全 文 :收稿日期:2000-02-29
桦木属植物化学成分的研究进展
王素娟 裴月湖
沈阳药科大学中药系 ,沈阳 110015
摘 要 桦木属植物主要含有三萜 、黄酮 、木脂素 、二苯基庚烷等酚类.作者总结了近 10 年来的研
究资料 ,对桦木属植物的化学成分作了综述.
关键词 桦木属;化学成分;三萜;黄酮;木脂素;二苯基庚烷
分类号 R932
Fig.1 Ocotillol series
桦木属(Betula L.)植物在世界上约 100种 ,
主要分布于北温带 ,少数分布至北极区内.我国共
有29种 , 6个变种 ,全国各地均有分布 ,植物资源
十分丰富.在我国民间 ,桦木皮及桦木汁用于治疗
慢性气管炎等.1987年 ,N.D.Pokhin〔1〕等人已对桦
木属中的三萜类成分作了综述.近年来日本学者
又对其境内的桦木属植物的化学成分做了系统研
究.作者拟对近年来桦木属植物化学成分的研究
进展作一综述.桦木属植物中主要含有三萜 、黄
酮 、木脂素 、二苯基庚烷及其他酚性成分.
1 三萜
桦木属中的三萜类成分主要存在于树皮和树
叶中 ,主要类型有 Ocotollol型
(见图 1 、表 1)、达玛烷型(见图
2 、表 2)、羽扇豆烷型和齐墩果
烷型(见图 3 、表 3).1 ~ 49为以
上各类型化合物.日本学者还
发现 3 种开环三 萜 betula-
schmidtoside A (50)、 ovalifoli-
olides A(51)和 ovalifoliolides B(52)(见图 4),并认
为这是桦木属与赤杨属亲缘关系较近的又一佐
证〔11 ,12〕.化合物 53为自 B .pendula 叶中分得的一
种降三萜(见图 5)〔9〕.化合物 54为自 B .platyphlla
var.japonica的腐烂树皮中得到的betulin的生物降
解产物〔13〕(见图 6).
Fig.2 Four types of dammarane series
Fig.3 Lupane and oleanane series
在这几类三萜中 ,3 ,11 ,12 ,17及 25位常有羟
基取代 ,其中 3 ,11 ,12位羟基常被乙酰化 ,3位羟
基还常被咖啡酸 、香豆酸 、丙二酸酰化 ,而其苷的
种类较少 ,均为葡萄糖苷或乙酰葡萄糖苷.日本学
者研究了 3 种白桦〔2 ,3 , 6〕 ,认为 B .platyphylla var.
japonica 叶中具有 3α-,12β-羟基的达玛烷型三萜 ,
并可形成丙二酸酯 ,而 B .errmanii 叶中具有 3β-,
11α-羟基达玛烷型三萜 ,并形成葡萄糖苷.在 B.
第 1 7 卷 第 5期
2 0 0 0 年 9 月
沈 阳 药 科 大 学 学 报
Journal of Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
Vol.17 No.5
Sep.2000 p.378
DOI :10.14066/j.cnki.cn21-1349/r.2000.05.023
platyphylla var.japonica〔6〕中 ,达玛烷型三萜存在于
叶和根皮 ,树干部的树皮则没有;叶中的达玛烷型
三萜具有 3β-,12α-羟基 ,而树皮中的则只有 3β-羟
基 ,缺少 12-羟基.
Tab.1 Triterpenoids of ocotollol series
No.Name R1 R2 R3 R4 Source and literature
1 3-Epiocotillol Ⅱ α-OH H H H Leaves of B.maximowicziana〔2〕
2 12β-Acetoxy-20(S), 24(R)-epoxy-3α, 25-
dihydoxydammarane
α-OH H OAc H
3 20(S), 24(R)-Epoxy-3α, 17α, 25-trihy-
droxydammarane
α-OH H H OH
4 12β-Acetoxy-20(S)-epioxy-3α, 17α, 25-
trihydroxydammarane
β-OH H OAc OH
5 20(S , 24(R)-Epioxy-3β , 11α, 25-trihy-
droxydammarane
β-OH OH H H Leaves of B.errmanii〔3〕
6 Deacetoxypapyriferic acid α-OCO CH2OH H OH H Twigs of B .pendula , twigs of B .glan-
dulosa〔4 , 5〕
7 Papyriferic acid α-OCO-CH2OH H OAc H B .pendula Roth., twigs of B .glandu-
losa , leaves B.platyphylla var.japoni-
ca〔4 ,5 , 6〕
8 3β-Papyriferic acid β-OCO-CH2OH H OAc H Root bark of B .pendula〔7〕
9 20(S), 24(R)-Epoxy-3β , 11α, 25-trihy-
droxydammarane-3-O-β-D-glucopytanside
β-Glu OH H H Leaves of B.errmanii〔3〕
10 20(S), 24(R)-Epoxy-3β , 11α, 25-trihy-
droxydammarane-3-O-β-D-2-O-Acetyl-
glucopyranside
β-2′-O-Acteaylglc OH H H Leaves of B.errmanii〔3〕
11 11α-Acetyl-20(S), 24(R)-epoxy-3β , 25-
dihydroxydammarane-3-O-β-D-2-O-
acetylglucopyranside
β-2′-O-Acteaylglc OAc H H
12 Betulamaximobide A α-Glc H OAc OH Leaves of B.maximowiziana〔2〕
13 Betulamaximobide B α-6′-O-Acteaylglc H OAc OH
14 Ocotillol Ⅱ 3-O-caffeate β-O-Caffeoyl H H H Root bark of B.platyphylla var.
japonica〔6〕
从 B .alba〔14〕的叶中得到两种单萜苷 betul-
labuside A(55)和 betullabuside B(56).从 B .platy-
phylla var.japonica〔6〕的叶中得到倍半萜 caryophyl-
lene oxide(57)(见图7),此化合物具有白桦叶的特
殊香气.
2 黄酮
黄酮主要分布在叶和花中 ,花中的黄酮多被
甲基化.二氢黄酮类有柚皮素 、刺槐素及其 7-O-
葡萄糖苷 、樱花素;黄烷类有儿茶素及其 7-O-木
糖苷 、二氢金丝桃苷 、表儿茶素及 5-O-和 7-O-葡
萄糖苷;黄酮类有芹菜素及-7 , 4′-二甲基醚 、黄芩
素及 7-O-葡萄糖苷 、柳穿鱼素及 7-O-葡萄糖苷 、
cirsimaritin、salvigenin 、木犀草素及 7-O-芸香糖苷
和 4′-O-葡萄糖苷;黄酮醇类有山奈酚及其醚类和
3-O-(4-乙酰)鼠李糖苷〔2〕 、鼠李柠檬素 、槲皮素及
3-O-和 7-O-鼠李糖苷 、3-O-阿拉伯糖苷 、3-O-(4-
乙酰)鼠李糖苷〔2〕 、3-O-葡萄糖苷 、3-O-槐花糖苷 、
各种醚类 、异槲皮苷 、金丝桃苷 、异金丝桃苷 、异鼠
李素及 3-O-半乳糖苷 、鼠李素 、芦丁 、杨梅黄素及
3-O-半乳糖苷 、3-O-二半乳糖苷 、3-O-阿拉伯糖
苷 、杨梅苷.
Fig.4 Three seco-triterpenoids from Betula
379第 5 期 王素娟等:桦木属植物化学成分的研究进展
Tab.2 Triterpenoinds of dammarane series
No.Name R1 R2 R3 R4 Type Source and literature
15 Damar-24-en-3β , 11α, 20(S)-triol β-OH OH H H I Leaves of B.errmanii〔3〕
16 Dammarenediol Ⅱ β-OH H H H Root bark of B .errmanii〔3〕
17 Betulafolienetetraol α-OH H OH OH Leaves of B .maximowicziana 〔2〕
18 12-Acetylbetulafolienetetraol α-OH H OAc H
19 Dammarenediol Ⅱ 3-caffeate β-O-Caffeoyl H H H Root bark of B .maximowicziana ,
inner bark of B platyphylla var.
japonica , root bark of B.errmani-
i〔2, 3 , 6〕
20 12-O-Acety l-3-O-malony l-betu-
lafolienetriol
α-O-COCH2-
COOH
H OAc H Root bark and leaves of B.pendula ,
leaves of B .platyphylla var.japoni-
ca〔2 , 7, 8〕
21 Dammarenediol Ⅱ3-O-coumarate β-O-p-Coumaroyl H H H Inner bark of B.platyphylla var.
japonica〔6〕
22 Dammar-24-en-3β , 11α, 20(S)-triol
3-O-β-D-2-O-acetylglucopyranoside β-O-2-Acetylglc OH H H Leaves of B.errmanii
〔3〕
23 Dammar-24-en-12-O-actey l-3α, 12β ,
17α, 20(S)-tetraol 3-O-malonate α-OCOCH2-COOH H OAc OH Leaves of B.pendula
〔8〕
24 Dammar-23(E)en-12-O-acetyl-3α,
12β , 20(S), 25-tetraol 3-O-malonate α-OCOCH2-COOH H OAc — Ⅱ
25 Dammar-24-en-3β , 20(S), 26-triol
3-O-caffeate α-Caffeoyl H H — Ⅲ Root bark of B .pendula
〔2〕
26 Dammar-24-en-3β , 20(S), 26-triol
3-O-coumarate β-O-p-Coumaroyl H H —
27 12β , 20(S)-Dihydroxy-dammar-24-
en-3-one =O H OH H Ⅰ Leaves of B.platyphylla var.japoni-ca , twigs of B.glandulosa〔3 , 4〕
28 12-O-Acetyl-betulafolienediolone =O H OAc H
29 12-O-Acetyl-3α, 12β , 20 (S), 24(R)-tetrahydroxydammar-25-en-3-y l
hydrogen propanedioate
β-OH H Ⅳ Leaves of B.penndula〔9〕
30 12-O-Acetyl-3α, 12β , 20 (S), 24(S )-tetrahydroxydammar-25-en-3-y l
hydrogen propanedioate
α-OH H — —
31 12-O-Acety l-3α, 12β , 17α, 20(S), 24(R)-pentahydroxydammar-25-en-3-yl
hydrogen propanedioate
β-OH OH — —
Fig.5 A nortriterpenoid
from B.pendula
Fig.6 A biodegradation
production of betulin
Fig.7 Monterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids form
Betula
3 木脂素 、二苯基庚烷及其他酚类
此类化合物主要自内皮和叶中分得.木脂素
类化合物(58 ~ 62)〔2 ,3 , 7 ,15〕及二苯基庚烷类化合
物(63 ~ 79)〔2 ,3 , 6 ,16 ,17〕结构式可见图 8.除此之外 ,
尚有苯丁烷类化合物(80 ~ 88)〔11 ,17 ,18〕 ,苯乙烷类
化合物(89 、90)〔8 ,15〕等 ,可参见图9.
桦木属植物的主要活性成分为三萜 ,尤其是
达玛烷型三萜与人参三萜具有很大的类似性 ,具
有广泛的生理活性 ,如抗癌 ,保肝 ,拒食 ,抗氧化 ,
抗菌作用等.可以预见 ,桦木属的各种植物具有较
好的开发应用前景.而我国虽具有丰富的植物资
源 ,但对桦木属植物的研究开发甚少 ,因此对桦木
属进行系统的研究具有较大的意义.
380 沈 阳 药 科 大 学 学 报 第 17 卷
Tab.3 Triterpenoids of lupane and oleanane
No.Name R1 R2 R3 Type Source and literature
32 Lupeol OH CH3 CH3 Ⅳ Leaves of B.maximowicziana , outer bark of B.
platyphylla var.japonica and B .errmanii〔2 , 3, 6〕
33 Betulin OH CH2OH CH3
34 Betulinic acid OH COOH CH3 Outer bark of B.platyphylla var.japonica〔6〕
35 Betulone =O CH2OH CH3
36 Lupeol caffeate O-Caffeoyl CH3 CH3 Root bark of B.errmanii〔3〕
37 Betulin caffeate O-Caffeoyl
CH2OH
CH3 Leaves of B.maximowicziana , inner bark of B.
platyphylla var.japonica , bark of B.errmanii
and B.pubescens〔2 , 3 , 6, 10〕
38 Pyracrenic acid O-Caffeoyl COOH CH3 Bark of B .pubescens〔10〕
39 3β , 23-dihydroxy-lup-20(29)-en-28-oic acid
3β-O-caffeate
O-Caffeoyl COOH CH2OH
40 Monogynol A OH CH3 — Ⅴ Inner bark of B .maximowicziana and B .er-
rmanii〔2 , 3〕
41 Lpane-3β , 20 , 28-triol OH CH3OH — Leaves of B .maximowicziana〔2〕
42 Lpane-3β , 20 , 28-triol
3β-O-caffeate O-Caffeoyl CH2OH —
43 Hydroxhopanone — — — Ⅵ Leaves of B .platyphylla var.japonica〔6〕
44 Oleanolic acid OH COOH CH3 Ⅶ Outer bark of B.plataphylla var.japonica and
B.errmanii〔3 , 6〕
45 Acetyloleanoic acid OAc COOH CH3 Leaves of B .maximowicziana and outer bark of
B.platyphylla var.japonica〔2 , 6〕
46 Oleanolic acid 3β-O-
caffeate
O-Caffeoyl COOH CH3 Root bark of B .maximowicziana and B .er-
rmanii , bark of B.pubenscens〔2 ,3 , 10〕
47 Erythrodiol 3β-O-caf-
feate
O-Caffeol CH2OH CH3 Bark of B .pubenscens〔10〕
48 3β , 23-Dihydroxy-
olean-12-en-28-oic acid
3β-O-caffeate
O-Caffeoyl COOH CH2OH
49 3β , 23-Dihydroxy-
olean-12-en-28-oic acid
23-caffeate
OH COOH CH2O-Caf-
feoyl
Fig.8 Lignans and diarylheptanoids from Betula
381第 5 期 王素娟等:桦木属植物化学成分的研究进展
Fig.9 Other phenylics from Betula
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A Review on the Chemical Constituents of Betula L.
Wang Sujuan , Pei Yuehu
Department of Chinese Traditional Medicines , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University ,Shenyang 110015
Abstract On the basis of 18 references in the recent decade , chemical constituents of Betula L.were reviewed in
this paper , including triterpenoids , flavonoids , lignans , diarylheptanoids and other phenylics.
Key words Betula L.;chemical constituents;triterpenoids;flavonoids;lignans;diarylheptanoids
382 沈 阳 药 科 大 学 学 报 第 17 卷