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野甘草的生药学研究



全 文 :
    
图3 不同浓度下提取物对羟自由基的清除率
4 结论
本文研究表明,芒果皮的3种溶剂提取物对DPPH自由
基、超氧阴离子自由基和羟自由基均有很好的清除作用,并且
清除率与样品浓度呈一定的线性关系,浓度越高,清除作用越
强;采用不同的提取溶剂,所得到的提取物清除自由基的能力
存在显著差异,对DPPH自由基、超氧阴离子自由基和羟自由
基的清除能力为乙醇提取物>水提取物>石油醚提取物。因
此,提取芒果皮的溶剂以选择乙醇为宜。
现代医学研究证明,自由基会引起人体蛋白质变性、酶失
活、DNA链断裂、生物膜结构损伤、细胞解体乃至机体病变和
死亡,自由基及其诱导的氧化反应是导致生物衰老和某些疾病
如癌症、糖尿病、风湿性关节炎、心脑血管疾病等的重要因素。
本文研究表明,芒果皮提取物对不同的自由基均有良好的清除
    
作用,其在药品和保健品方面的应用开发具有巨大潜力,前景
广阔。本研究结果为芒果皮的深入开发利用提供了科学依据。
参考文献:
[1]Schieber A,Berardini N,Carle R.Identification of flavonol and xanthone
glycosides from mango(Mangifera indica L.Cv.“Tommy Atkins”)peels
by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization
mass spectrometry[J].Agric.and Food Chem,2003,51(17):
5006~5011.
[2]王维民,汪敏 .芒果皮粗多糖提取的影响因素及工艺的研究[J].农
产品加工(学刊),2005,9~131.
[3]Ajila C M,Bhat S G,Prasada R.Valuable components of raw and ripe
peels from two Indian mango varieties[J].Food Chemistry,2007,
102(4):1006~1011.
[4]黄敏琪,林忠文,曾宪彪,等 .芒果皮提取物止咳化痰和抗炎作用研
究[J].中草药,2007,38(8):1233~1234.
[5]覃丽俭,吴长兴,吴莉宇 .杧果皮不同萃取物的抑茵活性初探[J].热
带农业科学,2007,27(2):21~25.
[6]李琳,姜新发,张志斌,等 .枇杷皮和芒果皮粗提液抗氧化活性
研究[J].电子科技大学学报,2003,32(6):755~759.
[7]L R Fukumoto,G Mazza.Assessing antioxidant and prooxidant activities
of phenolic compounds[J].J Agric Food Chem,2000,48(8):
3597~3604.  
[8]刘杰超,王思新,焦中高,等 .苹果多酚提取物抗氧化活性的体外试
验[J].果树学报,2005,22(2):106~110.
[9]张建胜,王雪梅,高云涛,等 .伸筋草提取物体外清除活性氧自由基
及抗氧化作用研究[J].云南中医中药杂志,2008,29(3):38~39.
(收稿日期;2011-12-01)
作者简介:杨全(1972~),男,博士,副教授,主要从事植物类药材的规范化生产(GAP)、道地药材质量及其形成机制的研究、中药基
因工程育种方面研究。
△通讯作者:唐晓敏,txm1209@163.com
野甘草的生药学研究
杨 全,唐晓敏△
(广东药学院,广东 广州 510006)
  摘 要:目的:建立野甘草的生药鉴定方法。方法:利用
性状、显微、理化鉴别的方法。结果 :野甘草茎髓部存在针
晶,茎、叶表皮细胞均有非腺毛存在,而且叶表皮存在6~8个
细胞组成的腺鳞;主要化学成分为生物碱及黄酮类,生物碱主
要分布在根部,黄酮类主要分布在地上部分。结论:本实验建
立的方法简便、可行,为野甘草的药材的鉴别及质量标准制定
提供依据。
关键词:野甘草;性状鉴别;显微鉴别;理化鉴别
中图分类号:R284.1 文献标识码:A
文章编号:1007-2349(2012)02-0052-03
野甘草又名冰糖草、香仪、假甘草等,为玄参科植物野甘草
(Scoparia dulcis L.)的全株,主要分布在广西、广东、福建、台湾
等地,具有清热解毒,疏风止咳,利尿消肿的功效[1]。我国主要
用于治疗感冒发热、肺热咳嗽、暑热吐泻、脚气浮肿、小儿麻疹、
湿疹、热痱、高血压和丹毒等证[2]。目前,国内外对野甘草的研
究集中在化学成分及药理作用方面[3~4],先后发现了野甘草
酸(scopadulcic acid)A、B[5]、野甘草属酸(scoparic acid)A、B、C、
野甘草都林(scopadulin)[6]等活性成分,但尚未见野甘草生药学
方面的研究报道,本文就其生药学特征展开研究,为该药的鉴
别、质量控制和进一步的开发利用提供依据。
25 云 南 中 医 中 药 杂 志          2012年第33卷第2期
1 仪器与试剂
XSP-ZCA生物显微镜;SK3300H 超声波清洗器(上海
科导超声仪器有限公司);HH-6恒温水浴锅(江苏金坛市宏
华仪器厂);YH系列规格1000ml电热器(江苏近湖镇教学仪
器厂);ZF-20C暗箱式紫外透射仪(上海顾村光电仪器厂)。
所用试剂均为分析纯。
2 材料与方法
2.1 试验材料 野甘草采于广东省广州市和肇庆市,经广东
药学院药用植物教研室杨全副教授鉴定为玄参科植物野甘草
(Scoparia dulcis L.)。
2.2 试验方法 运用徒手切片、粉末装片、表面制片方法进
行野甘草的显微鉴别;采用试管定性反应及薄层色谱法进行
理化鉴别。
3 结果与分析
3.1 药材性状鉴别 主根呈圆锥形,平直或带弯曲,木化,长
10~30cm,表面棕黄色,常具侧根,质脆易折断,断面淡黄绿
色,皮部薄。茎多分枝,基部圆柱形,黄褐色,上部灰绿色,茎
节明显,体轻;嫩茎表面具6条纵棱,质脆易折断,断面髓部中
空;分枝由叶腋伸出,光滑无毛。叶片多,皱缩易碎,灰绿色,
完整叶浸润展开后为菱状卵形或菱状披针形,叶缘具齿或细
小缺刻,网状脉序,草质,两面无毛。花黄白色,生于叶腋处,
偶见卵圆形至球形的蒴果,黄褐色,皱缩,多开裂,散出极小粉
状种子。
3.2 显微鉴定
3.2.1 根横切面 木栓层由4~5列细胞组成,多呈扁平状,
类长方形,排列整齐,往往多层相迭,细胞壁木栓化,呈褐色。
皮层较宽,为数层薄壁细胞组成,细胞呈长卵圆形、圆形以及
不规则多角形,排列疏松,有明显的细胞间隙,偶见大型裂隙,
断续排列成环。韧皮部较狭窄,细胞小而不规则。形成层为
2~3列排列整齐的扁平细胞组成。木质部较宽,约占2/3左
右,导管多单个散在,偶见几个相连,木射线明显。见图1。
1.木栓层;2.皮层;3.韧皮部;4.形成层;5.木质部
图1 野甘草根横切面简图
3.2.2 茎横切面 茎的横切面略呈圆柱形,有六条纵棱,棱
角处为厚角组织。表皮由一列排列整齐紧密、扁平的细胞组
成,外壁稍厚,常见由4~5个细胞组成的非腺毛。皮层所占
比例较小,细胞大,壁薄,多为球形或椭圆形,排列疏松,靠近
表皮的细胞具有叶绿体,有断续排列成环状的不规则小型裂
隙。维管束为外韧型,呈放射状排列,韧皮部较狭窄,约占茎
的1/8,由筛管、伴胞、韧皮薄壁细胞和韧皮纤维组成,细胞小
且不规则。木质部比例较大,约占茎的1/4,由导管、管胞、木
薄壁细胞和木纤维组成。髓部较宽,约为茎的1/2,呈类三角
形,常有针晶束分布。见图2。
1.表皮;2.厚角组织;3.裂隙;4.皮层;5.韧皮部;6.木质部;7.髓
图2 野甘草茎的横切面详图
3.2.3 叶片横切面 上下表皮细胞各一列,排列紧密,均有
气孔和腺鳞分布,上表皮细胞较大,外壁厚,多不规则,下表皮
细胞类方形。栅栏组织1列,细胞内含有大量叶绿素,与海绵
组织分化明显。主脉维管束为半月形,外韧型,维管束上下方
均有厚角组织,木质部位于向茎面,导管呈放射状径向排列。
见图3。
1.非腺毛;2.厚角组织;3.下表皮;4.韧皮部;5.木质部;
6.海绵组织;7.气孔;8.栅栏组织;9.上表皮;10.腺鳞
图3 野甘草叶片横切面图
3.2.4 叶表皮片 上下表皮细胞不规则,侧壁(垂周壁)呈波
浪状,彼此互相嵌合,有腺鳞分布,由6~8个细胞组成;上表
皮气孔器为不定式,下表皮为不等式,偶见直轴式。见图4。
352012年第33卷第2期          云 南 中 医 中 药 杂 志
       A           B
A.上表皮;B.下表皮  1.腺鳞;2.气孔;3.表皮细胞
图4 野甘草叶片上下表皮片
3.2.5 粉末 灰绿色,淀粉粒多为单粒淀粉,偶见复粒,直径
10~30μm。导管多为螺纹导管,直径20~34μm。纤维有2
种,一种细长,壁厚,另一种壁薄,两头稍尖,直径12~32μm。
腺鳞成群存在,腺头由6~8个细胞组成,直径85~120μm。
非腺毛偶见,由3~4个细胞组成。可见木栓细胞碎片,细胞
呈正方形及多角形。见图5。
1.淀粉粒;2.螺纹导管;3.非腺毛;4.腺鳞;
5.纤维管胞;6.纤维;7.木栓细胞
图5 野甘草粉末图
3.3 理化鉴别
3.3.1 显色试验
3.3.1.1 生物碱类成分鉴别 取本品根部粉末6g,用40mL
乙醇加热回流2h,过滤,滤液加热浓缩至10mL过滤,滤液用
3倍量水稀释后加30mL乙酸乙酯萃取3次,合并乙酸乙酯
层,水浴蒸干,残渣用4mL乙醇溶解。溶液置于3支试管中,
1号试管加入2mL苦味酸试剂,有黄色沉淀产生;2号试管加
入2mL碘化铋钾试剂,有黄棕色沉淀产生;3号试管加入2
mL碘-碘化钾试液中,有红棕色沉淀产生。
3.3.1.2 黄酮类成分鉴别 取本品地上部分粗粉10g,用
60mL 95%乙醇加热回流2h后蒸馏水稀释至含醇量为70%,
滤过,滤液用石油醚萃取,水浴蒸干,加30mL 50%乙醇溶解,
25mL水饱和正丁醇洗涤2次,取水层水浴蒸干,加4mL乙醇
溶解[7]。吸取0.5mL上述样品溶液乙醇稀释至2mL,加少量
的镁粉,滴入2滴浓盐酸,溶液显红色。用毛细管吸取上述样
品溶液约4μL,点于滤纸上,晾干,喷1%的三氧化铝乙醇试液,
热风吹干,置于紫外365nm下观察,显鲜黄色荧光。
3.3.2 薄层色谱鉴别
3.3.2.1 黄酮类薄层层析 ①根部供试液制备:取根部粉末
2g,用20mL乙醇加热回流2h,过滤,滤液加热浓缩至约
2mL;②地上部供试液制备:取对照样品粉末3g,用30mL
乙醇加热回流1h过滤,挥干滤液,用2mL甲醇溶解;③对照
样品制备:取对照样品粉末4g,具体方法参考3.3.1.2。取上
述供试液各1μL,点于同一聚酰胺薄层板上,以乙酰丙酮-乙
醇-丁酮-水(1∶3∶3∶13)为展开剂,展开,晾干,喷1%三
氯化铝乙醇试液,吹干,置紫外灯下检视。②和③供试液在Rf
值为0.53、0.33处呈现蓝色荧光斑点,Rf值为0.56、0.47、
0.40处呈现亮黄色荧光斑点,①供试液黄色荧光斑点不明显。
3.3.2.2 生物碱类薄层层析 根部及地上部供试液制备方
法参考3.3.2.1;对照样品制备同3.3.1。取上述供试液各
8μL,点于同一聚酰胺薄层板上,氯仿 - 环己烷 - 甲醇
(19∶1.5∶1)为展开剂,展开,取出晾干。①依次喷碘化铋钾
和亚硝酸钠乙醇试液,105℃烘至斑点清晰[8],根部及对照样
品在Rf值0.35、0.65处呈现红棕色斑点,地上部分未见斑
点;②取同条件下展开后的薄层色谱,喷1%钼酸钠硫酸试液,
105℃烘至斑点清晰[8],3种供试液均在Rf值0.64处呈现蓝
色斑点,根部和对照样品更清晰。
4 结论与讨论
显微鉴别中,野甘草茎的髓部存在草酸钙针晶束。叶片
为异面叶,上下表皮均有腺鳞和非腺毛存在,气孔轴式为不定
式和不等式。理化鉴别初步判断野甘草的主要化学成分为生
物碱、黄酮类化合物。其中,生物碱类主要分布在根部,黄酮
类主要分布在地上部分。
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(收稿日期:2011-11-23)
45 云 南 中 医 中 药 杂 志          2012年第33卷第2期
Yunnan Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Materia Medica
Vol. 33. No. 2 (General No. 224) February,2012
Main Content
Study on the Effect of Ganning Particles on IFN - γ of Chronic Hepatitis B Patients
ZHANG Sui - tao,LI Ming………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Study on Free Radical Scavenging in Vitro by Mango Peel Extracts
ZHOU Rong - guang,YANG Zhao - xiang,WANG Jun,et al……………………………………………………………………………………………
Pharmacognostical Study on Scoparia Dulcis L
YANG Quan,TANG Xiao - min…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Determination of the Content of β- Sitosterol in Roots,Stems,Leaves of 1 -12 Month - old Wild Plumbaginis Zeylanicae by HPLC
DAI Xian - zhi,DING Ling,HUANG Yan - fei,et al……………………………………………………………………………………………………
Study on the Effect of Ganning Particles on IFN - γ of Chronic Hepatitis B Patients
ZHANG Sui - tao,LI Ming
(The First Affiliated Hospital,Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicine,Harbin,Heilongjiang,150040)
Abstract:Objective:To observe the clinical effect of Ganning particles on the treatment of chronic hepatitis B patients and their IFN - γ level changes.
Methods:60 patients were randomly divided into one treatment group and one control group,30 patients per group. Both groups were treated with liver -
protecting and enzyme - lowing medicine,but the treatment group was added with Ganning particles. The symptoms,the serum liver biochemical functions
ALT,AST,the serum HBV DNA and the serum virology signs IFN - γ levels of the two groups were compared,analyzed and evaluated before and after the
treatment. Results:The symptoms of the patients in Ganning particles group improved 6 months later,and the total effective rate was 76. 7% . Compared with
the control group the difference was statistically significant (P < 0. 05). The serum IFN - γ of the patients in the treatment group significantly increased
(P < 0. 01)after the treatment,their ALT,AST parameters of the serum biochemical liver significantly improved (P < 0. 01) ,and their serum HBV DNA
titer declined (P < 0. 05). Compared with the control group,the difference was statistically significant (P < 0. 05). There were no adverse reactions in the
two groups. Conclusion:Ganning particles has a good effect on the treatment of the chronic hepatitis B patients,and can significantly improve their symptoms
and raise their serum IFN - γ level.
Key words:chronic hepatitis B;Ganning particles;IFN - γ
Study on Free Radical Scavenging in Vitro by Mango Peel Extracts
ZHOU Rong - guang,YANG Zhao - xiang,WANG Jun,et al
(Drug Research Institute,Kunming Pharmaceutical Group Co.,Ltd. Kunming,Yunnan,650100)
Abstract:Objective:To study the effect of mango peel extracts on free radical scavenging in vitro and provide a theoretical basis for the development and
utilization of the mango peel. Methods:The active ingredients of the mango peel was first extracted by water,95% of ethanol and petroleum ether,and then
UV - visible spectrophotometry was used to study the scavenging effects of the mango peel extracts in the three solvents on DPPH radical,superoxide anion
radical and hydroxyl radical. Results:The aqueous extract,the 95% ethanol extract and the petroleum ether extract of the mango peel showed good scavenging
effects on the three above free radicals. The clearance rate showed a certain linear relationship with sample concentration:the higher the concentration,the
stronger the scavenging effect. The free radical scavenging capacity of the three extracts was 95% of ethanol extract > water extract > petroleum ether extract.
Conclusion:The mango peel extracts have a good scavenging effect on the free radicals,showing a broad prospect for the development and utilization of the
mango peel in medicine and health care products.
Key words:mango peel;extract;free radical;mango
Pharmacognostical Study on Scoparia Dulcis L.
YANG Quan,TANG Xiao - min
(School of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Guangdong Pharmaceutical College,Guangzhou,Guangdong 510006)
Abstract:Objective:To establish a crude drug identification method for Scoparia dulcis L. Methods:Character,microstructure,physical and chemical
identification methods were used. Results:Nonglandular hair existed in the needle crystal,stem and leaf epidermal cells of the stem pitch of the Scoparia
dulcis L. and 6 to 8 leaf epidermal cells consist of glandular scales. Their main chemical compositions were alkaloids and flavonoids;alkaloids mainly in the
roots,flavonoids mainly in the aerial parts. Conclusion:The study provides the basis for the identification and the quality standards of Scoparia Dulcis.
Key words:Scoparia dulcis L;character identification;microscopic identification;physical and chemical identification
Determination of the Content of β- Sitosterol in Roots,Stems,Leaves of 1 -12 Month - old Wild Plumbaginis Zeylanicae by HPLC
DAI Xian - zhi,DING Ling,HUANG Yan - fei,et al
(Aba Teachers College,Wenchuan,Sichuan,623002)
Abstract:Objective:To determine the content of β - sitosterol in the root,stem,and leaves of 1 - 12 month - old wild Plumbaginis Zeylanicae.
Methods:HPLC was used to separate and determine the content of β - Sitosterol in the Plumbaginis Zeylanicae. Chromatographic conditions was that the
mobile phase was pure methanol,the column Dumas C18 (250 mm × 4. 6 mm,5 μm) ,flow rate 1. 0 mL /min;column temperature at 25 ℃ . ELSD
parameters was the drift tube at 65 ℃ and the flow rate of carrier gas (N2)was 2. 5 L /min. Results:The content of the β - sitosterol was highest in leaves,
followed by the stems and the roots at least. Optimal harvest time was in March.,May,July and August and the leaves in November and December had the
lowest content. Conclusion:The best medical part of the plant was the leaves,considering the content of the β - sitosterol as the main ingredient,and the best
harvest time was in March,May,July and August. Plumbaginis zeylanicae leaves can be used as a new drug resources plant for chlorogenic acid.
Key words:Plumbaginis zeylanicae;β - sitosterol;determination