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DOI:10.3736/jcim20120511
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Sharma SK,Goyal N.Protective effect of
Heliotropium eichwaldi against cisplatin-
induced nephrotoxicity in mice.J Chin Integr
Med.2012;10(5):555-560.
Sharma SK,Goyal N.艾氏天芥菜对顺铂引
起的小鼠肾损伤的保护作用.中西医结合学
报.2012;10(5):555-560.
Received December 5,2011;accepted February
15,2012;published online May 15,2012.
Ful-text LinkOut at PubMed.Journal title in
PubMed:Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao.
Correspondence:Surendra Kr.Sharma,PhD,
Professor;E-mail:prof.sharmask@gmail.
com
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ISSN 1672-1977.Published by JCIM Press,Shanghai,China.
Original Experimental Research实验论著
Protective effect of Heliotropium eichwaldi against
cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in mice
Surendra Kr.Sharma,Naveen Goyal
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences,Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology,Hisar
125001,Haryana,India
OBJECTIVE:The aim of the present study was to evaluate the nephroprotective efect of
methanolic extract of Heliotropium eichwaldi (MHE)in mice with cisplatin-induced acute renal
damage.
METHODS:Nephrotoxicity was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of cisplatin(16 mg/kg).
Swiss albino mice were injected with vehicle,cisplatin,cisplatin plus MHE 200 mg/kg and
cisplatin plus MHE 400 mg/kg,respectively.MHE was administered for 7 d at a dose of 200
and 400 mg/kg per day oraly starting 4 d before cisplatin injection.Animals were sacrificed 3 d
after treatment and blood as wel as kidney tissue was isolated and analyzed.The various
parameters such as blood urea nitrogen(BUN),serum creatinine(CRE),malondialdehyde
(MDA),and catalase(CAT)and superoxide dismutase(SOD)activities were analyzed.
RESULTS:MHE treatment significantly reduced BUN and serum CRE levels elevated by
cisplatin administration(P<0.05).Also,it significantly atenuated cisplatin-induced increase in
MDA level and improved the decreased CAT and SOD activities in renal cortical homogenates
(P<0.05).Additionaly,histopathological examination and scoring showed that MHE markedly
ameliorated cisplatin-induced renal tubular necrosis.
CONCLUSION:MHE can be considered a potential candidate for protection of nephrotoxicity
induced by cisplatin.
KEYWORDS:Heliotropium;plant extracts;cisplatin;antioxidant;nephrotoxicity;mice
Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by
uncontroled growth and spread of abnormal cels
and is one of the most dreaded diseases that is
currently taking a heavy tol of human lives,with
distant hope of finding an effective cure unless
detected and treated in early stages.Chemotherapy
and radiotherapy are the most common modalities
of cancer treatment[1].Cisplatin (cis-diaminedi-
chloroplatinum)is a potent antineoplastic drug in
the treatment of a variety of solid malignant
·555·中西医结合学报2012年5月第10卷第5期 Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine,May 2012,Vol.10,No.5
tumors[2].Its clinical usefulness is limited due to
its ability to induce nephrotoxicity
[3-5].A number of
chemotherapeutic agents have been reported for
protection against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity.
However,none of them is found to be clinicaly
effective as a complete protective agent.Several
lines of evidence indicate that free radicals are
involved in cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity and
the damage is suggested to be the consequence of
decreased renal antioxidant enzyme activity with
enhanced lipid peroxidation.Administration of
antioxidants has been shown to ameliorate
nephrotoxicity induced by cisplatin in animals
[6].
The potential of herbs and herbal formulations
has increasingly been recognized in treatment of
human diseases including cancer with chemoprotective
effects.Several protective agents have been evaluated
against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in experi-
mental and clinical studies.They include Apocynum
cannabinum,Cassia auriculata,Allium sativum,
Prunus persica,lycopene,vitamin C or E,tomato
juice,capsaicin,quercitin,caffeic acid,naringenin,
dried black grapes,spirulin and azuki bean[7,8].
The emerging integrative model of cancer treatment
recognizes the importance of botanical medicine.
The principles underlying herbal medicine are
relatively simple,although they are quite distinct
from conventional medicine.Here,efforts were
made to exploit the nephroprotective effect of an
ethnomedicinal plant,Heliotropium eichwaldi
Stued.ex DC.,Boraginaceae.
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H.eichwaldi is a herbaceous weed and widely
distributed in the state of Punjab,Haryana and
Rajasthan of India[9].The genus Heliotropium
has been known to possess a number of medicinal
properties which are chiefly atributed to pyrrolizidine
alkaloids[10].Alkaloids,flavonoids and steroids
have also been reported in this species[11].The
herb is used traditionaly for earache,headache,
cleaning and healing ulcers
[12,13].The plant has dem-
onstrated hypotensive effect[14,15]and antimicrobial[16]
activities.The present study was aimed to evaluate
the protective effect of root of H.eichwaldi
against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity.
1 Materials and methods
1.1 Drugs and chemicals Cisplatin injection
(Cipla,Ltd.,India),urea estimation kit,creatinine
estimation kit (Span Diagnostic Ltd.,India).
Methanol(SD Fine-Chem Ltd,India)and al other
chemicals were of analytical grades.
1.2 Animals Male Swiss albino mice(20to25 g
of body weight,3to4 months of age)were procured
from the disease-free smal animal house of Chaudhary
Charan Singh Haryana Agriculture University,
Hisar,Haryana,India.The animals were housed
at(24±1)℃temperature,45%±5%humidity,
a12 h-light-dark cycle,and left to acclimatize for
one week before the experiments.They had free
access to food and water.Experiments were
carried out between 9:00and 17:00.The experi-
mental protocol was approved by the Institutional
Animal Ethics Committee,Guru Jambheshwar
University of Science and Technology,Hisar,
Haryana,India and the care of the laboratory
animals was taken as per the guidelines of the
Commitee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision
on Experiments on Animals,Ministry of Forests
and Environment,Government of India.
1.3 Preparation of extracts of root of H.eichwaldi
The shade dried roots of the plant H.eichwaldi
were colected from waste land of District Hisar
and Sirsa,Haryana,India,in October 2009 and
authenticated by Raw Materials,Herbarium and
Museum Division of the National Institute of Science
Communication and Information Resources,New
Delhi (Reference No.NISCAIR/RHMD/Consult/
2009-10/1406/04).A voucher specimen(PP-570)
was deposited in the Department of Pharmaceutical
Science,Guru Jambheshwar University of Science
and Technology,Hisar,India.The plant material
was further size-reduced and stored until further
use in an air-tight container.The powdered material
(300 g)was extracted with petroleum ether using
a Soxhlet apparatus.The defatted material was
air-dried,then extracted with70% methanol using a
Soxhlet apparatus.The extract was filtered through
Whatman No.1 filter paper and the supernatant
·655· 中西医结合学报2012年5月第10卷第5期 Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine,May 2012,Vol.10,No.5
was evaporated using rotary evaporator at 45 ℃
and the final liquid suspension was lyophilized to
get a blackish brown powder with 1.6% yield,
hereafter referred as methanolic extract of H.eichwaldi
(MHE).Required quantity of the extract was formulated
as suspension in normal saline using Tween-80 as
suspending agent for animal activity.
1.4 Experimental design Based on literature,
cisplatin at a dose of 16 mg/kg was used to induce
nephrotoxicity[17].The mice were randomly assigned
to four groups of six animals in each.GroupsⅠ
andⅡtreated with vehicle (normal saline)was
kept as normal and model control groups,respectively.
GroupsⅢ and Ⅳ were administered with MHE
(200 and 400 mg/kg body weight;per oral)for
7 d.GroupsⅡ,Ⅲand Ⅳ were injected with a
single dose of cisplatin (16 mg/kg body weight;
intraperitoneal injection )on day 4 to induce
nephrotoxicity.Seventy-two hours after cisplatin
injection,animals were sacrificed using ether
anesthesia;blood samples were colected by heart
puncture for measuring blood urea nitrogen(BUN)
and serum creatinine(CRE)levels.
The kidneys were dissected and stored at-70℃
until the analyses were completed.The kidneys were
homogenized in50 mmol/L phosphate buffer(pH7.0)
to give a 10%homogenate(weight/volume).The
homogenate was centrifuged at 101×g for 10 min
in a cold centrifuge at 0 ℃ and the supernatant
was used for enzyme assay.
1.5 Determination of BUN BUN was measured
using colorimetric assay kit
[18].Urea in the sample is
hydrolyzed by the enzyme urease to yield ammonia
and carbon dioxide.The ammonium ions then
react with a mixture of sodium nitroprusside,
salicylate and hypochlorite to yield a blue-green
chromophore.The absorbance of this chromophore is
proportional to urea concentration in the sample
at 600 nm.
1.6 Determination of CRE CRE level was
determined by spectrophotometry
[18].CRE,on a
picric acid protein-free solution,reacts with added
alkali to form a reddish brown complex.The
absorbance of this compound is directly propor-
tional to creatinine concentration in the sample at
520 nm.
1.7 Determination of renal cortical malondialdehyde
level The level of malondialdehyde (MDA)in
renal cortical homogenates was measured[19].
Briefly,0.2 mL of supernatant was mixed with
0.67% 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA )and 20%
trichloroacetic acid solution and heated in a
boiling water bath for 30 min.The pink-colored
chromogen formed by the reaction of TBA with
MDA was measured at 532 nm.1,1,3,3-tetrame-
thoxypropane was used to establish a standard
curve.
1.8 Determination of superoxide dismutase activity
Superoxide dismutase(SOD)activity in kidney
tissue homogenate was determined spectrophoto-
metricaly based on the ability of SOD to inhibit
the reduction of cytochrome c in the presence of
xanthine and xanthine oxidase[20].One unit was
defined as the amount of enzyme that inhibits the
reduction of cytochrome c by 50% and activity
was expressed in units per miligram protein.
1.9 Determination of catalase activity Catalase
(CAT )activity was determined by the earlier
reported method[21],with H2O2 (10 mmol/L)and
phosphate buffer(50 mmol/L,pH7.0)at 210 nm.
A unit is defined as the amount of enzyme that
catalyzed the dismutation of 1μmol of H2O2per
minute.The specific activity is expressed in units
per miligram protein[22].
1.10 Histopathological examination and scoring
The left kidney tissues were fixed in 10%formalin
solution and then dehydrated in ascending grades
of alcohol and embedded in paraffin.Sections at
4μm thickness were taken.The sections were
stained with hematoxylin-eosin and were examined
under a light microscope.Histopathological scoring
was performed by apathologist unaware of the
treatment protocol.Renal tubular damage was
evaluated using a semiquantitative scale
[23]in which
the percentage of tubules showing necrosis was
scored as folows:0means normal,1 means<10%,
2 means 10% to 25%,3 means 25% to 75%,
4 means>75%.
1.11 Statistical analysis Data were expressed as
mean±standard deviation and analyzed using
GraphPad InStat software.To compare experimental
groups against the control group,one-way analysis of
variance was performed and folow-up tests were
performed using Dunnetts t-test.The 0.05level of
probability was used as statistical significance.
2 Results
2.1 Effects on serum CRE and BUN Serum CRE
and BUN levels were significantly elevated (P <
0.05)in the animals treated with cisplatin compared
to the normal control group.The increase of
serum BUN and CRE levels was 6.5 and5.8 fold,
respectively.Treatment with MHE significantly
reduced the elevated levels of serum CRE and
BUN (P<0.05).See Table 1.
Table 1 Effects of MHE on BUN and serum
CRE levels in cisplatin-intoxicated mice
(Mean±standard deviation,mg/L)
Group n BUN CRE
Normal control 6 360.0±23.0 6.0±0.4
Model control(vehicle plus
cisplatin(16mg/kg))
6 2 340.0±116.0* 38.6±2.3*
MHE(200mg/kg)plus
cisplatin(16mg/kg)
6 1 340.0±114.0△ 18.8±1.1△
MHE(400mg/kg)plus
cisplatin(16mg/kg)
6 960.0±63.0△ 9.3±0.8△
*P <0.05,vs normal control group;△P <0.05,vs model
control group.MHE:methanolic extract of Heliotropium eichwaldi;
BUN:blood urea nitrogen;CRE:creatinine.
·755·中西医结合学报2012年5月第10卷第5期 Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine,May 2012,Vol.10,No.5
2.2 Effects on MDA,SOD and CAT Kidney
MDA level,as a marker of lipid peroxidation,
was significantly increased in mice treated with
vehicle plus cisplatin (P < 0.05).In addition,
the activities of kidney antioxidant enzymes including
SOD and CAT were also decreased in cisplatin-
intoxicated mice (P<0.05).The mice received
MHE (400 mg/kg)plus cisplatin had a signifi-
cantly lower MDA level as compared to those
receiving vehicle plus cisplatin (P <0.05).Also,
MHE significantly improved the CAT and SOD
enzyme activities reduced by cisplatin administra-
tion(P <0.05).See Table 2.
2.3 Effects on renal histopathological examination
and scoring Histological analysis of the kidneys
showed that severe necrosis with dilatation of proximal
tubules,vacuolization,tubular cel desquamation and
intraluminal cast formation was caused by cisplatin
administration.Cisplatin-induced histopathological renal
changes were minimal in animals treated with
MHE administration(Figure 1).Semiquantitative
scores also revealed that extract significantly
improved the detrimental effect of cisplatin on
tubular necrosis(Table 3).
Table 2 Effects of MHE on MDA level and SOD and CAT activities in cisplatin-intoxicated mice
(Mean±standard deviation)
Group n MDA (nmol/mg protein ) SOD (U/mg protein ) CAT (U/mg protein)
Normal control 6 0.36±0.03 46.3±3.3 13.3±1.0
Model control(vehicle plus cisplatin(16mg/kg)) 6 0.92±0.08* 19.2±1.3* 6.1±0.5*
MHE(200mg/kg)plus cisplatin(16mg/kg) 6 0.81±0.07 28.6±3.1△ 8.6±0.7△
MHE(400mg/kg)plus cisplatin(16mg/kg) 6 0.45±0.03△ 39.2±2.5△ 11.8±0.9△
*P <0.05,vs normal control group;△P <0.05,vs model control group.MHE:methanolic extract of Heliotropium eichwaldi;
MDA:malondialdehyde;SOD:superoxide dismutase;CAT:catalase.
Figure 1 Photomicrographs of kidney tissues stained by hematoxylin and eosin(Light microscopy,×100)
A:Normal control group;B:Cisplatin plus vehicle-treated group showing tubular necrosis;C:Cisplatin plus MHE(400mg/kg)-treated group
displaying improvement in the histological appearance with marked reduction in tubular damage.MHE:methanolic extract of Heliotropium eichwaldi.
Table 3 Semiquantitative analysis of histology of kidney
Group n Score
Normal control 6 0+
Model control(vehicle plus cisplatin(16mg/kg)) 6 3+
MHE(200mg/kg)plus cisplatin(16mg/kg) 6 2+
MHE(400mg/kg)plus cisplatin(16mg/kg) 6 1+
MHE:methanolic extract of Heliotropium eichwaldi.
3 Discussion
Cisplatin is a major antineoplastic drug used in
the treatment of solid tumors.Its chief dose-limiting
side effect is nephrotoxicity.About 20%of patients
receiving high-dose cisplatin have severe nephro-
toxicity.The mechanism for this nephrotoxicity
has been the focus of intense investigation for
many years,and recent studies suggest that in-
flammation,oxidative stress injury,and apoptosis
probably explain part of this injury.Understanding
the mechanisms for nephrotoxicity may help clinicians
prevent and treat this problem better[24].
Free radicals are known to play an important
role in nephrotoxicity induced by cisplatin.The
free radicals and reactive oxygen species induce
oxidative stress in kidneys[25,26].The present study
supports the conclusion that the mechanism of
nephrotoxicity induced by cisplatin is related to
depletion of antioxidant systems.The major antioxidant
enzymes such as SOD and catalase were found to
be decreased in cisplatin-treated animals and oral
administration of MHE could restore these levels.
In the present study the reduced activities of
SOD and CAT and increased level of MDA in
kidneys of mice treated with cisplatin were restored
by administration of MHE to a considerable extent,
indicating the ability of MHE to eliminate oxida-
tive stress.Therefore it is postulated that antioxi-
dants herb or phytoconstituent could attenuate
cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity.
4 Conclusion
The present study demonstrated that MHE provided
a significant protective effect against cisplatin-
·855· 中西医结合学报2012年5月第10卷第5期 Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine,May 2012,Vol.10,No.5
induced nephrotoxicity and the mechanism of
nephroprotection by methanolic extract could be
due to the antioxidant and free radical-scavenging
activity.
5 Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing
interests.
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·955·中西医结合学报2012年5月第10卷第5期 Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine,May 2012,Vol.10,No.5
艾氏天芥菜对顺铂引起的小鼠肾损伤的保护作用
Surendra Kr.Sharma,Naveen Goyal
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences,Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology,Hisar 125001,Haryana,
India
目的:该研究旨在评估紫草科药材艾氏天芥菜的甲醇提取物对于顺铂导致小鼠急性肾损伤的保护作用。
方法:用腹膜内注射顺铂(16mg/kg)诱导小鼠肾损伤。将瑞士白化小鼠分为正常对照组、顺铂模型对照组、
艾氏天芥菜的甲醇提取物治疗组(200和400mg/kg),并给予相应药物。于顺铂注射前4d开始每天予两组
治疗组小鼠分别口服艾氏天芥菜的甲醇提取物200及400mg/kg,共服用7d。治疗结束后3d处死小鼠,
并取血及肾脏组织,检测分析血尿素氮、血清肌酐和丙二醛水平以及过氧化氢酶和过氧化物歧化酶活性。
结果:艾氏天芥菜的甲醇提取物能够显著降低因注射顺铂而引起的小鼠血尿素氮及血清肌酐升高(P<
0.05),并且能降低顺铂引起的高丙二醛水平,同时升高降低的过氧化氢酶和过氧化物歧化酶活性(P<
0.05)。此外,组织病理学检测显示艾氏天芥菜的甲醇提取物能够明显改善顺铂导致的肾小管坏死。
结论:艾氏天芥菜的甲醇提取物可用于缓解顺铂的肾毒性。
关键词:天芥菜属;植物提取物;顺铂;抗氧化剂;肾毒性;
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小鼠
第四届世界中西医结合大会首轮通知
第四届世界中西医结合大会将于2012年10月在天津举行,大会的主题是“结合创新·持续发展”。会议将总结和交流第三届世界中
西医结合大会成功举行后五年来,世界结合医学(包括中西医结合)领域所取得的新成就、新经验和新趋势,探索结合医学在基础研究、临
床研究和药学研究等方面促进学术创新和成果转化的特点与模式,研讨结合医学持续发展的途径、方法和前景,并对推动结合医学可持续
发展的政府干预、政策引导、医疗体制改革、社会认知等支持因素进行有益的讨论。
这是全世界结合医学的实践者、研究者、教育者和政策制定者的又一次历史性盛会,必将促进结合医学在不断继承和创新中实现可持续
发展。会议将通过(大会发言、分组发言)卫星会议、墙报、展览会形式展现会议内容,并用中文与英文(会议提供同声翻译)进行报告。
会议时间和地点 会议时间:2012年10月20~22日,10月19日(周五)报到;地点:天津市万丽天津宾馆(天津市河西区宾水道
16号,电话022-58223388)。
大会组织 主办单位:中国中西医结合学会;承办单位:天津市中西医结合研究院、天津市中西医结合学会、天津市中西医结合医院
(天津市南开医院)。
征文内容 (1)对结合医学学术地位与作用的再认识,以及对新形势下发展结合医学的思路、途径和方法的理论探讨与经验总结;
(2)展示五年来结合医学在临床研究、基础研究、药学研究、教学研究、学科建设、政策研究等方面取得的代表性成果;(3)结合医学各临床
学科新诊疗经验的总结和分析,中西医结合新技术、新方法的推介与评价,以及实现科研成果向临床应用转化的新经验与新模式;(4)中西
医结合优势病种临床诊疗路径的实践经验与临床共性问题的探讨;(5)对结合医学的未来研究,以及其他促进结合医学发展的相关研究。
征文要求 (1)论文原则上应为未在其他杂志正式发表或其他学术会议上发表的论文。(2)来稿务请注明作者工作单位、职务、职称、
通讯地址(含邮政编码)和手机号码。(3)论文要求全文4 000字以内,顺序为文章题目、作者单位、邮政编码、作者姓名、中英文摘要和正
文。摘要应不少于400字且需要中英文双语,大会可接受英文代译。代译费每篇人民币100元。欲了解更详细的论文格式要求请登录中
国中西医结合学会网站www.caim.org.cn。(4)论文采用 WORD文档格式,标题为4号黑体字,正文为小4号宋体字。电子稿件请以附
件方式发送至zxyjhdh@163.com或zxyjhdh@yeah.net。来邮必复,如未见回复,请再次发送。纸质版稿件请邮寄至天津市和平区南京路
98号(邮政编码300040)天津市中西医结合学会。信封左下角注明“第四届世界中西医结合大会投稿”字样,并随信附寄含电子版U盘或
光盘。截稿日期为2012年7月31日。
被录用的论文将以会议论文集的纸质目录形式出版,论文集的内容均为电子版。
注册费 2012年7月1日前报名者,中国大陆1 000元人民币/人,港澳地区200美元/人,外宾400美元/人;2012年7月1日后报名
者,中国大陆1 200元人民币/人,港澳地区260美元/人,外宾450美元/人。
以上均包括餐费和资料费,住宿费自理。在校学生和研究生费用减半。会议最新消息请浏览第四届世界中西医结合大会网站 www.
tjnkh.com。
报名办法 欲参加会议者请于2012年7月1日前将报名表通过邮寄、传真或E-mail至大会筹备处。大会筹备处办公室地址:天津市
和平区南京路98号;邮政编码:300040;电话:022-23032635;传真:022-23032635;邮箱:dhtzbm@163.com;联系人:葛文华(手机电话:
15022342326)、马薇(手机电话:15022417396)。
中国中西医结合学会
·065· 中西医结合学报2012年5月第10卷第5期 Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine,May 2012,Vol.10,No.5