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Combined effect of water stress and pathogen infection on wheat

干旱与条锈病复合胁迫对小麦的生理影响



全 文 :第 26卷第 6期
2006年 6月
生 态 学 报
ACTA ECOLOGICA SINICA
Vo1.26.No.6
Jun.,2006
干旱与条锈病复合胁迫对小麦的生理影响
冯汉青 ,吴 强 ,李红玉 ,万东石 ,贾秋珍 ,李敏权。,梁厚果
(1.兰州大学生命科学院,甘肃,兰州 730000;2.甘肃省农科院植保所,甘肃,兰州 730070;
3.甘肃农业大学植保系,甘肃,兰州 730070)
摘要:以抗旱性和抗病性不同的小麦为材料,以正常生长为对照,观察了病原菌和水分复合胁迫对小麦叶片相对含水量、活性氧
代谢以及对抗氰呼吸的发生、运行的影响。讨论了在干旱与病原菌侵染复合胁迫下,抗氰呼吸在植物抗逆机制中所扮演的角
色。复合胁迫下 ,抗病小麦显然具备更强的水分调控能力 ,而感病品种不能有效控制病叶水分散失。水分胁迫能引起抗氰呼吸
的下降,但不能抵消因病原菌侵染引起的抗氰呼吸的增强,条锈菌侵染对小麦抗氰呼吸的影响远远大于水分胁迫。病原菌侵染
和水分复合胁迫下,活性氧产生的速率表现出累加效应 ,而抗氰呼吸表现出和基质抗氧化酶的活性互补。植物交替氧化酶在干
旱与病原菌侵染复合胁迫中具有重要的抗氧化功能 ,并可能调节着逆境下物质与能量需求间的矛盾。
关键词:小麦;条锈病;水分胁迫 ;复合胁迫;活性氧;抗氰呼吸;抗氧化酶
文章编号:1000-0933(2006)06-1963—12 中图分类号:314432.1 文献标识码:A
Combined efect of water stress and pathogen infection on wheat physiology
FEGN Han-Qing ,wU Qiang ,LI Hong-Yu 一 ,WAN Dong-Shi ,JIA Qiu.Zhen ,LI Ming-Quan3,LIANG Hou.Guo
(1.School ofLifeSciences,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China;2.GansuAcademy ofAgriculturalSciences,Lamhou 730070,China;3.Dept ofPlant
Protection,Gansu Agricultural University,lamhou 730070,Ch/na ).ActaEcologica Sinica,2O06,26(6):1963~1974.
Abstract:Relative water content(RWC),operation and development of alternative pathway。the changes in active oxygen species
(AOS)and activities of antioxidant enzymes,and the role of alternative pathway participating in the protection mechanism against
environment stress were studied and discussed in wheat seedlings leaves under combined intimidation of water stress and pathogen
infection.Experiments showed that the disease—resistant cuhivars had more powerful ability to regulate moisture content than the
disease·susceptible cultivars under combined intimidation of water stress and pathogen infection.The efects of stripe rust oil
cyanide-resistant respiration were very larger tha n that of water stress.Th e decrease in cyanide.resistant respiration caused by
water stress couldn’t counteract the increasing cyanide-resistant respiration aroused by stripe rust infecting
. Combined intimidation
resulted in AOS accumulation,and cyanide-resistant respiration and the activities of antioxidant enzymes presented upon the
completion of lowing AOS production,to some extent.It was proposed that cyanide-resistant respiration participates in the anti.
oxidation mechanisms and regulate the ambivalence and balance of requirement of the energy and substance for combined
intimidation conditions.
Key words:wheat;pathogen infection;water stress;comb ined intimidation;active oxygen species;cyanide.resistant respiration;
antioxidant enzymes
基金项目:国家自然科学基金资助项目(301702383和30471133)
收稿日期:2005.0l—l8:修订 日期:2006—0l一20
作者简介:冯汉青(1978~),男,甘肃兰州人,硕士,主要从事逆境与发育中植物生理与分子生物学研究 .E-mail:fenghanq03@st
. 1。 .edu.c
*通讯作者Coresponding author
Foundation item:The pmject was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.301702383&30471133)
R麒 hed date:2005-01一l8:Accepted date:200(>01—20
Biography:FENG Hart—Qing,Master,mainly engaged in plant physiology and molecular biology on environmental StI~SandplantsdevelopmentEmailEmallfenghanq03@st1zueducnhttp://www.cqvip.com26l1]()()ATPb]j(PCD)[63线(cyanideresistantpathway)(alternativepathwayAP)[73nAOX1aAOX1bmRNALlZagdaaskaMackenzieaMcIntosh¨(SODCAT)¨]使(j]使111(TriticumaestivumL)西2416998SN14618西24169(PucciniastriformisWest)(34)1898SN146(PuccinistniformsWest)(12)98SN146169西2418(PucciniastriformisWest)31(CY31)112h26 C24h(26±1)oC12h100umol(m2·s)7dhttp://www.cqvip.com670481216d05MPaPEG6000Oh12h24h12(RWC)(RWC)Rwc()133mmClark20mmolL(pH68)BinghamFarrar()KCNSHAM()KCN()SHAM(p)Onmol(gb  ·h)614广¨MukherhuriChoudhuri3615(SOD)Dhindsa(CAT)西(POX)BergmeyerBradfordG2506221(RWC)2228d16d1898SN14623西241698d16d41731216d98SN1461813911212d(3)169西241698SN14618http://www.cqvip.coml96626(4)V0hWaterstressfor0h·12hWatertleSS for 12h
侵染时问Time after inoculation(d)
V





— -▲一24h水分胁迫Water stress for24h
一 口一对照 Control
侵染时间Time afterinoculation(d)
图 1 条锈病侵染和水分胁迫对小麦幼苗叶片相对含水量(RWC)的影响
Fig.1 Efects of water stress on relative water content(RWC)of wheat seedling leaves infected with stripe rust
(a)定西 24 dingxl 24,(b)铭贤 169 mingxian 169,(c)会宁 18 huining 18,(d)98SN146
一 -一Oh水分胁迫Water stressfor0h
一 ·一12h水分胁迫 Water StrOSSfor 12h
侵染时间 Time afterinoculation(d)
— .▲一24h水分胁迫Water stress for24h
一 口一 对照 Control
侵染时问Time after inoculation(d)
图2 条锈病侵染和水分胁迫对小麦幼苗叶片总呼吸速率的影响
Fig.2 Efects ofwater 【n ontotal respirationrate ofwheat seedlingleaves infected with stripe rust
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6期 冯汉青 等 :干旱与条锈病复合胁迫对小麦的生理影响 1967
500
400
300
r--a Oh水分胁迫Water stressfor0h
12h水分胁迫 Water stressfor 12h
2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
- 2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
侵染时间Time after inoculation(d)
目 24h水分胁迫Water stressfor24h
1 对照 Control
500
400
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lO0
0

500
400
300
200
100
0
2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
— 2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
侵染时间Time after inoculation(d)
图3 条锈病侵染和水分胁迫对小麦幼苗叶片交替途径容量的影响
Fig.3 Efects of water stress on h of wheat seedling leaves infected with stripe rust
- Q-Oh水分胁迫Water stressfor0h
一 _一12h水分胁迫 Water☆e鼹for 12h
侵染时间 Time after inoculation(d)
一 ·一24h水分胁迫Water stressfor24h
一 ▲一 对照 Control
侵染时间 Time after inoculation(d)
图4 条锈病侵染和水分胁迫对小麦幼苗叶片 / 的影响
Fig.4 Efects of water stress on v h}vt of wheat seedling leaves infected with stripe rust
2.4 水分胁迫和条锈病侵染对小麦幼苗叶片交替途径实际运行量和运行系数的影响
交替途径容量的存在并不意味着将全部运行,同时测定了交替途径的实际运行量和运行系数。如图 5,
在 4种小麦中,病原侵染,水分胁迫,以及复合胁迫所导致的交替途径实际运行量的变化与前文交替途径容量
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1968 生 态 学 报 26卷
的的变化基本一致。
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0
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Oh水分胁迫Water stressfor0h
- 2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 l8
侵染时间Time af时 inoculation(d)
臣盔囫 12h水分胁迫 Water stressfor12h
臣盔囫 24h水分胁迫Water stress for24h
300
200
l00
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2 0 2 4 6 8 lO 12 14 16 18
侵染时间Time afler inoculation(d)
图 5 条锈病侵染和水分胁迫对小麦幼苗叶片交替途径实际运行量的影响
Fig·5 Effects of water stress on p h of wheat seedling leaves infected with stripe rust
接种后,感病品种的交替途径运行系数在侵染初期上升较快,在 8d后上升有所减缓
。 抗病小麦交替途径运
行系数上升慢于感病品种,而且上升较为稳定。水分复合胁迫降低了4种小麦的交替途径运行系数(图6)

q

1I{5


一 ·一Oh水分胁迫 Water stressfor0h
- 0-12h水分胁迫Water stressfor 12h
侵染时间 Time after inoculation(d)
q


1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2 0 2 4 6 8 lO 12 14 16 18
侵染时间 Time afler inoculation(d)
图6 条锈病侵染和水分胁迫对小麦幼苗叶片交替途径运行系数的影响
Fig·6 Efects ofwater stress on D ofwheat seedling leaves infected with stripe rust
2.5 水分胁迫和条锈病侵染下小麦幼苗叶片 O 和 H 0 产生的动力学
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6期 冯汉青 等 :干旱与条锈病复合胁迫对小麦的生理影响 l969
图7显示:接种后,感病小麦 O 含量在病程中基本维持在同一水平;抗病小麦接种后 O 含量有所上升,
会宁 18号于 12d左右达到高峰,随后有所下降;98SN146呈现波动变化。对接种后的小麦进行水分复合胁
迫,O 含量均表现为上升。总体上,接种后干旱敏感的小麦叶片随水分胁迫 O 含量增加较多,抗旱的小麦
O 含量增加相对较少。
口 对照 Control 呸盔 12h水分胁迫Water stressfor12h
—V/_d—d2 Oh水分胁迫 Watcr stressfor0h mlm 24h水分胁迫Water stressfor24h







聿L



侵染时间Time after inoculation(d)
图 7 条锈病侵染和水分胁迫对小麦幼苗叶片 含量的影响
Fig.7 Efect of water 8tre88 on o2-content of wheat seedling leaves infected with stripe rust
图8,接种后,随着病程的发展,感病小麦 H2 o2含量持续升高:到接种 16d后,定西 24和铭贤 169分别为
对照的 1.8倍与 2.7倍。抗病小麦的 H2O 含量随着病程的发展没有明显的变化。未接种小麦处于轻度水分
胁迫时,H2 o2含量均有一明显上升,接种后的小麦在水分胁迫下 H2 o2含量有不同程度的上升。但在侵染 16d
时,抗旱品种在 24h的水分胁迫下,较之 12h的水分胁迫,H O 含量又开始下降。
2.6 水分胁迫和条锈病侵染下小麦幼苗叶片抗氧化保护酶活性的变化
如图9,接种后感病小麦 SOD活性大于抗病品种,水分复合胁迫整体上引起了接种后小麦SOD活性上升。
接种后不抗旱小麦 SOD活性大于抗旱品种。对接种后的小麦进行水分复合胁迫,不抗旱的小麦品种中 SOD
活性有不同程度的上升;接种后前 8d抗旱品种的 SOD活性在水分复合胁迫下略有上升,但接种 12d后的SOD
活性在水分胁迫下保持不变或呈现下降趋势。
感病小麦接种后第4天 CAT活性达到峰值,此后逐渐下降,但大于同期接种后的抗病品种(图 l0)。水分
复合胁迫使得随病程深入的感病不抗旱的铭贤 169的 CAT活性上升,而在其他接种后的小麦中,水分复合胁
下 CAT活性有时也表现出下降趋势。
抗病小麦 POX活性变化与感病小麦类似,在接种后第 8天时达到峰值,在以后的病程中逐渐下降,但感
病小麦 POX活性始终大于抗病品种(图 11)。水分复合胁迫在大部分时间上导致了接种后小麦 POX活性的
下降。
3 讨论
实验表明,病原侵染和水分胁迫都导致了植物组织水分散失;水分胁迫所导致的小麦叶片水分散失明显
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0h水分胁迫Water s~ressfor0h





一 2 O 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
侵染时间 Time after inoculation(d)
_ 12h水分胁迫Water s~ress for 12h
_ 24h水分胁迫Water stress for24h
侵染时间Timeafterinoculation(d)
图 8 条锈病侵染和水分胁迫对小麦幼苗叶片H O 含量的影响
Fig.8 Efects of water stress on H202 content of wheat seedling leaves infected with stripe rust
口 对照 Control
0h水分胁迫Water stressfor0h
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
O
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_ 24h水分胁迫Water s~ressfor 24h

{




700
600
500
400
300
200
100
侵染时间Time afterinoculation(d) 侵染时间 Time afterinoculation(d)
图9 条锈病侵染和水分胁迫对小麦幼苗叶片 SOD活性的影响
Fig.9 Efects of water stress on SOD activities of wheat seedling]eaves infected with stripe rust
强于病原侵染。可见,水分状况是病原侵染和水分胁迫进行程度的某种反映。抗旱与抗病小麦分别较之不抗
旱和感病小麦无论是在水分胁迫、病原侵染,还是在复合胁迫下均能更为有效的控制水分散失,表现出了更强
的水分调控能力。Rizhsky等发现,干旱可以引起与抗病相关基因的表达 ” 。Xiong 弛 等认为,植物在不良环
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6期 冯汉青 等:干旱与条锈病复合胁迫对小麦的生理影响 l97l
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0h水分胁迫Water sfessfor0h
- 2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 l8
侵染时间Timeafterinoculation(d)
一 12h水分胁追Water stres for 12h
一 24h水分胁迫Water stressfor24h
侵染时间Time after inoculation(d)
图 1O 条锈病侵染和水分胁迫对小麦幼苗叶片 CAT活性的影响
Fig.10 Efects of water stress ON CAT activities of wheat seedling leaves infecmd with stripe rust
口 对照 Control
Oh水分胁追Water stresfor0h
侵染时间Time after inoculation(d)
一 12h水分胁迫Water stress for 12h
一 24h水分胁迫Water stressfor24h
一 2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 l8
侵染时间Time after inoculation(d)
图 11 条锈病侵染和水分胁迫对小麦幼苗叶片POX活性的影响
Fig·11 Efects of water stress oN POX activities of wh eat seedling leaves infected with stripe rust
境下维持一定水分是保证正常的细胞活性所必须的,体内水分状况的变化会影响多种的代谢与细胞信号路
径㈨ 。可见,小麦的抗病与抗旱机制之间确实存在某些联系
。 结果显示,控制机体的水分散失可能是小麦的
抗病与抗旱机制重要的共同部分。
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前人的研究表明,植物在病原侵染下抗氰呼吸上升 ,而在持续的干旱下抗氰呼吸下降 ¨。本文实验表
明,病原侵染导致抗氰呼吸上升,而对病原侵染的小麦进行水分胁迫导致了抗氰呼吸下降。但是总体上,复
合胁迫下小麦的抗氰呼吸仍表现为升高;水分胁迫改变了病原侵染引起的交替呼吸途径的反应 ,但水分胁迫
不能抵消因病原菌侵染引起的抗氰呼吸的增强。Mackenziea和 McIntosh认为 ¨,替代途径的运行可以保证病
原侵染等胁迫下细胞对于碳骨架的需要。Zagdaaska认为n引,水分缺失会加强细胞蛋白质代谢与离子转运,而
此时需要呼吸为其提供能量。依据这些结论推测,病原侵染下,植物更需要增加与抗病机制相关的生物合成
所需的碳骨架,而在复合胁迫下要适度降低抗氰呼吸以增加氧化磷酸化供能来适应附加的水分胁迫。交替途
径的运行水平可能调节着逆境下物质与能量需求间的矛盾。然而,水分胁迫也导致了接种后抗病品种呼吸速
率一定程度的上升(图2)。所以,在总呼吸速率上升(及能为呼吸链提供更多电子供体)的前提下,交替途径
运行水平适当程度的下降可以同时满足物质与能量的需求,呼吸与抗氰呼吸如何共同调节着物质与能量的供
应还需要更为细致的研究。 ’
同样,病原菌侵染和水分胁迫都能引起活性氧的产生。活性氧水平也是病原侵染和水分胁迫进行程度的
反映之一。将病原菌侵染后的小麦处于水分胁迫时,活性氧表现出进一步的积累。但是,抗病性小麦较之感
病品种在水分胁迫下没有表现出更强的对 O 含量的控制;小麦抗旱性的差异也没有影响到病原侵染对 O
含量的影响,暗示干旱与病原侵染在活性氧积累上相互影响较小。研究表明,被侵染的植物可以通过主动增
强被侵染部位活性氧的释放来控制病原的蔓延,而在干旱下植物体内活性氧的积累主要是细胞器功能受损所
导致的电子渗漏造成的_5]。可见,病原菌侵染和水分胁迫产生活性氧的机制可能是相对独立的。本文实验也
验证 了这一点 。
随病程发展,交替途径的运行呈现持续上升,而无论是 O 还是 H:0:,在接种后呈波动变化;干旱复合胁
迫导致交替途径运行下降,却导致了活性氧的升高。抗氰呼吸的水平与活性氧的变化没有始终保持一致性。
可见,逆境下植物体内活性氧增加并非一定会诱导交替途径的上升,因此推测:(1)逆境下交替途径运行的上
升不仅限于活性氧诱导这单一途径;(2)对交替途径的诱导应当控制在较低的活性氧水平,随着胁迫的深入,
AOX直接面临较高水平活性氧的攻击而活性降低,这将打破活性氧对抗氰呼吸的诱导与抗氰呼吸清除活性
氧之间的平衡。
SOD、CAT和POX是体内活性氧的重要清除剂H ,交替氧化酶同样可以清除活性氧,但它们之间的关系
并不清楚。以前在玉米中观察到氧化压力下 SOD酶活性变化迟钝的现象 。用 NO处理拟南芥悬浮细胞可
以强烈诱导 AOX1 n的转录,但 CAT与SOD基因的表达并不显著 。在实验中,病原侵染下,抗氰呼吸显著增
加,伴随的是 SOD、CAT和 POX活性的下降。而当水分复合胁迫降低了小麦抗氰呼吸的同时,却观察到 SOD
与 CAT活性在许多时间点上不同程度的上升,或保持在未水分胁迫时的水平,表现出交替氧化酶和基质抗氧
化酶的活性互补。线粒体是氧化压力下植物活性氧释放的主要部位之一 J,交替氧化酶主导的抗氰呼吸直
接位于呼吸链上,可以直接与经济地降低线粒体活性氧的生成,使细胞不必调动过多的基质抗氧化酶的活性;
而在交替氧化酶受到过多自由基损伤而活性下降时,基质抗氧化酶的激活可以继续维持抗氧化能力。最近。
在叶绿体上也发现了与交替氧化酶有很高同源性的末端氧化酶 J,相信细胞器膜的抗氧化酶在抗氧化中的
功能将得到更广泛的注意。
同时,在实验中观察到,对比在 0—16d内仅进行病原侵染的对照小麦,仅用 PEG渗透胁迫的对照小麦很
难在0—16d内维持相对正常的生长,常常在中早期就萎蔫坏死。这导致无法采用仅用 PEG渗透胁迫的对照
来进行更多的分析。但上述的实验结果表明,呼吸状态和路径的改变在植物适应复合胁迫所导致的氧化压力
和其它生理变化的过程中扮演着重要的角色。为此,今后的大田实验中有待为复合胁迫对小麦的生理影响进
行更多的研究。
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