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耳草属植物化学成分及药理活性研究进展



全 文 :收稿日期:2014-01-15 接受日期:2014-05-16
基金项目:北京中医药大学创新团队资助项目(2011-CXTD-12)
* 通讯作者 Tel:86-10-84738628;E-mail:jyyjm1129@ 163. com;shirb
@ 126. com
天然产物研究与开发 Nat Prod Res Dev 2014,26:1145-1153
文章编号:1001-6880(2014)7-1145-09
耳草属植物化学成分及药理活性研究进展
杨 元1,姜艳艳1,2* ,石任兵1,2*
1北京中医药大学中药学院;2 北京市教委中药质量控制技术工程中心,北京 100102
摘 要:对耳草属植物化学成分、药理作用研究进展进行了综述,为该属植物进一步研究和开发利用提供参考。
耳草属植物主要含有环烯醚萜类、黄酮类、蒽醌类、三萜类、生物碱等化学成分,该属植物具有抗肿瘤、调节免
疫、肝保护、抑菌、抗炎、抗氧化等多种药理作用。
关键词:耳草属;化学成分;药理作用;研究进展;环烯醚萜;黄酮
中图分类号:R392 文献标识码:A
Research Progress on Chemical Components and
Pharmacological Activities of Genus Hedyotis
YANG Yuan1,JIANG Yan-yan1,2* ,SHI Ren-bing1,2*
1School of Chinese Pharmacy,Beijng University of TCM;2Quality Control Technology and Engineering Center of
Chinese Medicine,Beijing Municipal Commission of Education,Beijing 100102,China
Abstract:The research progress on chemical components and pharmacological activities of genus Hedyotis were reviewed
to provide a reference for the further research and development. The genus Hedyotis contains iridoids,flavonoids,anthra-
quinones,triterpenes,alkaloids and other compounds. Pharmacological activities such as Anti-tumor,immune regulation,
liver protection,anti-bacteria,anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant had been reported.
Key words:Genus Hedyotis;chemical composition;pharmacological activity;review;iridoids;flavonoids
耳草属(Hedyotis)为茜草科(Rubiaceae)植物,
主要分布于热带和亚热带地区,少数分布于温带。
我国有耳草属植物 69 种(包括 7 个变种) ,主要分
布于长江流域及其以南各省区,北部极少[1]。目前
临床上常用白花蛇舌草、牛白藤、耳草的地上部分入
药,具有清热解毒、消肿止痛等功效,用于感冒发热、
咽喉肿痛、咳嗽、疮疖和蛇咬伤。其中白花蛇舌草
(H. diffusa)具有良好的抗癌作用,临床常辅助癌症
治疗,中国药典一部(2010 年版)附录收载的植物来
源为茜草科植物白花蛇舌草 Oldenlandia diffusa
(willd.)Roxb.的干燥全草[2]。
国内外对耳草属植物报道较多。目前从耳草属
中分离出环稀醚萜类、黄酮类、醌类、三萜类、生物碱
类、糖类等多种类型数百种化合物,其中环稀醚萜
类、黄酮类、醌类、生物碱类为该属植物的主要化学
成分。药理学研究表明,该属植物具有抗肿瘤、免疫
调节、肝保护、抗菌、抗炎、抗氧化等多种生物活性。
关于耳草属植物化学成分与药理作用的研究,
目前,仅见斯建勇[3]等于 2007 进行过综述,本文在
其基础上总结了 2007 年至今最新研究进展,并补充
了 2007 年之前发表而并未被其收录的部分化合物,
如 teneoside A、teneoside B、hedyotideaside、capi-
telline、hedyocapitelline、hedyocapitelline等,从而更全
面深入的对耳草属植物进行介绍,为其进一步研究
和应用奠定基础。
1 化学成分
1. 1 黄酮类
耳草属植物中含有多种黄酮类成分,主要为黄
酮醇及其苷类以及双黄酮类成分,如槲皮素及其苷
类成分、山奈酚及其苷类成分、水仙苷、穗花杉双黄
酮等。从白花蛇舌草(H. diffusa)中分离得到 iso-
scutellarein、isoetin (2、4)[4];3-methoxy-5,7-di-
hydroxy-flavonol (5 )[5]; kaeperferol (6 )[7,10];
kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside、kaempferol-3-O-
(6-O-α-L- rhamnoseyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside (7、
8)[7];kaempferol-3-O-[2-O-(6-O-E-feruloyl)- β-D-
DOI:10.16333/j.1001-6880.2014.07.035
glucopyranosyl ]-β-D-glucopyranoside ( 9 )[8];
kaempferol-3-O-[2″-O-(E-6-O-feruloyl)-β- D-glu-
copyranosyl]-β-D-galactopyranoside、kaempferol-3-O-
[2-O-(6-O-E-feruloyl)-β-D- glucopyranosyl]-β-D-ga-
lactopyranoside(10、11)[20];kaempferol-3-O-(2-O-β-
D-glucopyranosyl)- β-D-glucopyranoside (12 )[8];
kaempferol-3-O-(2-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl)-β-D-galac-
topyranoside(13)[20];quercetin(15)[9,17];quercetin-3-
O-β-D-glucopyranoside(16)[7];quercetin-3-O-(2-O-
glucopyranosyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside(17)[7];querce-
tin-3-O-[2-O-(6-O-E-feruloyl)-β-D-glucopyranosyl]-
β-D-galactopyranoside(18)[8];quercetin-3-O-[2-O-
(6-O-E-feruloyl)-β-D-glucopyranosyl]-β-D-glucopyr-
anoside(19)[8];5-hydroxy-6,7,3,4 -tetramethoxyfla-
vone(20)[9];amentoflavone(24)[11]。从金毛耳草
(H. chrysotricha)中分离得到 rutin(1)[31,33,48];iso-
scutellarein(2)[4];quercetin (15)[9,17];nicotiflorin
(22)[31];narcissin(23)[31,48]。从丹草(H. herbacea)
中分离得到 kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside(14)[45]。从
纤花耳草(H. tenellifloa)中分离得到 5,7,4-trihy-
droxy flavonol-3-O-β-D-glucoside(21)[34]。从该属植
物分离得到的黄酮类成分化学结构如图 1 所示。
图 1 耳草属植物中黄酮类成分化学结构式
Fig. 1 Chemical structures of flavonoids from genus Hedyotis
1. 2 环烯醚萜类
耳草属植物中含有的环稀醚萜类化合物主要为
环稀醚萜苷,此类成分为耳草属植物特征化学成分,
多数环烯醚萜类成分化学结构中 4 位羧基形成甲
酯,也有少量 4 位无取代基,如 harpagoside、harp-
agide。从金毛耳草(H. chrysotricha)中分离得到 as-
perulosidic acid (25)[48];10-deacetyl asperulosidic
acid(27)[28];scandoside methyl ester(28)[31];acetyl
scandoside methyl ester(29)[31];6β-hydroxy-genipin
(30)[27];asperuloside (hedyotiside B) (32)[48];
deacetylasperuloside(33)[48];hedyotiside B (6-acetyl
asperuloside) (34)[28,31];loganin、hedyoside、chrysoto-
sid、hedyotoside、hedyotideaside (36-38、47)[48];6-ac-
etyl deacetyl asperuloside(54)[31]。从白花蛇舌草
6411 天然产物研究与开发 Vol. 26
图 2 耳草属植物中环烯醚萜类成分化学结构式
Fig. 2 Chemical structures of iridoids from genus Hedyotis
中分离得到 asperuloside(32)[5,28];diffusoside A、dif-
fusoside B(40、41)[13];E-6-O-p-methoxy-cinnamoyl
scandoside methyl ester、Z-6-O-p-methoxy-cinnamoyl
scandoside methyl ester、E-6-O-p-feruloyl scandoside
methyl ester、Z-6-O-p-feruloyl scandoside methyl ester、
E-6-O-p-coumaroyl scandoside methyl ester、Z-6-O-p-
coumaroyl scandoside methyl ester(48 ~ 53)[21,23]。从
纤花耳草(H. tenellifloa)中分离得到 asperulosidic
acid(25)[34];teneoside A、teneoside B、deacetylasperu-
loside(31、33、35)[47];teneoside C、harpagoside、harp-
agide(42、44、45)[35]。从该属植物中分离得到的环
烯醚萜结构式见图 2。
1. 3 生物碱
从耳草属植物中分离得到的生物碱类成分多为
β-carboline类和吲哚类生物碱。从黄毛耳草中分离
得到 chrysotricine(55)[31];从头状花耳草(H. capitel-
lata)中分离得到 capitelline (58)[42]、hedyocapi-
telline、hedyocapitine(56、57)[41]、(-)-isocyclocapi-
telline、(+)-cyclocapitelline、isochrysotricine(59、60、
61)[38]。耳草属植物中生物碱类成分化学结构见图
3。
1. 4 醌类
据文献报道,目前从耳草属植物中分离得到的
醌类成分多数为 9,10-蒽醌,另外还有少量 1,4-蒽
醌和苯醌。取代基多为羟基、甲基、甲氧基和羟甲
基,也有邻位环合成吡喃环的;从丹草(H. herbacea)
中分离出 2-hydroxymethyl-10-hydroxy-1,4-anthraqui-
none、2,3-dimethoxy-9-hydroxy-1,4-anthraquinone、1,
4-dihydroxy-2-hydroxymethyl anthraquinone、1,4-di-
hydroxy-2-hydroxymethyl anthraquinone (62、63、80,
81)[46]。从白花蛇舌草(H. diffusa)中分离得到 2-
methyl-3-hydroxyanthraquinone、2-methyl-3-methoxy
7411Vol. 26 杨 元等:耳草属植物化学成分及药理活性研究进展
图 3 耳草属植物中生物碱类成分化学结构式
Fig. 3 Chemical structures of alkaloids from genus Hedyotis
anthraquinone、2,6-dihydroxy-3-methyl-4-methoxy an-
thraquinone(66、67、75)[17];2-hydroxy-1-methoxy- an-
thraquinone、2-hydroxy-1,3-dimethoxy anthraquinone
(68、70)[11];2-hydroxy-6-methyl-anthraquinone、2-hy-
droxy-3-methoxy-6-methyl-9,10-anthraquinone (73、
78)[26];2-hydroxy- 7-methyl-3-methoxy-anthraquinone
(69 )[6]; 2, 3-dimethoxy-6-methyl anthraquinone
(71)[22];2-hydroxy-7-hydroxymethyl-3-methoxy an-
thraquinone(72)[25];2,7-dihydroxy-3- methyl-anthra-
quinone (74)[14];2-hydroxy-1-methoxy-3-methyl-an-
thraquinone (76)[6,16];2,6-dihydroxy-1-methoxy-3-
methyl-anthraquinone(77)[16];1,3-dihydroxy-2-meth-
yl- anthraquinone(87)[50];1,7-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-
2-methyl-anthraquinone(88)[51]。从黄毛耳草(H.
chrysotricha)中分离得到 2,6-dimethoxyl-1,4-benzo-
quinone(64)[31,48];hydyotanthraquinone(65)[32]。从
头状花耳草(H. capitellata)中分离得到 2-hydroxym-
ethyl-3,4-[2-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-dihydrofura-
no]-8-hydroxyanthraquinone、 capitellataquinone A、
capitellataquinone B、capitellataquinone C、capitellata-
quinone D、rubiadin、anthragallol 2-methyl ether、aliza-
rin 1-methyl ether、lucidin-3-O-β-glucoside (79,89-
97)[39]。从牛白藤(H. hedyotidea)中分离得到 he-
danthrosides A、hedanthrosides B、hedanthrosides C、
hedanthrosides D、hedanthrosides E(82-86)[44]。从该
属中分离得到的蒽醌类成分化学结构见图 4。
1. 5 其他类
三萜类:从耳草属植物中分离得到的三萜类成
分主要为乌苏烷型、齐墩果烷型和羽扇豆烷型。从
黄毛耳草分离得到 ursolic acid[29]、oleanolic acid[29]、
betulic acid[30]。从纤花耳草(虾子草) (H. tenelli-
floa)中分离得到 6 个乌苏烷类三萜化合物[50]。从
白花蛇舌草中分离得到 gypsogenic acid[4]。从牛白
藤中分离得到 epibetulinic acid[48]。
甾体类:耳草属植物中分离得到的甾体类成分
主要为植物甾醇。从白花蛇舌草、牛白藤、金毛耳
草、纤花耳草中分离得到 β-sitosterol、stigmasterol、
stigmasterol-5,2-diene-3β-7α-diol、stigmasterol-5,2-
diene-3β-7β-diol、6-hydroxy stigmast-4,22-dien-3-one、
3-hydroxy stigmast-5,22-diene -7-one、ergosterol、dau-
costerol[6,24,25,42,44]。
苯丙素类:从耳草属植物中分离得到的苯丙素
类成分主要有简单苯丙素、香豆素和木脂素。从白
花蛇舌草和金毛耳草中分离得到 esculetin、p-香豆
酸、ferulic acid、caffeic acid、scopoletin、liriodendrin、
iso-larisiresinol、4,4-dihydroxy-α-truxillic acid、木脂
体紫丁香脂素[4,17,31,32,48,51]。从双花耳草(H. biflo-
ra)中分离得到角形吡喃香豆素 hedyotiscone A、
hedyotiscone B、hedyotiscone C[37]。
挥发性成分:从耳草属植物中分离的挥发油主
要包括脂肪族含氧衍生物、芳香族含氧衍生物和萜
类含氧衍生物。采用 SD、GC和 GC /MS鉴别出白花
蛇舌草中 30 多种挥发性成分[24]。采用 SD、SFE、
GC /MS从剑叶耳草(H. caudatifolia)中鉴别出 60 多
种挥发性成分[27]。
8411 天然产物研究与开发 Vol. 26
图 4 耳草属植物中醌类成分化学结构式
Fig. 4 Chemical structures of anthraquinone from genus Hedyotis
2 药理作用
2. 1 抗肿瘤作用
白花蛇舌草水煎液对宫颈癌 Hela 细胞有较好
的抑制作用,可使 Ki-67 蛋白的表达下降[51],降低
端粒酶活性、下调 hTERT mRNA 的表达水平[52]、使
Hela细胞阻滞于 S 期[53],从而诱导、促进肿瘤细胞
的凋亡。白花蛇舌草多糖对宫颈癌 Hela 细胞也有
较好的抑制作用[54]。白花蛇舌草对肝癌具有治疗
效果[55],其水提取物通过上调 bax 蛋白表达[56],提
高 CD4 +、CT8 +淋巴细胞表达[57],以及下调 Cdk2 和
E2F1 的 mRNA表达,将肝癌细胞株 HepG2 细胞阻
滞在 G0 /G1 期[58],从而达到对肝癌细胞的抑制作
用。白花蛇舌草提取物可抑制结肠癌 HT-29 的细
胞增殖,通过上调 bax,下调 bcl-2[62]、耐药基因 AB-
CG2 的 mRNA[63]以及 HT-29 细胞 Pim-1 和 Pim-2 的
mRNA表达[64],从而诱导细胞凋亡,起到抗结肠癌
的作用。白花蛇舌草提取物能明显抑制白血病
k562 细胞[66]、CEM 细胞[67]、多药耐药白血病细胞
HL-60 /ADR[68]、HL60 细胞株[67]生长,在一定浓度
下,可观察到细胞缩小、染色质明显浓缩、核聚集等
典型细胞凋亡特征,在琼脂凝胶电泳中出现明显的
9411Vol. 26 杨 元等:耳草属植物化学成分及药理活性研究进展
DNA梯形凋亡带,推测白花蛇舌草可能的抗白血病
机制为诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡[66]。
白花蛇色花草醇提物对肺腺癌 A594 细胞具有
一定的抑制作用,其机制可能是将细胞周期阻滞在
G1-G0 期、上调 Bax 和下调 Bcl-2 的表达而诱导细胞
凋亡[65]。白花蛇舌草中豆甾醇类成分[59]、挥发油
类成分[60]、黄酮类成分[61]对肝癌 H22、HepG2 具有
一定的抑制作用。
2. 2 对免疫功能的影响
白花蛇舌草多糖可显著促进溶血素形成、可使
脾脏及胸腺增重并且明显提高吞噬能力,从而增强
机体的免疫功能[69]。白花蛇舌草总黄酮可以促进
免疫功能低下的小鼠由 ConA 或 LPS-γ 诱导的脾淋
巴细胞的增殖反应,促进免疫功能低下小鼠脾脏
IgM 抗体形成,并升高抗肿瘤药物所致的小鼠白细
胞减少,从而增强机体免疫[70]。
2. 3 抗菌作用
白花蛇舌草 95%乙醇提取物对革兰氏阳性菌、
革兰氏阳性菌具有抑制作用,其中,对格兰氏阴性菌
的抑菌作用大于革兰氏阳性菌[71]。白花蛇舌草总
黄酮对球菌和杆菌均具有不同程度的抑菌和杀菌作
用,且对球菌的作用优于杆菌[72]。头状花耳草提取
物对枯草芽孢杆菌 B28(突变株)、枯草芽孢杆菌
B29(野生型)、铜绿假单胞菌、耐甲氧西林金黄色葡
萄球菌有较好的抑制作用[78]。
2. 4 抗炎、镇痛作用
白花蛇舌草总黄酮对二甲苯诱导的小鼠耳肿胀
和醋酸所致小鼠毛细血管通透性增高有一定的抑制
作用,对大鼠松节油气囊肉芽增生和新鲜蛋清诱导
大鼠足爪肿胀亦有明显的抑制作用,说明其具有一
定的抗炎、镇痛作用[72]。牛白藤石油醚、乙酸乙酯
萃取物能明显减轻二甲苯诱导的小鼠耳肿胀程度,
抑制热刺激和醋酸引起的小鼠疼痛反应,说明牛白
藤有明显的抗炎、镇痛活性[73]。
2. 5 其它作用
保肝作用:白花蛇舌草可显著减轻 CCl4 引起的
肝组织病理损伤程度,提高外周血 CD4 + T细胞的百
分比和 CD4 + T 细胞 /CD8 + T 细胞的比值,降低
CD8 + T细胞的百分比,降低血浆中 TNF-γ 和 IL-6
的水平,对肝损伤有一定的治疗作用[74]。
治疗哮喘作用:白花蛇舌草通过阻断 NF -
κBp65 表达,下调哮喘小鼠 BALF 中 IL-4、IL-5、IL-
13 水平,同时上调 BAIF 中 IFN-γ 水平以及降低炎
症细胞数量,从而抑制气道炎症,达到治疗哮喘的作
用[75]。
抗氧化作用:白花蛇舌草多糖和总黄酮、丹草提
取物均可以清除 DPPH 自由基,且氧化能力随着与
浓度呈现量效关系[76-78]。
神经保护作用:白花蛇舌草中的黄酮类和环稀
醚萜类成分可减弱谷氨酸盐诱导的神经毒性,有一
定的神经保护作用[8]。
3 结语
耳草属植物具有丰富的植物资源和显著的药理
作用,在民间大多作白花蛇舌草使用。目前,除了白
花蛇舌草(Hedyotis diffusa willd.)外,对耳草属其它
植物的研究与开发应用还较少,因此,亟待对本属植
物的化学成分和药理作用进行进一步深入研究,从
而阐明药效物质基础,为耳草属植物的进一步药用
植物资源开发应用提供科学依据。
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