Abstract:Spatial heterogeneity is ubiquitous across all scales of natural systems. Spatial pattern/heterogeneity is also scale dependent, i.e., spatial heterogeneity exhibits various patterns at different scales, therefore the observed pattern/heterogeneity is dependent on the scales of observation or analysis.Scale effects mean how ecological properties change with scales. Effects of changing scale on spatial analysis have been studied for decades in geography and ecology. The main goal of this study was to valida...