全 文 :收稿日期 2013-05-15 接受日期:2013-09-05
基金项目:广西科技创新能力与条件建设项目(10100027-3)
* 通讯作者 Tel:86-771-2443136;E-mail:yjqgx@ 163. com
天然产物研究与开发 Nat Prod Res Dev 2013,25:1452-1460,1375
文章编号:1001-6880(2013)10-1452-10
山矾科山矾属植物化学成分及药理活性研究概况
谢朋飞1,邹录惠1,邱 莉1,黄桂坤1,袁经权1,2*
1广西医科大学药学院,南宁 530021;2 广西药用植物研究所,南宁 530023
摘 要:山矾属植物分布广泛,该属中多种植物具有多种传统药用价值,主要用于治疗麻风病,妇科疾病,溃疡,
疟疾,肾炎,蛇咬伤等多种疾病。山矾属植物含有黄酮类、酚类、木脂素、三萜及其皂苷等多种类型植物化学成
分,具有抗肿瘤,降血糖,调血脂,抗菌,抗 HIV及抑制磷酸二酯酶(PDEs)等多种药理活性。本文较系统的综述
山矾属植物化学成分及药理活性研究进展,以期为更好的开发利用该属植物药用资源提供参考。
关键词:山矾属植物;化学成分;药理活性
中图分类号:Q946. 91;R284. 2 文献标识码:A
Advances in Study on Chemical Constituents and Pharmacyological
Activities in Plants of Genus Symplocos
XIE Peng-fei1,ZOU Lu-hui1,QIU Li1,HUANG Gui-kun1,YUAN Jing-quan1,2*
1School of Pharmaceutical Sciences,Guangxi Medical University,Guangxi Nanning 530021,China;
2Guangxi Institute of Medicinal Plants,Guangxi Nanning 530023,China
Abstract:The genus Symplocos is widespread all over the world,and many species of this genus have been used as tra-
ditional herbal medicines for various ailments like leprosy,gynecological disorders,ulcers,malaria,nephritis,snake
bite,etc. The genus Symplocos mainly contain terpenoids,flavonoids,phenols,lignans,which had been proved to have
diverse biological activities,particularly anti - HIV activity,inhibitory activities against phosphodiesterase,hypolipi-
demic activity,antidiabetic effect and antitumor applications. In this review article,we will summarize the chemical and
pharmacological studies on the Genus Symplocos to provide a reference for future research and development of the genus.
Key words:plants of Genus Symplocos;chemical constituents;pharmacological activities
山矾科(Symplocaceae)为双子叶植物,多为落
叶或常绿落叶灌木或乔木,生于海拔 1000 m以下丘
陵、荒坡、灌木丛中。山矾科仅有山矾属 Symplocos 1
属,在全世界共有约 300 种,分布于热带和亚热带地
区。该属植物在我国有约 125 余种,资源丰富,主要
分布在我国长江以南地区。山矾属部分植物果实、
枝叶和根均可供药用,主要具有清热解毒、理气止
痛、止血生肌等作用[1,2]。
近年来,经药理活性筛选发现山矾属部分植物
具有很好的降血糖、调血脂及抗肿瘤活性,成为新药
研究人员关注热点之一。本文旨在综述国内外山矾
属植物化学成分与药理活性研究情况,以备研究参
考。
1 化学成分
山矾属植物中含有多种化学成分,主要含有三
萜及其苷类,还有黄酮类、木脂素及其苷类、生物碱
类、甾醇及其苷类、酚类、环烯醚萜苷类等成分。对
山矾属植物化学成分的研究报道始见于 1968 年[3],
此后,国内外学者对该属植物进行了大量的化学成
分研究。
1. 1 三萜及其苷类
三萜类皂苷是近年来山矾属植物化学成分研究
热点,苷元主要为五环三萜,母核骨架主要为齐墩果
烷型、乌苏烷型及羽扇烷型,A /B /C 环为反式骈合
排列;C-12 位常有双键;C-8 位、C-10 位有 β-CH3 取
代,C-14 位有 α-CH3 取代;C-3 位多有羟基或羰基取
代。C-3 位及 C-28 位多见苷化,糖链常见组成为葡
萄糖醛酸、葡萄糖、及呋喃型阿拉伯糖。其具体内容
见表 1 和图 1。
表 1 山矾属中的三萜及其苷类
Table 1 Triterpenoids from the Genus Symplocos
化合物
No.
化学成分
Constituents
来源
Source
文献
Re
1-6 Symplocososide A-F S. chinensis [4]
7-11 Symplocososides G-K S. chinensis [5]
12-19 Symplocososides L-S S. chinensis [6]
20-21 Symplocososides X,Y S. chinensis [7]
22 2β,3β,19α,24-Tetrahydroxy-23-norurs-12-en-28-oic acid S. chinensis [8]
23 3-Oxo-19α,23,24-trihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid S. chinensis [8]
24 2α,3β,19α,23-Tetrahydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid S. chinensis [8]
25 2α,3α,19α,23-Tetrahydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid S. chinensis [8]
26 α-Amyrin S. racemosa [9]
27 28-Hydroxy-20α-ursa-12,18(19)-dien-3β-ylacetate S. racemosa [10]
28 3-Oxo-20α-ursa-12,18(19)-dien-28-oic acid S. racemosa [10]
29 24-Hydroxyolean-12-en-3-one S. racemosa [10]
30 Oleanolic acid S. racemosa [10 ~ 12]
31 β-Amyrin S. racemosa [12]
32 Betulinic acid S. racemosa [11]
33 Ursolic acid S. lancifolia [13]
34 19α-hydroxyasiatic acid 3,28-O-bis[glucoside] S. spicata [14]
35 19α-hydroxyarjunolic acid 3,28-O-bis[glucoside] S. spicata [14]
36 3-O-[β-D-Xylopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-O-(2-O-acetyl-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl) ]-28-O-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)oleanolic acid S. glomerata [15]
37 3-O-[β-D-Xylopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-O-(3-O-acetyl-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl) ]-28-O-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)oleanolic acid S. glomerata [15]
38 3-O-[β-D-Xylopyranosyl-(1→4)-O-(2,3-O-diacetyl-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl) ]-28-O-(β-D-glucopyrano-syl)oleanolic acid S. glomerata [15]
39 3-O-[α-L-Arabinopyranosyl-(1→ 4)-O-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl) ]-28-O-(β-D-glucopyranosyl) oleanolicacid S. glomerata [15]
40 3-O-[α-L-Arabinopyranosyl-(1→4)-O-(2-O-acetyl-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl) ]-28-O-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)oleanolic acid S. glomerata [15]
41 3-O-[β-D-Xylopyranosyl-(1→2)-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→4)-O-(3-O-acetyl-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl) ]-28-O-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)oleanolic acid
S. glomerata [15]
42 3-O-[β-D-Glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→4)-O-(3-O-acetyl-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl) ]-28-O-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)oleanolic acid
S. glomerata [15]
43 3-O-[β-D-Glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-O-α-L-arabinofuranosyl-(1→ 4)-O-(3-O-acetyl-β-D-glucuronopyrano-syl) ]-28-O-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)oleanolic acid
S. glomerata [15]
44 3β-O-[β-D-Xylopyranosyl(1 → 4)-[2-O-acetyl]-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl]-28-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl]-morolic acid S. glomerata [15]
45 Salsoloside C S. glomerata [15]
46 Copteroside E S. glomerata [15]
47 3-O-Acetyloleanolic acid S. setchuensis [11]
48 Betulin S. setchuensis [10]
49 Lupeol S. setchuensis [16]
50 Corosolic acid S. paniculata [17]
3541Vol. 25 谢朋飞等:山矾科山矾属植物化学成分及药理活性研究概况
51 9β,25-cyclo 3β-O-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)-echynocystic acid S. paniculata [18]
52 30-ethyl 2α,16α-dihydroxy 3β-O-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)hopan-24-oic acid S. paniculata [18]
53 2α,3β,19α,23-tetrahydroxy-12-oleanen-28-oic acid 28-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester S. caudata [19]
54 2α,3β,19α,23-tetrahydroxy-12-ursen-28-oic acid 28-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester S. caudata [19]
55 2α,3β,19α,23,24-pentahydroxyl-12-oleanen-28-oic acid 28-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester S. caudata [19]
56 2α,3β,19α,23,24-pentahydroxyl-12-ursen -28-oic acid 28-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester S. caudata [19]
57 3β,17β-dihydroxy-28-nor-12-oleanen-16-one 3-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl(1→2)-﹛ α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1
→3)-[α-L-arabinofuranosyl(1→4) ]-β-D-glucuronopyranoside﹜
S. caudata [19]
58 3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl]-28-O-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl]maslinic acid S. lancifolia [20]
59 3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl]-28-O-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl]arjunlic acid S. lancifolia [20]
60 3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl]-28-O-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl]asiatic acid S. lancifolia [20]
61 2α,3β,11α,23-tetrahydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid S. lancifolia [20]
图 1 山矾属中三萜及其苷类化合物结构
Fig. 1 Structures of Triterpenoids from the genus Symplocos
4541 天然产物研究与开发 Vol. 25
1. 2 木脂素及其苷类
Ogiyama等[21]首先报道从 S. lucida 中分离得到
一些木脂素类,如 Symplocosigenol;Hiroyuki 等[22]从
S. lucida的叶子中分离得到木脂苷类(-)-Pinoresinol
β-D-glucoside 和 β-D-glucoside of (-)-Pinoresinol
monomethylether。Huo 等[24]从 S. caudata 根中分离
鉴定出四个光学异构体的木脂素糖苷(75 ~ 78) ,木
脂素内酯糖苷(67,79) ,苯丙糖苷(80,81) ,见表 2
及图 2。
表 2 山矾属中的木脂素及其苷类化合物
Table 2 Lignans from the Genus Symplocos
化合物
No.
化学成分
Constituents
来源
Source 文献 Re. f
62 Symplocosigenol S. lucida [21]
63 (-)-Pinoresinol β-D-glucoside S. lucida [22]
64 β-D-glucoside of (-)-Pinoresinol monomethylether S. lucida [22]
65 (+)-Isolariciresinol S. setchuensis [16]
66 Matairesinol S. setchuensis [16]
67 Matairesinoside S. setchuensis [16]
68 (+)-Pinoresinol S. setchuensis [16]
69 (+)-Pinoresinol β-D-glucoside S. setchuensis [16]
70 Syringaresinol S. lancifolia [13]
71 (-)-Pinoresinol S. glomerata [15]
72 Symplolignanoside A S. caudata [23]
73 Dihydrodehydrodiconiferyl alcohol 4-O-β-D-glucoside S. caudata [23]
74 7,9,9-Trihydroxy-3,3β-dimethoxy-8-O-4-neolignan-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside S. caudata [23]
75 (7S,8S)-threo-7,9,9-trihydroxy-3,3β-dimethoxy-8-O-4-neolignan-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside S. caudata [24]
76 (7R,8R)-threo-7,9,9-trihydroxy-3,3-dimethoxy-8-O-4-neolignan-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside S. caudata [24]
77 (7R,8S)-erythro-7,9,9-trihydroxy-3,3-dimethoxy-8-O-4-neolignan-4-O-β-D-glucopranoside S. caudata [24]
78 (7S,8R)-erythro-7,9,9-trihydroxy-3,3-dimethoxy-8-O-4-neolignan-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside S. caudata [24]
79 (8R,8R)-matairesinol-4-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→2)-O-β-D-glucopyranoside S. caudata [24]
80 1-O-[β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→6)-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl]-2,6-dimethoxy-4-propenyl-phenol S. caudata [24]
81 (R)-1-O-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)-2-[2-methoxy-4-(ω-hydroxypropyl)-phenoxyl]-propan-3-ol S. caudata [24]
82 (7R,8S)-erythro-7,9,9-trihydroxy-3,35-trimethoxy-8-O-4-neolignan-4-O-β-D-glucopranoside S. caudata [25]
83 (7S,8R)-erythro-7,9,9-trihydroxy-3,35-trimethoxy-8-O-4-neolignan-4-O-β-D-glucopranoside S. caudata [25]
5541Vol. 25 谢朋飞等:山矾科山矾属植物化学成分及药理活性研究概况
图 2 山矾属木脂素及其苷类化合物结构
Fig. 2 Structures of Lignans from the genus Symplocos
1. 3 黄酮及其苷类
近年来,国内外学者对山矾属植物中黄酮及其
衍生物类研究较少,本文综述的黄酮类主要在 1996
年以前发现,主要有黄酮醇苷(84-90,97) ,黄烷衍生
物黄烷 3-醇及其苷(91-95,98)和二氢查耳酮苷
(96,99-102)等,见表 3,结构见图 3。
表 3 山矾属中黄酮类化合物
Table 3 Flavonoids from the Genus Symplocos
化合物
No.
化学成分
Constituents
来源
Source 文献 Re.
84 Kaempferol S. lancifolia [13]
85 Kaempferol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside S. lancifolia [13]
86 Kaempferol 3-O-α-L-rhamnoside S. lancifolia [13]
87 Kaempferol 3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside S. lancifolia [13]
88 Quercetin S. lancifolia [13]
89 Quercetin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside S. lancifolia [13]
90 Quercetin 3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside S. lancifolia [13]
91 Symposide S. racemosa [9]
92 (-)-Epiafzelechin S. racemosa [9]
93 5,4-Dihydroxy-7-methoxyflavan-3,4-diol 3-O-β-D-glucofuranoside S. racemosa [3]
94 5,7-Dihydroxy-4-methoxyflavan-3,4-diol 3-O-β-D-glucofuranoside S. racemosa [3]
95 Symplocoside S. uniflora [26]
6541 天然产物研究与开发 Vol. 25
96 Phlorizin S. spicata [9]
97 Rhamenetin-3-O-β-D-galactosyl-4-O-β-D-galactopyranoside S. spicata [27]
98 5,7,4-Trihydroxyflavan-3,4-diol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside S. spicata [3]
99 Confusoside S. microcalyx [28]
100 Trilobatin S. microcalyx [28]
101 Vacciniifolin S. vacciniifolia [29]
102 Sieboldin S. vacciniifolia [29]
103 flavone3,4,5,6-tetramethoxy7-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl(1→3)β-D-glucopyranoside S. paniculata [18]
图 3 山矾属黄酮及其苷类化合物结构
Fig. 3 Structures of Flavonoids from the genus Symplocos
1. 4 酚类
Jiang等[23]从 S. caudata 根部位得到酚类物质
(1S,2R)-1-(4-O-β-D-Glucopyranosy 1-3-methoxy-
phenyl)-2-(4 -hydroxy-3 -methoxyphenyl)-1,3-pro-
panediol(112)和 3,4-Dime thoxyphenol-β-D-apio-
furanosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopy-ranoside(113) ;Ahmad
等[32]从 S. racemosa 植物的皮中分离得到两个新的
酚苷 SymconosideA(116)和 Symconoside B (117)。
其具体内容见表 4 和图 4。
表 4 山矾属中酚类化合物
Table 4 Phenols from the Genus Symplocos
化合物
No.
化学成分
Constituents
来源
Source 文献 Re
104 Benzoyl salireposide S. racemosa [12]
105 Salireposide S. racemosa [12]
106 Symploracemoside S. racemosa [30]
107 Symplomoside S. racemosa [30]
108 Symplocomoside S. racemosa [31]
109 Symponoside S. racemosa [31]
110 Symplososide S. racemosa [31]
111 Symploveroside S. racemosa [31]
112 (1S,2R)-1-(4-O-β-D-Glucopyranosyl-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-
(4 -hydroxy-3 -methoxyphenyl)-1,3-propanediol S. caudata [23]
113 3,4-Dimethoxyphenol β-D-apiofuranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside S. caudata [23]
114 Kelampayoside A S. caudata [23]
115 2-[4-(3-Hydroxypropyl)-2-methoxyphenoxy]propane-1,3-diol 1-O-glucoside S. caudata [23]
116 SymconosideA S. racemosa [32]
7541Vol. 25 谢朋飞等:山矾科山矾属植物化学成分及药理活性研究概况
117 Symconoside B S. racemosa [32]
118 symplocuronic acid S. racemosa [33]
119 sympocemoside S. racemosa [33]
120 salirepin S. racemosa [33]
图 4 山矾属酚类化合物结构
Fig. 4 Structures of Phenols from the genus Symplocos
1. 5 其他类型化合物
环烯醚萜苷类:Isoe Y等[34]首先从 S. glauca 中
得到了 Verbenalin(121) ;Junko 等[35]学者运用液质
联用仪从 S. glauca 叶中分离鉴定了化合物 6-Di-
hydroverbenalin (122)。生物碱类:Ishida 等[16]学者
从 S. setchuensis 中分离得到一种具有抑制 H9 淋巴
细胞 HIV复制作用的物质 Harman(123) ,并进行了
相关衍生物的制备及药理活性试验;Tschesche
等[36]从 S. celastrinea Mart植物的皮中分离到山矾碱
Caaverine(124)。类固醇类:Frotan 等[37]在 S. spica-
ta 中分离到类固醇 α-spinasterol (125) ;Semwal
等[18]报道在 S. paniculata茎中分离鉴定了三个甾体
类化合物 androst-5(6)-ene 17-one 3β-O-(β-D-gluco-
pyranoside) ;9β,19-cyclo 24-methylcholan-5,22-
diene3β-O-{β-D-glucopyranosyl(1→6)α-L-rhamnopy-
ranoside};32,33,34-trimethyl – bacteriohopan-16-
ene 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (126 ~ 128) ;Huo
等[25]在 S. caudata根中得到一个新的脑苷类化合物
1-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(2S,3S,4R,8Z,12E)-2-N-
[(2 R)-2-hydroxyheptacosanoyl]-8,12-docosadiene-
1,3,4-triol(129) ;Kumar 等[38]从 S. paniculata 叶的
石油醚(68 ~ 80°)部位得到豆甾醇,羽扇豆醇及 28
碳的烃类化合物。其结构见图 5。
图 5 山矾属其他类型化合物
Fig. 5 Other type of compounds from the genus Symplocos
2 药理活性
2. 1 抗血纤维蛋白溶解活性
1989 年,Rashmi等[9]报道了 S. racemosa植物树
皮醇提物具有很好的抗纤维蛋白溶解活性,并通过
体外抗尿激酶的血纤维板实验证实 Symposide(91)
和其苷(-)-Epiafzelechin(92)两个黄烷类物质为活
性化合物。
2. 2 抗菌抗炎活性
Khan等[39]对 S. cochinensis 植物的根、茎、叶醇
8541 天然产物研究与开发 Vol. 25
提物及其石油醚、二氯甲烷、乙酸乙酯部位的抗菌活
性进行了筛选,结果显示上述粗提物部位均具有广
谱的抗菌活性;Devmurari 等[40]对 S. racemosa Roxb
树皮醇提物及石油醚提取物进行抗菌活性评价发现
其醇提物具有很好的抗菌活性;Kambhoja等[41]发现
S. racemosa 树皮醇提物具有很好的抗炎活性。
Vadivu等[42]对 S. cochinensis 叶的甲醇提取物进行
体内外抗炎活性筛选,研究发现该提取物能显著提
高人红细胞膜的稳定性和减少角叉菜胶引起的大鼠
脚趾水肿。Castellon 等[20]从 S. lancifolia 叶中分得
三萜类化合物(58 ~ 61) ,并对其进行抗菌活性筛选
发现其对革兰氏阳性菌和葡萄球菌有较强活性而对
大肠杆菌和绿脓杆菌作用较弱。Frotan 等[37]在 S.
spicata中分离到类固醇 α-spinasterol(125) ,并发现
其对角叉菜胶引起的大鼠脚趾炎症有疗效。
2. 3 抗 HIV活性
Ishida等[16]报道 S. setchuensis 茎乙醇提取物能
有效抑制 H9 淋巴细胞 HIV 复制(EC50 < 20 mg·
mL-1,TI > 5) ,随后采用活性跟踪的方法从该部位分
离鉴定了两个具有较好的活性的单体化合物 Ma-
tairesinol(66) (IC50 = 21. 9 μM,EC50 = 2. 0 μM,TI =
11. 0)和 Harman(123) (IC50 = 111. 5 μM,EC50 =
10. 7 μM,TI = 10. 4)。
2. 4 抗肿瘤活性
山矾属植物中的三萜类成分具有显著的抗肿瘤
活性。庾石山课题组发现 S. chinensis根乙醇提取物
的乙酸乙酯部位和正丁醇部位具有抗肿瘤活性,并
通过活性追踪方法分离鉴定了乌苏烷型化合物 2β,
3β,19α,24-Tetrahydroxy-23-norurs-12-en-28-oic acid
(22) ,并发现其对小鼠黑色素瘤细胞 B16(IC50 =
0. 068 μM)和人胃癌细胞 BGC-823(IC50 = 0. 025
μM)具有较强的抑制作用,而对小鼠黑色素瘤细胞
B16-BL6(IC50 = 0. 26 μM)和人肾癌细胞 Ketr-3
(IC50 = 0. 35 μM)抑制作用相对较弱
[8]。Tang 等[4]
对 6 个从 S. chinensis植物根中分得的三萜类化合物
进行体外抗肿瘤活性筛选,发现 Symplocososide C
(3)对人肠癌细胞 HCT-8(IC50 = 2. 86 μg·mL
-1)抑
制作用较强;Symplocososide F(6)对 HCT-8 (IC50 =
4. 04 μg·mL-1) ,人胃癌细胞 BGC-823(IC50 = 7. 29
μg·mL-1)有抑制作用;Symplocososide A (1)对人
肺癌细胞 A549 (IC50 = 0. 67 μg·mL
-1) ,人口腔癌
KB (IC50 = 1. 72 μg·mL
-1)抑制作用较强,并且,值
得注意的是:Symplocososide A (1)水解衍生物能选
择性抑制 KB,其抑制率超过对正常细胞 33 倍。
Bhuvan等[43]研究发现 S. racemosa 正丁醇及乙酸乙
酯部分均表现出很强的细胞毒性,并呈剂量依赖性
抑制细胞增殖,其中,正丁醇部分对人白血病细胞
HL-60 (IC50 = 27. 18 μg·mL
-1) ,HeLa 细胞(IC50 =
22. 86 μg·mL-1)细胞毒性较强,而乙酸乙酯部分
对其作用较弱 IC50分别为 117. 08 μg·mL
-1,137. 15
μg·mL-1。
2. 5 抑制磷酸二酯酶(PDEs)活性
Ahmad等[12,30]从 S. racemosa 中分得酚苷类物
质,并发现其能有效抑制蛇毒磷酸二酯酶Ⅰ的活性,
其中,化合物 Benzoyl salireposide(104)显示出较强
的活性(IC50 = 171 μM) ,而化合物 Symplomoside
(107)活性较弱(IC50 = 998 μM)。Choudhary 等
[44]
研究发现化合物 Benzoyl salireposide (104)和 Salire-
poside (105)能明显抑制人核苷酸内焦磷酸酶 /磷酸
二酯酶Ⅰ,IC50分别为 90 μM 和 383 μM,其作用机
制尚待进一步研究,但其对于治疗关节炎疾病具有
很大的药用潜力。
2. 6 抗氧化活性
Vijayabaskaran等[45]通过 DMBA 诱导大鼠急性
肝损伤模型对 S. racemosa醇提物护肝及抗氧化活性
进行评价,发现其具有很好的护肝活性,并推测可能
原因是 S. racemosa醇提物在肝细胞内发挥抗氧化作
用。Sunil等[46,48]研究发现 S. cochinchinensis 叶甲醇
提取物在体内外均显示出很好的抗氧化活性,具有
较强的清除 DPPH、Hydroxyl、Nitric oxide 等自由基
活性及抑制脂质过氧化作用。
2. 7 降血糖、调血脂活性
Sunil等[47]研究发现 S. cochinchinensis叶的正己
烷提取物对高脂饮食-低链脲霉素诱导的Ⅱ型糖尿
病模型大鼠有疗效,模型组大鼠经该提取物分别以
250 mg·Kg-1和 500 mg·Kg-1治疗 28 d 后其血糖水
平分别下降了 17. 04%和 42. 10%,模型组大鼠血浆
及肝脏总胆固醇 TC,甘油三酯 TG 及游离脂肪酸
FAF 水平明显降低,而肝糖原显著增加。Sunil
等[48]进一步对 S. cochinchinensis 树皮甲醇提取物进
行降血糖、调血脂活性研究,发现经该提取物治疗的
模型组大鼠血清中 TC、TG、及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇
LDL-C水平明显降低,而高密度脂蛋白胆固醇 HDL-
C水平显著增加。Sunil 等[49]通过建立 Triton WR-
9541Vol. 25 谢朋飞等:山矾科山矾属植物化学成分及药理活性研究概况
1339 诱导高脂血症大鼠模型和高脂饮食诱导的高
脂血症大鼠模型对 S. cochinchinensis 叶降血脂活性
进行评价,研究发现 S. cochinchinensis 叶正己烷部分
(250 mg·Kg-1和 500 mg·Kg-1)相比于乙酸乙酯及
甲醇部分显示出更好的降血脂活性,而且正己烷部
分能明显降低高脂饮食模型组大鼠血浆和肝脏血脂
水平。
3 结语
本文系统综述了山矾属植物化学成分及药理活
性的研究概况,为进一步开发利用该属植物药用资
源提供参考。山矾属植物民间药用价值多样,国内
外学者仅对该属少数植物进行了化学和药理学研
究,部分阐明其民间药用理论基础。此外,相关文献
报道对该属部分植物的生物活性研究仅进行了体外
初步筛选,因此,有必要参照其民间药用价值对其进
行针对性的现代药理活性实验及作用机制研究,以
期从该属植物开发出现代药物。我们应该重视山矾
属植物在抗肿瘤、抗 HIV、抑制 PDEs 活性方面的研
究,特别是近期发现该属植物 S. cochinchinensis 粗提
物在降血糖、调血脂方面具有很好的活性,有待进一
步研究开发。在今后的研究中应注重山矾属植物资
源活性评价及其他药用部位中的活性组分研究,阐
明其药用物质基础及机制,并以活性追踪方法对该
属植物化学成分进行分离分析;深入研究山矾属植
物中主要抗肿瘤活性成分三萜类的构效关系,进行
结构修饰和结构改造,以期寻找到高效、低毒和高特
异性的抗肿瘤先导化合物。
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(下转第 1375 页)
0641 天然产物研究与开发 Vol. 25
性成分谱图差异的一致性。根据分析结果可得出,
莲雾叶的采摘期宜在前期进行,因莲雾新叶的挥发
性成分较多且大多可应用于工化工、食品;而柚子叶
适宜采摘期则在后期,有利于柚子叶片中物质的富
集;实验结果为不同生理期的柚子叶与莲雾叶作为
香原料开发与综合利用提供了数据支撑。
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5731Vol. 25 黄 静等:两种植物不同生理期叶片挥发性成分差异的初步研究