A revision of Elaeagnus L. for mainland China is provided based on field observations and herbarium studies. 42 morphological characters are selected and coded, and then the matrix is prepared following cluster analysis with Statistica v.8.0. Morphological characters and species delimitation are re-evaluated resulting in the recognition of 36 species, one subspecies and five varieties in mainland China. 13 species names and three variety names are regarded as new synonyms. Species information covers full synonyms, type information, description, taxonomic remarks, distribution range, occupied habitats, examined specimens, relevant illustrations, and reference to selected published illustrations and literatures. Key for whole species determination is provided. The lectotypification of E. magna (Serv.) Rehd. has been designated.