulblet in Step
3 has been usedꎬ the use of combination of BA and GA3
promote bulblet enlargement development. As shown in
Table 1ꎬ the bulblet diameter and the weight increased
significantly (P<0.05) (Fig. 1: c) by the once subcul ̄
ture in Step 3 than by the twice subculture in Step 2ꎬ and
increased at a greater rate through the twice subculture in
Step 3ꎬ diameter and weight reached 1.32 cm and 1 663.
28 mgꎬ and could induce the formation of main stem
(Fig. 1: fꎬ g). The effects of continuous twice subculture
in Step 2 could not achieve the effects in Step 3ꎬ so it
showed the necessity of bulblet swelling growth culture in
Step 3. It was reported that BA in combination with GA3
could effectively promote the formation of main stem from
longiflorum receptacle explants in the literature (Nhutꎬ
2003)ꎬ but the induction main stem of Lanzhou lily
bulblet has not been reported. In our studyꎬ the BA and
GA3 with high concentration of sugar was of obviously
positive significance for Lanzhou lily bulb expanded rap ̄
idly development and main stem formation.
By changing the culture approachesꎬ the multiple
shootsꎬ which obtained from Step 1 turned to Step 3 di ̄
rectlyꎬ could not be induced to form bulblets but remains
multiple shoots (Fig. 1: d). It showed that the materials
used in Step 3 must be formed bulblets to promote its rap ̄
id enlargement and development. The bulblets develop ̄
ment did not achieve the best through the continuous cul ̄
ture in Step 2. Through three stepsꎬ including reproduc ̄
tion by budsꎬ inducing of small bulbs and swelling of
bulbsꎬ bulblets formation and development of Lanzhou lily
by tissue culture could provide the best technical solu ̄
1033期 张进忠等: 兰州百合组培鳞茎发育研究
tions to realize the scale production of Lanzhou lily bulb
development. Its main features included the first buds re ̄
production provided a higher multiplication factor buds to
achieve stable growthꎬ the multiple shoots formed small
bulblets in Step 2ꎬ and the bulblets developed quickly to
form bulbs with the main stem.
A physiological and biochemical change of carbo ̄
hydrate metabolism is an important process in the devel ̄
opment of lily bulbꎬ the metabolism of energy storage
and decomposition is the basis of lily morphology (Sun
et alꎬ 2008). This study showed that the starch content
increased significantly in the buds proliferationꎬ bulbs
formation and bulbs swelling stageꎬ which was positive
correlated to bulbs development. A high concentration of
sugar promoted the synthesis of starchꎬ BA and GA3
plant hormones effectively improved the conversion bulb
sugar to starch. Meanwhileꎬ the accumulation of starch
promoted the bulbs enlargement. Electron microscope
results similar to thisꎬ multiple shoots stage of Step 1
was not observed with starch grainsꎬ bulblet formation
and developmental stages of Step 2-3ꎬ a great amount
of starch grains have been synthesized (Fig. 2: a-c).
Studies show that sugar and starch metabolisms play an
important role in the regulation during the morphogene ̄
sis of Lanzhou lily bulblet.
The formation of main stem during the development
of bulblet growth development has been analyzed for the
first time. During the bulblet formation and enlargement
of the development processꎬ bulb diameterꎬ weight and
the number of scales showed positive correlationꎬ and
bulblet showed main stem pumped growth when a cer ̄
tain number of scales (more than 26) have formed. Gao
(1986) reported Lanzhou lily growth point development
could be divided into three stagesꎬ scale differentiation
stageꎬ apical bud differentiation phaseꎬ and flower bud
differentiation stage. The main stem differentiation
showed that growth point of bulblet began to change
from scale differentiation to apical bud differentiation.
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