全 文 ：漆姑草属抗癌植物药学及生态
价值研究概况
王欢 1，胡静波 2，黄海艳 3，徐文进 3，尚姣 3，张
峡 3，马亚荣 3，巩江 4*，倪士峰 3* （1.宝鸡文理
学院计算机学院，陕西宝鸡 721016；2.宝鸡文
理学院电子电气工程学院，陕西宝鸡，721016；
3.西北大学生命科学学院，陕西西安 710069;
4.西藏民族学院医学院，陕西咸阳 712082）
摘 要 漆姑草是传统治疗漆疮的良药，其药
用及生态价值有待进一步开发。 在广泛文献
检索的基础上，对漆姑草的鉴定、成分、药理、
临床应用、 生态价值及栽培技术等进行了概
述，为深入研究和开发利用提供科学资料。
关键词 漆姑草；鉴定；成分；药理；临床应用；
生态价值；栽培技术
基金项目 西部资源生物与现代生物技术教
育部重点实验室基金 （编号：KH09030）、西藏
自治区科技厅重大科技专项基金 （编号 ：
20091012)和陕西省教育厅科学研究项目计划
（编号：2010JK862）资助。
作者简介 王欢（1981-），女，陕西汉中人，博
士，讲师，从事生物网络建模及在疾病分析中
的应用研究。 * 通讯作者，倪士峰（1974-），男，
江苏沛县人，副研究员，博士，硕士研究生导
师 ， 从事中药化学与资源学研究 ，E-mail：
nsfstone@126.com；巩江（1975-），女 ，甘肃人 ，
高级实验师，硕士，从事民族药化学与资源学
研究，E-mail：flysnow002001@163.com。
收稿日期 2015-02-03
修回日期 2015-05-04
Advances in Pharmaceutical and Ecological
Value of Sagina japonica (Sw.) Ohwi
Huan WANG1, Jingbo HU2, Haiyan HUANG3, Wenjin XU3, Jiao SHANG3, Xia ZHANG3, Yarong
MA3, Jiang GONG4*, Shifeng NI3*
1. Department of Computer Science,, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji 721007, China;
2. Department of Electronic & Electric Engineering, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji 721007, China;
3. College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China;
4. Department of Medicine, Tibet Nationality College, Xianyang 712082, China
Supported by the Fund from Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in
Western China, Ministry of Education (KH09030); Special Fund for the Science and
Technology of Science and Technology Department of Tibet Autonomous Region
(20091012); Scientific Research Program from Shanxi Provincial Education Department
(2010JK862)
*Corresponding author. E-mail: nsfstone@126.com; flysnow002001@163.com
Received: February 3, 2015 Accepted: May 4, 2015A
Agricultural Science & Technology, 2015, 16(5): 1043-1047
Copyright訫 2015, Information Institute of HAAS. All rights reserved Agronomy and Horticultrue
B rief Introduction ofSagina japonica(Sw.) Ohwi
The genus Sagina, belonging to
the family Caryophyllaceae, consists
of about 30 species, of which four
following species are distributed in
China:S. japonica (Sw.) Ohwi,S.maxi-
ma A. Gray, S. procumbens L., and
S. saginoides (L.) Karsten. S. japonica
(Sw.) Ohwi, also known as Japanese
pearlwort, is widely distributed in
Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan, Jiangsu,
Guizhou, Yunnan and other regions in
China[1].
Identification of S. japonica
(Sw.) Ohwi
Morphologic identification
S. japonica (Sw.) Ohwi is an an-
nual or biennial herbelet with clustered
stems and opposite leaves, and the
bases are connected with films as
short sheaths; the flowers are terminal
and axillary, white and small; the ca-
lyxes are ovate and green with mem-
branous glabrous edges, and separat-
ed directly to the bases; there are five
stamens; the ovaries are superior,
ovoid, with 5 styles that extend out-
wardly in the shape of a star; there are
hair-like projections on stigmas; the
capsules are ovoid, about 3 mm in
length, which are dehiscent into five
valves when they are ripe; the seeds
are small, numerous, with projections
on the brown testae[2].
S. japonica (Sw.) Ohwi is dry and
wrinkled, green or gray green, with
one taproot and several thin fibrous
roots; the stems are clustered, thin
and twisted mostly with vertical ribs,
most of which sprout from the bases
with obvious nodes and internodes,
and are brittle and easily broken[2-3].
Microscopic identification
The upper and lower epidermal
cells of S. japonica (Sw.) Ohwi exhibit
wavy anticlinal walls. The stomas are
densely distributed in a straight axis
form. The mesophyll tissues contain
Abstract Sagina japonica (Sw.) Ohwi is a traditional medicinal herb for the treat-
ment of lacquer dermatitis, and its medicinal and ecological value needs to be fur-
ther developed. Based on broad literature search, this paper summarized the identi-
fication, composition, pharmacology, clinical applications, ecological value, and culti-
vation technologies of S. japonica (Sw.) Ohwi, aiming at providing scientific informa-
tion for further research and development of S. japonica (Sw.) Ohwi.
Key words Sagina japonica (Sw.) Ohwi; Identification; Composition; Pharmacology;
Clinical applications; Ecological value; Cultivation technologies
DOI:10.16175/j.cnki.1009-4229.2015.05.042
Agricultural Science & Technology 2015
calcium oxalate crystals with the di-
ameter of 25-67 μm[2].
Epidermal cells of S. japonica
(Sw.) Ohwi are arranged in a column,
which are square and covered by stra-
tum corneum. The cortex consists of
4 -8 columns of thin-walled cells and
contains calcium oxalate crystals.
Loop fibers are arranged in 1-2 colu-
mns, which are large with thick walls.
The phloem consists of 4 -6 columns
of closely arranged small square or
polygonal cells. The xylem vessels are
small, arranged in 2 -3 circular colu-
mns, without xylon. The pith is rela-
tively small and consists of quasi-circu-
lar thin-walled cells[3].
Composition Analysis
Zhang and Zhou [4] eluted chloro-
form extracts of S. japonica (Sw.) Ohwi
by silica gel column chromatography
and analyzed the elution fraction 4 us-
ing gas chromatograph-mass spec-
trometer; a total of 48 components
were identified, mainly including lipids,
alkanes and alcohols.
Huang et al . [5] prepared amino
acid test solution with acid hydrolysis
method to detect the amino acid com-
position of S. japonica (Sw.) Ohwi and
found that S. japonica (Sw.) Ohwi
contained a large amount of amino
acids, especially for essential amino
acids, semi-essential amino acids and
drug-effective amino acids.
Zhang and Zhou [6] eluted chloro-
form extracts of S. japonica (Sw.) Ohwi
by silica gel column chromatography
and identified 59 components (mainly
including alkanes and esters) in elution
fractions 1 and 2 using gas chromato-
graph-mass spectrometer.
Gao et al.[7] reported that rutin and
quercetin could be well separated by
high-performance liquid chromatogra-
phy, which exhibited good linear rela-
tionships with the peak area within the
concentration range of 0 .03 -15.00
and 0.04 -20.00 μg/ml, respectively;
the established method could be used
to control the quality of S. japonica
(Sw.) Ohwi, thereby providing refer-
ence for the development of quality
standards of S. japonica (Sw.) Ohwi.
Qin [8] characterized the molecular
structures of 28 volatile compounds
separated from S. japonica (Sw.) Ohwi
with molecular connectivity index and
atom-type electrotopological state in-
dex, and established a quantitative
structure-retention relationship (QS-
RR) model of the volatile compounds
separated from S. japonica (Sw.) Ohwi
with the relative standard deviation of
0.997, standard deviation of 0.769,
and the calculated values were in good
agreement with experimental data.
Li et al. [9] analyzed petroleum
ether, water, ethanol and acid extracts
of S. japonica (Sw.) Ohwi with test
tube method and found that S. japoni-
ca (Sw.) Ohwi might contain
flavonoids, triterpenoid saponins,
amino acids, reducing sugar, organic
acids, oil esters, coumarin, inner es-
ters and alkaloids.
Huang and Sun [10] optimized the
extraction technology of total
flavonoids from S. japonica (Sw.) Ohwi
by orthogonal experiments and deter-
mined the content of total flavonoids;
the optimal extraction conditions were
as follows: ethanol concentration 80%,
material to liquid ratio 1: 20, extraction
time 4 h, extraction temperature 50℃.
Zhang and He[11] analyzed the pe-
troleum ether extract of S. japonica
(Sw.) Ohwi by gas chromatography/
mass spectrometry and identified 25
components, among which aliphatic
acids accounted for the highest pro-
portion, and the content of linoleic acid
reached 49.318%.
Jia et al.[12] obtained two new phy-
tosterones [22, 25-epoxy-24-methy-
lene-2, 3, 14, 20-tetrahydrocholest-7-
en-6-one (japonicone (1)) and 20-hy-
droxyecdysone] from S. japonica (Sw.)
Ohwi and investigated the possible
biosynthetic pathway of japonicone
(1).
Subsequently, Jia et al.[13] isolated
and identified two glucocerebrosides
[(2S, 3S, 4R, 8E)-1-(β-D-glucopyra-
nosyl-3, 4-dihydroxy-2-[(R)-2′-hydrox-
ypalmitoyl] amino-8-heptadecaene
and (2S, 3R, 8E)-1-(β-D-glucopyra-
nosyl-3-hydroxy-2-[(R)-2′ -hydroxy-
palmitoyl] amino-8-octadecaene) from
S. japonica (Sw.) Ohwi with chemical
degradation method and spectro-
scopic method.
Jia et al.[14] isolated two new minor
cyclopeptides from S. japonica (Sw.)
Ohwi, including aponicin A (1) [cyclo-
(Pro1-Pro2-Leu2-Leu1-Phe2-Pro3-
Gly -Ser -Phe1)] and japonicin B (2)
[cyclo -(Pro1 -Ile -Tyr -Asp -Pro2 -
Phe2-Pro3-Phe1].
Jia et al. [15] isolated nine phenolic
compounds from S. japonica (Sw.)
Ohwi, including p-E-methoxycinnamic
acid methyl ester, umbelliferone, 7-
methoxy coumarin, 5, 7-di-hydroxy
coumarin, 5, 7-di-methoxy coumarin,
cerarvensim-7-O-glucoside, 5, 7, 2-tri-
hydroxy-8-methoxy flavone, 5, 7-di-
hydroxy-8, 2-di-methoxy flavone and
5, 7, 3, 4-tetrahydroxy-6-methoxy
flavone.
Huang et al . [ 16 ] determined the
contents of eight trace elements (K,
Na, Ca, Mg, Mn, Cu, Fe and Zn) in
S. japonica (Sw.) Ohwi by atomic ab-
sorption spectrometry and found that
the contents of K, Ca, Mg and Fe were
relatively high, followed by Mn, Na, Zn
and Cu.
Huang and Li[17] isolated and iden-
tified 28 components from the volatile
oils of S. japonica (Sw.) Ohwi by gas
chromatography/mass spectrometry
(GC/MS), including alkanes, amines,
acids, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes
and phenols.
Pharmacologic Effects
Anticancer effect
Liang et al. [18] treated human
leukemia cell line K562 with different
concentrations of S. japonica (Sw.)
Ohwi extracts and found that the prolif-
eration inhibition rate of K562 cells
was enhanced with the increase of ex-
tract concentration; S. japonica (Sw.)
Ohwi extracts could induce the apop-
tosis of K562 cells, which might be
associated with the downregulation of
Bcl-2 expression level, upregulation of
Bax expression level and improve-
ment of Caspase-3 and Caspase-9
activities.
Zhang and Zhou [19 ] investigated
the antineoplasmic activity of five dif-
ferent extraction fractions of S. japoni-
ca (Sw.) Ohwi on human leukemia cell
line K562, human cervical cancer cell
line Hela and human breast carcinoma
cell line MCF-7 with MTT method and
SRB method, and found that S. japon-
ica saponins could effectively inhibit
leukemia cells in vitro.
Tian[20] carried out systemic phar-
macological experiments on volatile
oils, saponins and lavonoid glycosides
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Agricultural Science & Technology2015
isolated from S. japonica (Sw.) Ohwi
and found that flavone glycosides had
a significant anticancer effect on U16
(mouse cervical carcinoma 14) and L615
(mouse leukemia 615) in vivo, which
was identified as the effective anti-
cancer component of S. japonica (Sw.)
Ohwi.
Huang et al. [21] conducted in vivo
anticancer experiments and found that
flavone glycosides of S. japonica (Sw.)
Ohwi had a significant antitumor effect
U14; according to the results of acute
and subacute toxicity tests, the maxi-
mal tolerance dose of dogs to flavone
glycosides of S. japonica (Sw.) Ohwi
was 0.83 mg/(kg·d).
Others
Huang et al. [22] reported that in-
traperitoneal injection of 10 mg/kg
flavonoid glycosides of S. japonica
(Sw.) Ohwi exhibited a significant anti-
inflammatory effect on rats; flavonoid
glycosides of S. japonica (Sw.) Ohwi
might also be effective for eliminating
local swelling and inflammations.
Specifically, at 1-6 h post-injection, lo-
cal swelling was significantly removed.
However, sodium salicylate exhibited a
significant anti-inflammatory effect at 2
h post-injection, which was relatively
slow compared to flavonoid glyco-
sides.
According to Huang et al . [ 23 ] ,
S. japonica (Sw.) Ohwi could stimu-
late rabbit uterus in vivo and in vitro;
small doses could induce rhythmic
contractions and large doses could
cause tetanic contractions. In addition,
S. japonica (Sw.) Ohwi had an in-
hibitory effect on the hearts of toads
and rabbits in vitro because of acting
on myocardial M-receptors. S. japoni-
ca (Sw.) Ohwi exhibited no inhibitory
effect during the immunologic process
of rats and rabbits, which was con-
ducive to the application of S. japonica
(Sw.) Ohwi as an anticancer medicine.
Huang et al. [24] measured the
cough incubation period and cough
frequency within four min of mice
intraperitoneally injected with 1%
S . japonica (Sw.) Ohwi volatile oils
and saline under the stimulation of
ammonia water and found that
S . japonica (Sw.) Ohwi volatile oils
had a significant antitussive effect,
which could significantly prolong the
cough incubation period and reduce
cough frequency of mice; however,
flavonoid glycosides and saponins of
S. japonica (Sw.) Ohwi exhibited no
significant antitussive effect.
S. japonica (Sw.) Ohwi had no in-
hibitory effect during the immunologic
process of rats and rabbits but inhibit-
ed the hearts of toads and rabbits in
vitro that could be resisted by atropine.
Therefore, S. japonica (Sw.) Ohwi was
harmful to fetal development, and it
should be used with caution in preg-
nant women[23].
Clinical Applications
Pharmacological properties
S. japonica (Sw.) Ohwi is bitter in
taste and cool in nature, and endowed
with the effects of swelling removing
and detoxification [ 25 ] . It is commonly
used to treat tinea blanca, eczema,
erysipelas, scrofula, innominate toxic
swelling, snakebite, dental pain and in-
ternal traumatic injury [26-27]. Moreover,
S. japonica (Sw.) Ohwi is also effective
in treating lacquer dermatitis with vari-
ous functions such as heat clearing,
detoxification, swelling removing and
itching relieving[28].
Cancer treatment
Xue [29] reported that S. japonica
(Sw.) Ohwi had a good effect on treat-
ing a patient with acute myelogenous
leukemia M2b (AML-M2b).
Nervous system
According to related literature,
S. japonica (Sw.) Ohwi could be used
to treat toothache: grinding 9 g of fresh
S. japonica (Sw.) Ohwi, adding with
several drops of vegetable oil and ap-
plying the mixture to the affected tooth
can effectively relieve the pain[30].
Immune system
According to Xue [29], S. japonica
(Sw.) Ohwi was used to treat a patient
with acute myelogenous leukemia
M2b (AML-M2b), and a good effect
was achieved. After radiotherapy, 15 g
of S. japonica (Sw.) Ohwi and 50 g of
semen coicis could be cooked into the
porridge for administration to relieve
the radiotherapy-induced decrease of
white blood cells and anorexia.
Urinary system
Yang reported that decocting 30 g
of S. japonica (Sw.) Ohwi for adminis-
tration could effectively ease urination
difficulties[30].
Ecological Value
As a perfect lawn species, S. japo-
nica (Sw.) Ohwi has a large number of
excellent features: short plant height,
free of pruning, intensive growth,
strong soil adaptability, good drought
resistance, good treading tolerance,
strong restoring ability, easy propa-
gation and convenient planting. S.
japonica (Sw.) Ohwi seeds can
spread naturally to renew the lawn.
Furtherance, S. japonica (Sw.) Ohwi
bears white flowers, which can be
used to develop ornamental lawns,
with broad prospects[28].
Due to wide soil adaptability, S. ja-
ponica (Sw.) Ohwi can grow normally
in loam, pure forest humus soil, loess
and limestone soil, which can grow
tall in loose soil and short in compact
soil with small plant type. In addition,
S. japonica (Sw.) Ohwi can grow well
either in an open space or under con-
ditions with canopy density above
80%. It exhibits strong shade tolerance
in the vegetative period and poor
shade tolerance in the reproductive
period. Large scale popularization and
cultivation of S. japonica (Sw.) Ohwi
can provide abundant resources for
the establishment of flowering orna-
mental lawns. Therefore, wild- type
S. japonica (Sw.) Ohwi has a broad
prospect as a lawn species[31].
Representive Dietary Pre-
scriptions
Treatment of lacquer dermatitis:
mashing S. japonica (Sw.) Ohwi,
adding with the juice of luffa leaves,
and mixing with vegetable oil for appli-
cation. Treatment of dental pain:
mashing S. japonica (Sw.) Ohwi
leaves and stuffing the leaves into
the slits between the teeth. Treat-
ment of internal traumatic injury: de-
cocting 25 g of S. japonica (Sw.) Ohwi
with water for administration. Treat-
ment of snakebite: mashing S. japoni-
ca (Sw.) Ohwi with realgar for applica-
tion [32]. Treatment of scrofula: decoct-
ing 25-50 g of S. japonica (Sw.) Ohwi
for administration and mashing
fresh S. japonica (Sw.) Ohwi leaves
for application[33]. Treatment of abnor-
mal sweating and night sweat: stewing
50 g of S. japonica (Sw.) Ohwi with
pork for eating[34]. Treatment of cough
1045
Agricultural Science & Technology 2015
or urination difficulties: cooking 50 g
of S. japonica (Sw.) Ohwi in water for
administration[35].
Cultivation and Propaga-
tion Technologies of S. ja-
ponica (Sw.) Ohwi
S. japonica (Sw.) Ohwi is suitable
for sowing propagation or transplant-
ing. Before sowing, the ground is lev-
eled, and then S. japonica (Sw.) Ohwi
seeds are mixed with fine soil and
evenly spread on soil surface, or
mixed directly with water and evenly
sprayed on the soil [28]. Based on the
cultivation test of S. saginoides (L.)
Karsten introduced from Tibet, the
optimal medium for shoot induction
was MS + 6-BA 0.5 mg/L + NAA 0.1
mg/L + sucrose 30 g/L; the optimal
medium for rooting was MS + IBA 0.5
mg/L + sucrose 20 mg/L[35].
Conclusions and Prospects
At present, S. japonica (Sw.) Ohwi
is widely distributed in China with
abundant resources and a long
medicinal history, which has been
commonly used as a traditional
medicine to treat lacquer dermatitis
with reliable curative effect. In recent
years, a large number of studies have
been carried out on the composition,
pharmacological effects and clinical
applications of S. japonica (Sw.) Ohwi,
but little information is available on
its anticancer effect. Furthermore,
although antitumor constituents of
S. japonica (Sw.) Ohwi have been
analyzed, patent medicines are not yet
developed. Therefore, the medicinal
and ecological value of S. japonica
(Sw.) Ohwi still needs to be further
developed. Moreover, S. japonica
(Sw.) Ohwi germplasm resources
should be protected to realize sustain-
able use.
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