作 者 ：佟玉欣 李玉影 刘双全 姬景红 王 伟 郑 雨
期 刊 ：植物营养与肥料学报 2014年 20卷 5期 页码：1094-1102
Keywords:Heilongjiang province, spring maize, N absorption, optimizing nitrogen management,
摘 要 ：【目的】在高产玉米生产系统中，对氮素需求的过量评估，导致了氮素的过量施用和环境污染。东北春玉米种植区是我国重要的商品粮生产基地，仅黑龙江省玉米总产量就占到了全国的13.8%。在黑龙江省玉米面积迅速增加的情况下，在全省范围内收集整理施肥试验数据，分析品种、缓释氮肥试验数据，对揭示氮素需求与产量之间的关系具有重要意义。本研究的主要目的是量化黑龙江省籽粒产量和氮素需求之间的关系；评估产量增加时每吨籽粒吸氮量的变化；研究不同熟期品种籽粒产量和氮素吸收之间关系；分析缓释尿素产量和氮素吸收之间关系。【方法】采用调查方法，对2003~2012年黑龙江省不同地点的56个春玉米田间施肥试验中439个试验产量和成熟期数据进行了收集和整理，运用幂指数模型对成熟期产量和地上部总氮素吸收量之间的关系进行模拟。采用田间试验方法研究普通尿素和缓释尿素不同施肥方法对产量和农学性状的影响。试验以不施氮肥为对照，尿素100%基施、缓释尿素100% 基施、尿素40%基施60%追施、尿素40%缓释尿素60%基施5个处理，测产并分析计算收获指数、氮素收获指数。【结果】黑龙江玉米收获指数逐年提高，从2000年代的0.43增加到2010年代的0.48。56个试验的玉米平均产量为9.5 t/hm2，这一产量高于全国的平均产量5.3 t/hm2和世界平均产量4.5 t/hm2。每吨籽粒吸氮量平均为16.7 kg。将玉米产量分为6个范围：<7、7~8、8~9、 9~10、10~11、>11 t/hm2，每吨籽粒吸氮量平均值分别为18.3、18.3、16.8、17.0、16.4和15.3 kg。早熟品种每吨籽粒吸氮量高于晚熟品种。田间试验中尿素40%基施60%追施处理和40%尿素60%缓释尿素基施处理的每吨籽粒吸氮量显著高于尿素100%基施。【结论】黑龙江省玉米产量从2000年代的8.5 t/hm2 增长到2010年代的9.7 t/hm2，收获指数的提高是主要原因之一，收获指数的增加和籽粒中氮浓度的稀释是每吨籽粒吸氮量呈下降趋势的主要原因。在相同籽粒产量下，早熟品种籽粒和秸秆中的氮素浓度高于中、晚熟品种。追施氮肥处理和缓释氮肥与尿素基施处理的玉米籽粒和秸秆中的氮浓度更高。黑龙江省高产玉米生产系统中，产量的提高伴随着收获指数的提高和籽粒氮浓度的下降，而晚熟品种的种植面积扩大是导致这一现象的原因之一。
Abstract:【Objectives】In high-yield maize production system, the overestimation of nitrogen (N) requirement resultes in the overuse of N fertilizer and environmental pollution. Maize grown area was increased rapidly in Heilongjiang Province in the past decades. Collecting and analyzing the existed maize trails data is significant for the comprehensive understanding of the relationship between nitrogen (N) requirement and grain yield in Heilongjiang Province. The objectives of this study were to quantify the grain yield-N requirement, evaluate the variation of N requirement with the yield increase, investigate the N requirement charcteristics of maize cultivars with different maturation periods, and the relationship between grain yield-N requirement with different nitrogen fertilization methods. 【Methods】The existing 439 maize yield data from 56 field experiments in Heilongjiang Province from 2003 to 2012 were collected and the relationship between grain yield and the above-ground N uptake at maturity was simulated by linear, quadratic, power and exponential models. A field experiment was conducted with different notirogen fertilizers and different application methods, the yield and nitrogen efficiency were investigated. The best fitting is with the power model.【Results】The production of maize in Heilongjiang province has increased from 8.5 t/ha in the 2000s to 9.7 t/ha in 2010s, and one of the major reasons for the increase was the increased harvest index due to cultivars. The average yield of 56 maize experiments is 9.5 t/ha, higher than the national average of 5.3 t/ha and the world average yield of 4.5 t/ha. The average N absorption for each 100 kg of grain production is 16.7 kg. When the maize yield is defined as 6 levels: <7, 7-8, 8-9, 9-10, 10-11 and >11 t/ha, the N absorption per 100 kg grain yield is 18.3, 18.3, 16.8, 17.0, 16.4 and 15.3 kg respectively. Early mature cultivars usually absorb more nitrogen than the late mature cultivars. When the urea is applied 40% by basal and 60% by top dressing, or 40% of urea N plus 60% of controlled-released urea N are basal applied together, the nitrogen absorption per 100 kg of grain yield is significantly higher than the urea or controlled-release urea was all one-time basal applied. 【Conclusions】The decreased N absorption per tone of grain production is mainly caused by the extention of late maturing cultivars with high harvest index (HI). With those cultivars, the N concentration is diluted by the higher yiled. At the same grain yields, the N conents in grain and straw in the early-maturing varieties are higher than those in the late maturing ones. Application of urea by basal plus top dressing or the combined one-time basal application of 40% of urea plus 60% of controlled-rellease urea could increase the nitrogen harvest efficiency and the yield, so they are worth of recommend method.
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