全 文 :天然产物研究与开发 Nat Prod Res Dev 2013,25:401-409,415
文章编号:1001-6880(2013)3-0401-10
收稿日期:2012-03-06 接受日期:2012-06-20
基金项目:国家自然科学基金项目(31070288,31161140345);教育部和
国家外专局高等学校学科创新引智计划项目(B08044);985
工程项目(98502-006004,98506-01000101)
* 通讯作者 Tel:86-10-68930381;E-mail:chunlinlong@ hotmail. com
地胆草属药用植物研究进展
王建军1,刘宇婧1,徐家星1,2,王 敖1,王业玲1,龙春林1,3*
1中央民族大学,北京 100081;2 云南农业大学;3 中国科学院昆明植物研究所,昆明 650201
摘 要:菊科地胆草属植物被广泛用于多个国家或地区的传统医药中,该属中的地胆草(Elephantopus scaber)具
有清热、凉血、利湿的功效;我国多个民族也用来治疗感冒、肾炎、肝炎以及虫蛇咬伤等多种伤病。该属植物含
有多种化学成分,按结构类型主要有倍半萜烯内酯、三萜、甾体、黄酮等化合物。现代药理研究证明该属药用植
物粗提物及单体具有抗菌消炎、抗病毒、抗原虫以及抗肿瘤等多种生物活性。本文系统综述了该属药用植物传
统知识、化学成分及生物活性的研究进展,可为该属植物的进一步开发利用提供参考。
关键词:地胆草属;传统知识;倍半萜烯内酯;抗肿瘤;利什曼原虫病防治
中图分类号:R284. 2 文献标识码:A
Studies on Medicinal Plants of Elephantopus (Compositae)
WANG Jian-jun1,LIU Yu-jing1 XU Jia-xing1,2,WANG Ao1,WANG Ye-ling1,LONG Chun-lin1,3*
1Minzu University of China,Beijing 100081,China;2Yunnan Agricultural University;
3Kunming Institute of Botany,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Kunming 650201,China
Abstract:Plants in Elephantopus (Compositae)are widely used in traditional medicine in many countries or regions. El-
ephantopus scaber is effective with functions of clearing heat,cooling blood and promoting dieresis. It is used to treat
cold,nephritis,hepatitis,insect and snake bites,and so on by many different nationalities in China. Sesquiterpene lac-
tone,triterpene,steroids and flavones have been isolated from this genus. The pharmacological research showed that the
crude extract and monomeric compounds are with various bioactivities,such as antibacteria,antiinflammation,antivirus,
anti-protozoa and anti-tumor. This paper reviewed the research progress of plants in Elephantopus in terms of traditional
knowledge,chemical compounds and bioactivities. It can provide references for the further development of plants in this
genus.
Key words:Elephantopus;traditional knowledge;sesquiterpene lactone;anti-tumor;leishmaniasis treatment
菊科地胆草属(Elephantopus)植物全球约 30 余
种,大部分产于美洲,少数种分布于热带非洲、亚洲
及大洋洲;仅地胆草(E. scaber L.)和白花地胆草
(E. tomentosus L.)2 个种分布于我国华南和西南
部。该属植物为多年生坚硬草本,被柔毛。叶互生,
头状花序多数,密集成团球状复头状花序,复头状花
序基部被数个叶状苞片所包围,具坚硬的花序梗,在
茎和枝端单生或排列成伞房状,具数个花;总苞圆柱
形或长圆柱形,稍压扁;总苞片 2 层,覆瓦状,交叉对
生,长圆形,顶端急尖或具小刺尖。花托小,无毛;花
全部两性,同形,结实,花冠管状。花药顶端短尖,基
部短箭形,具钝耳;花柱分枝丝状,被微毛,顶端钻
形;瘦果长圆形,顶端截形,具 10 条肋,被短柔;冠毛
1 层,具 5 条硬刚毛,基部宽扁;该属的模式种为地
胆草(E. scarber L.)[1]。该属的几个种被多个国家
作为传统药物使用并记载,早在上世纪六十年代已
有人从地胆草中分离得到具有抗肿瘤作用的倍半萜
烯双内酯成分 Elephantin 和 Elephantopin[2],随着研
究的深入,从该属植物中分离得到的倍半萜烯内酯
类成分不断增多,人们进一步开展了对该属多个物
种不同成分生物活性的检验与分析。
1 地胆草属植物的传统利用
该属植物在美、亚、非以及大洋洲均有分布,不
同种类的各个部位在 10 多个国家或地区被用于治
疗不同的疾病,但不同国家或地区的药用方法有所
不同。详细信息见表 1。
在地胆草属的 30 多种植物中,有 4 种是最常用
的传统药物,它们分别是 E. scaber L.,E. mollis L.,
E. spicatus Aubl.和 E. tomentosus L.。其用法也因地
而异,主要有煎服和捣碎外敷两种方法。虽然各地
区对该属的不同物种用法不同,但在用途方面却有
极大的相似性。比如,印度和尼日利亚都将该属植
物用于关节炎症,而台湾、老挝、泰国均将其用作止
咳药。综合上述信息,该属植物多具有抗菌消炎的
作用,主要用于治疗呼吸系统疾病、胃肠道疾病和泌
尿系统等疾病。
在发展中国家,传统用药方式是基础医疗体系
的重要组成部分[31],基于植物的传统知识已经成为
搜寻新药与食物的公认工具[32],对于地胆草属植物
药用的传统知识,需要进行更多的科学研究,以进一
步检验与验证其传统知识的正确性和有效性。
表 1 地胆草属植物的传统利用
Table 1 Traditional uses of Elephantopus
国家或地区
Country /
Region
当地名
Vernacular
name
种名
Species
用途
Uses
药用部位
Medicinal part
用法
Preparation
文献
Reference
巴西
Erva grossa,Língua de va-
ca,Pé de elefante,Ele-
phantopus, Elephant ’ s
foot,False,Tobacco,To-
bacco weed
E. mollis Kunth.
发烧,黄疸,胆结石,
腹泻,疱疹,梅毒,感
冒,流感,风湿,皮肤
瘙痒;滋补;净化
地上部分 煎服 3 ~ 4
古巴 Lengua de vaca E. spicatus Aubl. 焦躁 叶 煎服 5
印度
Elephant’s foot,Bull’s
tongue,Ironweed,Dog’s
tongue,Yaanai chuvadi
E. scaber L.
刀伤,青肿,支气管
炎,天花,腹痛,风
湿,腹部绞痛
根、叶 煎服 6 ~ 9
老挝 Khi fai noh koum E. spicatus Aubl. 咳嗽 全草 煎服 10
马达加斯加 E. scaber L. 退热 地上部分 煎服 11
马来西亚
Sambong,Tapak leman,
Honsigup (Ta)
E. tomentosus L.
E. scaber L. 利尿剂,
哮喘
退热,镇痛,驱虫,抗
炎,腹痛,滋补
根、全草 煎服 /泡水药浴 12 ~ 15
毛里求斯 Herbe de moka
E. mollis Kunth.
E. scaber L.
哮喘,痢疾,感冒,背
痛
叶、全草 煎服 16 ~ 18
墨西哥 Lengua de perro E. spicatus Aubl. 健胃,痢疾 根 煎服 19
尼泊尔
Mula pate
Khasuriya E. scaber L. 小儿发烧,催情药 根 捣碎外敷 20 ~ 23
尼日利亚 E. scaber L. 关节炎 叶 热水浸泡 24
巴拉圭 Llantén hú E. mollis HBK. 祛痰,退热 地上部分、叶 煎服 25
毛里求斯罗
格里格斯岛
Tabac marron E. mollis L. 哮喘,上腹疼痛 叶 煎服 26
卢旺达 Igisharakisi E. plurisetus 肠胃炎 地上部分 煎服 27
中国台湾 Teng-khia-u
E. scaber L.,E. mollis
H. B. K
水肿,除湿,肝炎,支
气管炎,发热,咳嗽,
风湿性关节炎
全草 煎服 28
泰国 E. scaber L. 止嗽,滋补 根 煎服 29
中国云南 Digudan,Didancao E. scaber L. 糖尿病,肠炎 全草 煎服 30
2 化学成分研究
2. 1 倍半萜烯内酯类(sesquiterpene lactone)化合
物
倍半萜烯内酯是一类无色、具苦味且相对稳定
的亲脂性成分,起始于反-反-焦磷酸法尼酯(trans,
trans-farnesyl pyrophosphate) ,经最初的环化反应和
氧化修饰而成[33]。其基本类型依据碳环骨架的不
同可分为 A. Germacranolides,B. Eudesmanolides,C.
Eremophilanolides,D. Guaianolides,E. Pseudoguaiano-
204 天然产物研究与开发 Vol. 25
lides和 F. Xanthanolides 六种类型[34],其结构见图
1。菊科作为一个包括 17 个族、82 个亚族的大科,
倍半萜烯内酯类成分在其大约 1500 个属中广泛存
在,而现在已知的倍半萜烯内酯类化合物大约有
4000 个[35]。继上世纪 60 年代分离得到 elephantin
和 elephantopin 之后,70 年代中期 molephantin,mo-
lephantinin 和 phantomolin 也作为细胞毒性物质从
E. mollis中分离得到[36]。迄今为止,从地胆草属中
共分离得到的倍半萜烯内酯类化合物已有 29 个,具
体信息见表 2 和图 2。
图 1 倍半萜烯内酯类成分的主要结构类型
Fig. 1 The main structure types of sesquiterpene lactone
表 2 地胆草属中倍半萜烯内酯类化合物
Table 2 Sesquiterpene lactone compounds from Elephantopus
序号
No.
化合物
Compounds
结构类型
Structure type
来源植物
Sources
文献
References
1 Deoxyelephantopin A E. carolinianus 37
2 Isodeoxyelephantopin A E. carolinianus 38
3 11,13-dihydrodeoxyelephantopin A E. carolinianus 38 ~ 39
4 Elephantin A E. elatus 40
5 Elephantopin A E. elatus 40-41
6 Desacylisoelephantopin senecioate A E. angustifolius 42
7 Isoelephantopin A E. angustifolius 42
8 Desacylisoelephantopin tiglate A E. angustifolius 42
9 Orthopoppolide methacrylate A E. angustifolius 42
10 Orthopappolide senecioate A E. angustifolius 42
11 Orlhopappolide tiglate A E. angustifolius 42
12 2α-Hydroxy-8α-senecioyloxy-4α,5β-epoxygermacra-l(10)E,11(13)-dien-12,6α-olide A E. angustifolius 42
13 2-epi-Deoxyorthopapp-4E-enolide methacrylate A E. mollis 42
14 Tomenphantopin-A A E. tomentosus 43
15 Tomenphantopin-B A E. tomentosus 43
16 Scabertopin A E. scaber 44
17 Isoscabertopin A E. scaber 45
18 Tomenphantins A A E. tomentosus 46
19 Tomenphantins B A E. tomentosus 46
20 Molephantin A E. mollis 36,47
21 Molephantinin A E. mollis,E. scaber 36,47,48
22 (4βH)-5α-hydroxy-8α-(2-methylbut-2-enoxy)-2-oxo-1(10) ,11(13)-guaiadien-12,6α-olide A E. mollis 49
23 (4βH)-8α-(2-methylbut-2-enoyloxy)-2-oxo-1(5) ,10(14) ,11(13)-guaiatrien-12,6α-olide A E. mollis 49
24 2,5-epoxy-2β-hydroxy-4αmethoxy-8α-(2-methylbut-2-enoyloxy)-4
(15) ,10(14) ,11(13)-germacratrien-12,6α-olide
A E. mollis 49
304Vol. 25 王建军等:地胆草属药用植物研究进展
25 2,5-epoxy-2β-hydroxy-8α-(2-methylbut-2-enoyloxy)-4
(15) ,10(14) ,11(13)-gemacratrien-12,6α-olide
A E. mollis 50
26 Phantomolin A E. mollis 36,51
27 2β-Methoxy-2-deethoxy-phantomolin A E. mollis 52
28 2β-Methoxy-2-deethoxy-8-O-deacylphantomolin-8-O-tiglinate A E. mollis 52
29 Elescaberin A E. scaber 53
30 8-[4-Hydroxytigloyloxy]-preeupatundin D E. mollis 68
31 8-[4-Hydroxytigloyloxy]-5-desoxy-8-desacyleuparotin D E. mollis 68
32 2,5-epoxy-2β-hydroxy-8α-(2-methylpropenoyloxy)-4(15) ,10(14) ,11(13)-germacratrien-1-2,6α-olide
D E. mollis 54
33 (4βH)-8α-(2-methylpropenoyloxy)-2-oxo-1(5) ,10(14) ,11(13)-guaiatrien-12,6α-olide D E. mollis 54
34 (4βH)-5α-hydroxy-8α-(2-methylpropenoyloxy)-1(10) ,11(13)-guaiadiene-12,6α-olide D E. mollis 54
图 2 倍半萜烯内酯类化合物的结构
Fig. 2 The structure of sesquiterpene lactone compounds
404 天然产物研究与开发 Vol. 25
2. 2 其他类化合物
迄今为止,从地胆草属植物中发现的化合物结
构类型除倍半萜烯内酯类之外还分离得到了 27 个
其他结构类型的化合物;其中三萜类化合物 10 个,
黄酮类 4 个,二咖啡酸类 3 个,甾醇类 2 个以及其他
类型的 8 个化合物。其中二咖啡酸类化合物,如 3,
5-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid,4,5-di-O-caffeoyl quinic
acid 及 1α,2β-O-dicaffeoylcyclopentan-3β-ol 等,因其
存在多酚羟基结构,故该类化合物具有良好的抗氧
化功能。各化合物的具体信息见表 3 和图 3;
表 3 地胆草属中其他类型化合物
Table 3 Other compounds (excluding sesquiterpene lactone)from Elephantopus
结构类型
Structure types
序号
No.
化合物名称
Name of compounds
参考文献
References
三萜类 35 无羁萜酮 55
36 表无羁萜醇 55
37 羽扇豆醇 55
38 30-羟基羽扇豆醇 55
39 羽扇豆醇乙酸酯 55
40 乌苏酸 55
41 乌苏-12-烯-3β-十七酸酯 55
42 桦木酸 55
43 β-香树素乙酸酯 56
44 28Nor-22(R)Witha 2,6,23-trienolid 57
45 Elephanmollen 50
甾醇类 46 豆甾醇 58
47 豆甾醇-3-O-β-D-葡萄糖 58
黄酮类 48 苜蓿素 59
49 香叶木素 59
50 木犀草素 59
51 木犀草素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖 59
52 藤黄菌素-7-O-葡萄糖苷 56
有机酸类 53 1α,2β-O-dicaffeoylcyclopentan-3β-ol 60
54 3,5-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid 60
55 4,5-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid 60
56 3,4-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid methyl ester 60
57 4,5-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid methyl eater 60
其他类 58 大黄素甲醚 60
59 异香草素 58
60 香豆酸 58
61 对羟基苯甲酸 58
62 阿魏酸 58
63 3-甲氧基-4-羟基-桂皮醛 58
64 吲唑 58
504Vol. 25 王建军等:地胆草属药用植物研究进展
图 3 地胆草属其他类型化合物结构
Fig. 3 The structures of other compounds (excluding sesquiterpene lactone)from Elephantopus
3 生物活性研究
经系统研究证明,地胆草属植物具有抑菌、抗病
毒及原虫和抗肿瘤等多种生物学活性。
3. 1 抑菌作用
地胆草(E. scarber)的水提物对变异链球菌 S.
mutans MT5091(serotype c)和 S. mutans OMZ 176
(serotype d)均有较强的抑制作用,最低抑菌浓度
(MIC)分别为 7. 8、15. 6 mg /mL[61];对抗酸性草分
枝杆菌 M. phlei,石膏样小孢子菌 M. gypseum 以及须
癣毛癣菌 T. mentagrophytes 真菌也具有较强的抑制
作用[62]。而其叶子和茎的 80%乙醇提取物对枯草
芽孢杆菌 B. subtilis、金黄色葡萄球菌 S. aureus、大肠
杆菌 E. coli和铜绿假单胞菌 P. aeruginosa 的生长也
同样具有抑制作用[63]。
3. 2 抗病毒活性及抗原虫活性
地胆草中分离得到的 1α,2β-O-dicaffeoylcyclo-
pentan-3β-ol等二咖啡酸类物质,经细胞病变(CPE)
抑制试验证明该化合物对呼吸道合胞体病毒(RSV)
具有良好的抑制活性(IC50 = 0. 63 μg /mL) ,较利巴
韦林(IC50 = 1. 50 μg /mL)对 RSV 的抑制作用更
强[60];其全草的甲醇提取物在 200 μg /mL在紫外线
604 天然产物研究与开发 Vol. 25
存在的条件下对小儿麻痹症病毒(polio virus)具有
抑制作用,在浓度为 100 μg /mL 时对辛德毕斯病毒
(Sindbis)也同样具有抑制作用;E. mollis 叶子的二
氯甲烷提取物对杜氏利什曼原虫 L. donovani有很强
的抑制活性(IC50 = 0. 6 μg /mL) ,它对恶性疟原虫
P. falciparum 及罗得西亚布氏锥虫 T. brucei rhod-
esiense具有高选择抗性[64,65]。
3. 3 抗肿瘤活性
E. mollis的乙酸乙酯提取物通过 caspase-3 依赖
途径能够显著诱导肝癌 HepG2 细胞凋亡,其最低
EC50为 9. 38 ± 0. 43 μg /mL;同时该提取物对肺癌
NCI-H23 细胞,乳腺癌 T-47D 细胞,卵巢癌 Caov-3
细胞也有抑制作用[66]。地胆草的氯仿提取物浓度
为 100 mg /kg时,可以有效地推迟由 7,12-dimethyl-
benz anthracene (DMBA)诱导的小鼠皮肤乳突淋瘤
的形成,并能够减少该类肿瘤细胞的平均数量与重
量。该成分对由 20-methylcholanthrene (20-MCA)诱
导小鼠的软组织肉瘤有很好的抑制作用,可延长患
病小鼠的寿命[67]。而被视为地胆草属特征性物质
的 deoxyelephantopin(DET)[68],能强烈抑制 TS /A细
胞的转移、增殖、入侵以及群落的形成;与紫杉醇相
比,DET能更有效地抑制小鼠原位肿瘤细胞(68%
vs 99%)及恶性乳腺肿瘤细胞的生长[69,70];同时
DET亦可以诱导并激发鼻咽癌细胞中的细胞周期
阻滞与细胞凋亡,其对治疗鼻咽癌有巨大的潜在价
值[71]。而由地胆草中分离得到的 scabertopin 和
isodeoxyelephantopin两种物质在体外对人肝癌细胞
(SMMC-7721)、人宫颈癌细胞(Hela)、人结肠癌细
胞(Caco-2)具有抑制作用[72]。最新研究表明,DET
和 Isodeoxyelephantopin可引起 L-929 肿瘤细胞活力
降低,其 IC50分别为 2. 7 和 3. 3 μg /mL,且 DET 对
DLA肿瘤细胞具有很大的抑制活性[73]。
3. 4 其他活性
地胆草和 E. mollis的水提物在 300 mg /kg 时对
由角叉菜胶(Carrangeenan)诱导的小鼠爪部的急性
炎症具有显著的抑制活性,对由 complete Freund’s
adjuvant (CFA)诱导的慢性炎症也有良好的抑制作
用[74]。E. mollis 的 1,3-丁二醇提取物在 0. 05% ~
0. 3%时,能够显著减少 B16 黑色素瘤细胞中黑色
素的含量[75]。E. tomentosus 的乙醇提取物在 1 mg /
mL时具有的抗氧化活性相当于 2. 1 mM (TECA)的
抗氧化能力;其还具有过氧化氢清除及抑制 Fe3 +诱
导的脂质过氧化作用,在 500 mg /kg 时具有减小
CCl4 诱导的肝毒性的作用
[76]。由地胆草中分离得
到的单体物质 3,4-二咖啡奎尼酸(3,4-di-O-caffeoyl
quinic acid)在浓度 625-1250 μg /mL时,对 α-葡萄糖
苷酶的抑制率大于 80%,且其 EC50在 241. 80 ±
14. 29 μg /mL时较浓度为 7. 30 ± 0. 05 μg /mL 阿卡
波糖的高 30 倍,说明该物质具有良好的抗 2 型糖尿
病活性[77]。
4 展望
通过化学合成来获取新药是西药研发的重要手
段,但其代价昂贵且有不良反应多;同时以中药及民
族药为代表的传统药物成为了新药研发的重要补充
手段。从天然药物中获取的药效单体具有价格低、
不良反应少等特点,特别是其传统药用知识为其对
症开发与研制指明了方向,从而节省大量的人力、物
力、财力。国内外学者对地胆草属植物的传统医药
用途及其生物活性进行了较多的研究,发现其粗提
物或是单体具有多样良好的生物学活性,特别是由
该属植物 E. scarber 分离得到的单体物质 deoxyele-
phantopin 和 1α,2β-O-dicaffeoylcyclopentan -3β-ol 分
别在抗鼻咽癌及 2 型糖尿病方面有很好的治疗活
性,有待进一步研究开发。另外据 WHO 统计,每年
因利什曼原虫引发的新增病例就达 200 万[78],而
E. mollis的粗提物对利什曼病原虫具有很好的抑制
作用,应该加深该方面的研究。我们应该重视对地
胆草属植物在抗糖尿病、抗原虫及抗肿瘤活性方面
的研究与开发,这对改善与保障人类健康具有巨大
的潜在价值。而鉴于该属植物在传统药用中的复杂
性与多样性,今后人们应该从化学、生物学、药学等
多方面来加大对该属植物的研究力度,从而来促进
该类植物的可持续利用。
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