作 者 ：谢佳贵 侯云鹏 尹彩侠 孔丽丽 秦裕波 李 前 王立春
期 刊 ：植物营养与肥料学报 2014年 20卷 5期 页码：1110-1118
Keywords:spring maize, yield, straw returning, soil potassium, potassium balance,
摘 要 ：【目的】明确秸秆还田与施钾肥对玉米产量、养分吸收与利用以及土壤钾素平衡状况的影响，为东北地区玉米秸秆和钾肥资源合理利用提供科学依据。【方法】试验于2010~2012年在玉米主产区吉林省公主岭市朝阳坡镇大房身村开展，试验设氮磷肥（NP）、氮磷肥+秸秆还田（NP+St）、氮磷钾（NPK）、氮磷钾+秸秆还田（NPK+St）4个处理， 于每年玉米成熟期每处理小区取有代表性的玉米5株，分为秸秆和子粒两部分，测定地上部干物重，并测定其氮、 磷、 钾含量，收获时取中间四垄玉米按14%水分计产。试验前和小区玉米收获后采集0—20 cm土层土壤样品，测定土壤速效钾含量，计算钾素利用等相关参数，分析不同处理的春玉米产量、养分吸收及土壤钾素平衡状况。【结果】施钾肥和秸秆还田能提高玉米产量，与NP处理相比，NPK+St、NPK、NP+St处理玉米产量分别增加13.8%、 9.6%和3.8%。施钾肥和秸秆还田可提高玉米秸秆和子粒氮、磷、钾的吸收总量。与NP相比，NPK、NP+St 和 NPK+St处理氮的吸收总量提高9.4%~24.7%，磷提高12.2%~26.0%，钾提高6.9%~26.4%，其中NPK+St处理的养分吸收总量最高。秸秆还田结合施钾肥（NPK+St）有利于提高钾收获指数、化肥钾和秸秆钾的利用率，其钾收获指数，化肥钾农学效率、回收率、秸秆钾回收率均高于单施化学钾（NPK）和秸秆还田处理（NP+St）。其中钾收获指数分别提高5.5%和18.8%，化肥钾农学效率和回收率分别提高8.3%和1.1%，秸秆钾农学效率和回收率分别提高4.0%和0.7%。秸秆还田结合施用钾肥（NPK+St）土壤速效钾含量比NPK和NP+St提高1.9%~4.0%，其表现为NPK+St>NP+St>NPK>NP。NPK+St、NPK、NP+St处理钾素实际盈亏率分别为15.0%、-51.1%和 -18.1%。【结论】秸秆还田结合施用钾肥不仅可以提高玉米产量、增加养分吸收总量，还有利于土壤钾素的收支平衡，提高土壤速效钾含量，对维持土壤钾素肥力的稳定具有重要的作用，可在当地农业生产中推广应用。
Abstract:【Objectives】 A field experiment was conducted for three years (2010-2012) to research the effect of straw returning and potassium application on the yield, nutrient absorption of spring maize and the soil potassium balance, aiming to provide scientific basis for the rational use of corn straw and fertilizer in northeast China.【Methods】The experiment was located at the main maize producing zone, Chaoyangpo Town, Gongzhuling City, Jilin Province. The four treatments of NP, NP+St, NPK, NPK+St were set up with the consistent cultivation technique and field management. Five representative maize plants were collected from each plot at maturity stage every year and divided into two parts of straw and grain, dry mater was weighed. Total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents were determined. The middle four ridges of maize were harvested for calculating yield (the moisture content of maize used is 14%). Soil samples of 0-20 cm depth were taken before the experiment and after maize harvest for the soil available potassium determination. The related parameters of potassium utilization characteristics were calculated, and the effect of potassium application and straw returning on spring maize yield, nutrient absorption and soil potassium balance was analyzed.【Results】Compared with no K (NP) treatment, the treatment of NPK+St, NPK and NP+St increase the yield of maize by 13.8%, 9.6% and 3.8% respectively. Combined application of potassium fertilizer and straw returning could increase maize N, P, K absorption amounts in straw and grain. Compared with NP treatment, NPK, NP+St and NPK+St treatments increase the nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium uptake by 9.4%- 24.7%, 12.2%-26.0% and 6.9%-26.4%, respectively. The treatment of NPK+St leads to the highest total nutrient uptake. Combined application of potassium fertilizer and straw returning could increase potassium harvest index, potassium utilization rare in chemical fertilizer and straw. Compared with NPK and NP+St, NPK+St increase potassium harvest index, potassium agronomic efficiency of chemical fertilizer, the recovery rate of chemical potassium and the straw potassium content. The potassium harvest index were increased by 5.5%-18.8%, the agronomic efficiency and recovery rate of chemical potassium were increased by 8.3% and 1.1% respectively, the agronomy efficiency and recovery rate of straw potassium were increased by 4.0% and 0.7% respectively. Straw returning with potassium fertilizer can improve the soil available potassium content, the increase range was 1.9%- 4.0% and increase order is NPK+St>NP+St>NPK>NP. The surplus of potassium of NPK+St, NPK and NP+St were 15.0%, -51.1% and -18.1%, respectively. 【Conclusions】Maize straw returning combined with potash fertilizer application can not only increase maize yield and the total amount of nutrient uptake, but also sustain potassium balance and improve soil potassium storage, maintaining the stability of the soil potassium fertility. Therefore, the combined use of potassium fertilizer and maize straw returning should be extended widely in the tested agricultural production area.
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