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DOI:10.3736/ jcim20111004
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Kaushik D , Yadav J , Kaushik P , Sache r D ,
Rani R.Current pharmacological and phytochemical
studies of the plant Alpinia galanga .J Chin
Integ r Med .2011;9(10):1061-1065.
Kaushik D , Yadav J , Kaushik P , Sache r D ,
Rani R.大高良姜的药理学及植物化学研究综
述.中西医结合学报.2011;9(10):1061-1065.
Received June 19 , 2011;accepted August 22 ,
2011;published online Octobe r 15 , 2011.
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Correspondence:Paw an Kaushik;Tel:+ 91-
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com
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Review 　述评与综述　
Current pharmacological and phytochemical
studies of the plant Alpinia galanga
Dhirender Kaushik , Jyoti Yadav , Pawan Kaushik , Disha Sacher , Ruby Rani
Institute o f Pharmaceutical Sciences , Kurukshetra Unive rsity , Kurukshetra , Haryana 136119 , India
Abstract:Traditional medicine systems consist of large numbers of plants with medicinal and
pharmacological importance and hence represent an invaluable reservoir of new bioactive
molecules.Alpinia galanga (family Zingiberaceae)is commonly known as galangal and has
been used for its emmenagogue , aphrodisiac , abortifacient , carminat ive , antipyretic and anti-
inflammatory qualities and used in the treatment of various diseases such as bronchitis , heart
diseases , chronic enteritis , renal calculus , diabetes , rheumatism andkidney disorders.It was
reported to contain, among other components , essential oils , tannins , phenol , glycosides ,
monoterpenes and carbohydrates.In the last few years , new compounds such as gallic acid
glycoside , galangoisoflavonoid , β-sitosterol , galangin, alpinin, zerumbone and kampferide
have been isolated from various parts of A .galanga .Therefore , the present review is aimed
to summarize the information regarding A .galanga concerning the new phytoconstituents and
pharmacological uses that have appeared in recent years.
Keywords:Alpinia galanga ;rhizome;plant extracts;pharmacology;review
　Since the rise of human civiliza tion , plants have
been used as one of the most important sour ces of
medicines.Alpinia galanga (family Zingiber aceae)
syn.Languas galangal [ 1] , known as greater galangal
in English , and either kulanjan[ 2] or barakulanjan[ 3]
in Hindi , has been widely cultivated in Sri Lanka ,
I ndia , Malaysia , I ndonesia , Egypt and Saudi
Arabia
[ 4]
and is f ound abundantly in Thailand
[ 5] .
The r hizomes are extensively used for flavouring
food
[ 6] .In I ndia , most of the South Indian physi-
cians of t radit ional Ayurveda and Siddh a medicine
systems use A .galanga to tre at var ious kinds of
diseases including diabetes mel litus
[ 2] .In China
and Thailand , it is used as a folk medicine for
stomach health
[ 7] .A .galanga has been used in
t radit ional medicine systems for its carmina tive ,
emmenagogue , aphrodisiac , abortifacient , antipyretic ,
ant i-inflammator y and antispasmodic act ivit ies[ 8] .
A .galanga was also found to be bene ficial in the
t reatment of br onchit is , hear t diseases , chr onic
enteritis , renal calculus , diabetes and rheumat ism ,
etc
[ 1 , 3 , 9] .The young inflorescences and leaves are
·1061·中西医结合学报 2011年 10月第 9卷第 10期　J ou rnal of C hinese Integrative Medicine , October 2011 , Vol.9 , No.10
consumed as ulam or salad
[ 10] .A .galangal possesses
many therapeut ic activities such as ant ifungal
[ 10] ,
antiulcer
[ 6] , ant iflatulent , ant ialler gic[ 9] , tre ating
br ain disorders
[ 11] , nerve tonic , and stimulant[ 12] .
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1　Phytochemistry
　A .galanga has been studied by various researchers
and a number of active constituents f rom the
plant have been isolated and repor ted.Phenolic
compounds such as flavonoids and phenol ic acids
are found abundant ly in this plant
[ 13] .The domi-
nant components isolated from the rhizomes were
galangoisof lavonoid
[ 2] , β-sitosterol diglucosyl
capr ate
[ 14] , methyleugenol , p-coumaryl diacetate ,
1′-acetoxyeugenol acetate , trans-p-acetoxycinnamyl
alcohol , trans-3 , 4-dime thoxycinnamyl alcohol ,
p-hydroxybenzaldehyde , p-hydroxycinnamaldehyde ,
trans-p-coumaryl alcohol , galangin , trans-p-coumaric
acid , and galan ganol B[ 15] .The major phyto-
constituents which have been isolated f rom the
rhizomes are acetoxychavicol acetate (ACA) and
hydroxychavicol acetate (HCA)[ 16] .Rhizomes are
lowest in fat but r ichest in carbohydrate
[ 3] .　The chemical investigation of A .galanga has
led to the isolat ion of b-caryophyllene (17.95%)
and b-selinene(10.56%), terpinen-4-ol[ 7] , 4-allylphenyl
acetate and β-bisabolene , 5-hydroxymethyl furfural(59.9%), benzyl alcohol (57.6%), methylcin-
namate (9.4%), 3-phenyl-2-butanone (8.5%)
and 1 , 2-benzenedicarboxylic acid (8.9%)[ 1] .A
new phenylpr opanoid , 4 ,4′[(2E , 2′E)-bis(prop-
2-ene)-1 , 1′-oxy]-diphenyl-7 , 7′-diacetata[ 6] , as well
as p-coumaryl alcohol-γ-O-methyl ether (CAME)
and p-coumar yl diacetate (CDA), has also been
isolated fr om the plant
[ 17 , 18] .　Volat ile oil of plant from Sri Lanka contained
zer umbone (44.9%) and those f rom Malaysia ,
I ndia and Indonesia were found to be β-far nesene ,
myrcene and 1 , 8-cineole , respectively[ 4 , 19] .Bicyclo(4.2.0)oct-1-ene , 7-exoethenyl (58.46%), trans-
caryophyllene (7.05%), α-pinene (14.94%)with
camphene (2.15%), germacrene (1.78%) and
citronellyl acetate (1.41%)were repor ted in A .
galanga as major components
[ 20] .
2　Pharmacological activities
2.1 　Anti-inflammatory and analgesic actions 　
Several authors have studied the anti-inflammatory
and analgesic effects of A .galanga in a variety of
rheuma tological condit ions.Min et al [ 16] isolated
chavicol an alogues , namely , ACA and HCA fr om
A .galangal , in which ACA exhibited potent
ant ioxidant act ivi ty , increased cell apoptosis and
decreased cytokines production by T helper cells;
whereas , HCA suppressed T-bet expression.CAME ,
a phenylpr opanoids fr om A .galanga suppressed
interferon-γproduction in CD4+ T helper cells by
decreasing T-bet expression[ 17] .p-Hydr oxycinnal-
dehyde from A .galanga extract inh ibited the
interleukin-1β-stimula ted cart ilage matr ix degr a-
dation
[ 21 , 22] .
2.2　Anti-acetylcholinesterase activity　Methanolic
extr acts of A .galanga showed acetylcholinesterase-
inhibitory activity at a concentration of 100μg/mL[ 12] .
2.3 　Anticancer and antimelanogenic potentials　
A .galanga extr act at a dose of 300 μg/mL caused
apoptosis of all cell lines including normal and
p53-inact ive f ibroblasts , normal epithelial and
tumour mammary cells and a lung adenocarcinoma
cell line
[ 23] .A .galangal and Curcuma aromatica
extr acts a t non-cytotoxic concentr at ions (3.8 to
30.0 μg/mL) suppressed tyrosinase act ivi ty ,
mRNA levels and ultraviolet A(16 J/cm2)-mediated
melanin production
[ 24] .
2.4　Platelet-activating factor antagonist and hepa-
toprotective activity　Methanol ic extr act from the
rhizome of A .galanga at the concentrat ion of
18.2 μg/mL showed 73.9% platelet-activat ing
f actor (PAF)-inhibitor y act ivi ty[ 25] .A .galanga
extr act a t 200 and 400 mg/kg caused significant
reduct ion in the number of necrotic cells of the
liver of rats with par acetamol-induced hepatotox-
icity
[ 26] .
2.5 　Antileishmanial activity　Hexane , chloroform
and ethyl acetate extracts of A .galanga rhizomes ,
exh ibited significant in vi tro act ivi ty against pro-
mastigotes of Lesishmania donovani due to the
presence of phenylpropanoid compounds
[ 15] .
·1062· 中西医结合学报 2011年 10月第 9卷第 10期　Journal of Chinese In tegrat ive Medicine , October 2011 , Vol.9 , No.10
2.6　Antimicrobial activities
2.6.1　Antiplasmid activity　1′-Acetoxychavicol
ace ta te fr om A .galanga showed antiplasmid
activity against various multi-drug resistant bacteria.
Crude acetone extract of the rhizomes of A .galanga
exhibited ant iplasmid activity against Salmonella
typhi , Escherichia coli and vancomycin-resistant
Enterococcus faecalis with an efficiency of 92%,
82% and 8%, respectively at 400 μg/mL subin-
h ibitor y concentrat ion
[ 9] .
2.6.2　Antibacterial activity　Indian gooseber ry(Phyllanthus emblica Linn.) and galangal (A .
galanga)extr acts were investigated against Staph-
ylococcus aureus for their ant imicrobial act ivi ties.
Minimal inhibitory concentrat ion(MIC)values of
I ndian gooseber ry and galangal ext racts were
found to be 13.97 and 0.78 mg/mL and the minimum
biocidal concentrat ion (MBC)values were 13.97
and 2.34 mg/mL , respect ively.Extr acts fr om A .
galanga flowers showed the activity against
Micrococcus luteus
[ 10] .The ethanolic ext racts of
galangal we re evalua ted for ant imicrobial quaili-
ties on S .aureus 209P and E .coli NIHJ JC-2 by
using an agar disc diffusion assay.The extract had
the strongest inhibitor y effect against S.aureus
with MIC at 0.325 mg/mL and MBC at 1.3 mg/mL
using the br oth dilut ion method
[ 7] .Methanolic ,
ace tone and diethyl ether extr acts of A .galanga
have been evaluated against pathogens such as
Bacillus subtilis MTCC 2391 , Enterobacter aerogene ,
Enterobacter cloacae , Enterococcus faecalis , E .
coli MTCC 1563 , Klebsiella pneumoniae , Pseudo-
monas aeruginosa MTCC 6642 , Salmonel la typhi-
murium , S .aureus and Streptococcus epidermis
using the agar well diffusion method.Methanolic
ext ract of the plant showed an excellent abil ity to
fight all pa thogens with MIC and MBC values
ranging from 0.04 to 1.28 mg/mL and 0.08 to
2.56 mg/mL , respectively[ 1] .Also the hexane
and ethanolic ext racts of A .galanga showed
str ong ant imicr obial f unctions against S .aureus
and/or Listeria monocytogenes [ 27] .
2.6.3　Antifungal activity and anti-amoebic activity　Extracts of A .galanga wer e studied f or their
inhibi tory activity against mycelial growth of
Phytophthora capsici KACC 40157 , Rhizoctonia
solani KACC 40146 , Fusarium solani KACC
40384 , Colletotrichum gloeosporioides ATCC 32097 ,
and Botryt is cinera KCTC 6973.The extracts
showed inhibitory activity against all the five fungi
[ 28] .
Extract from A .galanga rhizome showed antifungal
activity toward Aspergil lus niger
[ 10] .Crude ethan-
olic extr act of the rhizome suppressed the growth
of zoonot ic dermaytophtes (Microsporum gypseum
and Trichophy ton mentagrophyte)and yeast-like
Candida albicans in a concentra tion-dependent
manner (0.5 to 256 mg/mL)[ 5] .Chloroform extract
of A .galanga a t a concentra tion of 1 000 μg/mL
showed good anti-amoebic activity against Entamoeba
histolytica strain HTH-56:MUTM and st rain HM1:
IMSS with 50% inhibitory concentr ation (IC50)
value of 55.2 μg/mL.The same extract showed
the highest activity against Giradia intestinalis with
MIC at 125μg/mL with an IC50 at 37.73 μg/mL[ 29] .
2.7 　Antioxidant activity 　Differ ent extracts(methanolic and aqueous)and volat ile oils fr om
rhizomes of A .galanga were assessed f or f ree
r adical-scavenging act ivi ty against 1 ,1-diphenyl-2-
picrylhydr azyl r adical.Gas chromatography/mass
spectroscopy analysis showed that trans-3-acetoxy-
1 ,8-cineole was detected as a main compound in A .
galangal , r esponsible for the antioxidant acivi ty.
The novel compound , p-coumaryl-9-methyl ether ,
was isolated from methanol extract of A .galanga [ 18] .
I t was reported that A .galanga leaves and flowers
showed the highest chelat ing and β-carotene-
bleaching abili ty
[ 10] .
2.8 　Apoptosis activity　4′-Hydroxycinnamalde-
hyde (4′-HCA) isola ted from A .galanga was
cytotoxic to human leukemic HL60 and U937 cel l
lines in a dose-dependent manner[ 30] .
3　Conclusion
　A .galanga is a rhizoma tous medicinal plant of
mammoth impor tance with a diverse pharmaco-
logical spect rum.Besides having the above men-
t ioned ph armacological propert ies , i t has been
used as a consti tuent of many herbal formulat ions
for the t reatment of various dise ases , in par ticular
the respir atory dise ases and rheumat ism.The
plant could be fur ther exploited , in order to fulf il
the need of quality-control aspects and standardi-
zat ion of var ious const ituents and extracts.
4　Acknowledgement
　We cordially thank Dr .Om Prakash , Director
of the I nst itute of Pharmaceutica l Sciences ,
Kur ukshet r a University , Har yana , India , for
providing the facility needed for the work.
5　Confl ict of interst statement
　The authors declare that ther e are no conflicts
of interests and no agency is involved for financial
suppor t for this r ese arch wor k.
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大高良姜的药理学及植物化学研究综述
Dhirender Kaushik , Jyoti Yadav , Pawan Kaushik , Disha Sacher , Ruby Rani
Institute o f Pharmaceutical Sciences , Kurukshetra Unive rsity , Kurukshetra , Haryana 136119 , India
摘要:传统医学使用大量具有医用及药用价值的植物治疗疾病 ,因此是生物活性物质的一个宝库。姜科植物
大高良姜通常被用作调经剂 、催欲剂 、堕胎药 、驱风剂 、退热剂和抗炎药等 ,可用于治疗支气管炎 、心脏疾病 、
慢性肠炎 、肾结石 、糖尿病 、风湿病及肾脏疾病 。大高良姜含有精油 、鞣酸 、苯酚 、苷类 、单萜及糖类等 。过去
几年 ,有报道大高良姜各部位提取物中还含有没食子酸 、生姜异黄酮 、β-谷甾醇 、高良姜素 、良姜素 、花姜酮 、
山萘素等 。本文总结了近年来有关大高良姜的研究中新的植物化学成分及药理学的研究内容 。
关键词:红豆蔻;根茎;植物提取物;药理学;综述
·1065·中西医结合学报 2011年 10月第 9卷第 10期　J ou rnal of C hinese Integrative Medicine , October 2011 , Vol.9 , No.10