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作 者 ：李晶 姜远茂 魏绍冲 王富林 周乐 李洪娜

期 刊 ：植物营养与肥料学报 2014年 20卷 2期 页码：407-413

关键词：苹果；矮化中间砧；氮素；吸收；利用；分配；

Keywords:apple, inter stock, nitrogen, absorption, utilization, distribution,

摘 要 ：以2年生烟富3/M₂₆/平邑甜茶幼树为试材，研究了不同施氮水平对苹果矮化中间砧幼树当年及翌年¹⁵N 吸收、 利用和分配的影响。结果表明，适量施氮肥利于幼树生长和氮肥利用率的提高，更利于翌年树体生长及氮肥利用率的提高。以不施氮肥（N₀）处理为对照，适量施氮肥（N₁₀₀）或过量施氮肥（N₂₀₀）条件下均通过促进根系生长进而促进地上部生长，且 N₁₀₀处理对地上部生长的促进作用较N₂₀₀更为显著。氮肥施入至春梢旺长期和春梢停长期，N₁₀₀处理对根系生长的促进作用显著，根冠比由高到低分别为 N₁₀₀＞N₂₀₀＞N₀，且春梢旺长期根系¹⁵N 分配率为 N₁₀₀(42.93%)＞N₂₀₀(37.10%)＞N₀(26.39%)，春梢停长期各处理根系¹⁵N分配率由高到低仍为 N₁₀₀(28.61%)＞N₂₀₀(20.30%)＞N₀(14.27%)。至秋梢旺长期，N₁₀₀处理生长势显著高于N₀，但各器官¹⁵N分配率无显著差异；N₁₀₀与N₂₀₀处理树体生长势无显著差异，但N₁₀₀处理地上部¹⁵N分配（85.93%）显著高于N₂₀₀处理(77.28%)，根系¹⁵N 分配率(14.07%)显著低于N₂₀₀ 处理(22.72%)。至翌年春梢旺长期，N₁₀₀树体生物量迅速增高至N₀ 的175.83% 和N₂₀₀ 的176.41%，根冠比和根系¹⁵N 分配率显著低于N₀和 N₂₀₀。N₂₀₀处理始终保持较高的根冠比和根系¹⁵N分配率但不利于地上部生长。冬季叶片脱落是苹果矮化中间砧幼树最大的氮流失途径，流失量为当年氮吸收量的44.56%~51.25%。

Abstract:Experiments were designed to test the absorption, allocation, and utilization of urea-¹⁵N by 2 years-old M. hupehensis Rehd （YanFu/M₂₆）under different N rates in the current year and next year. The results show that both the rational application rate of nitrogen fertilizer (N₁₀₀) and overuse rate (N₂₀₀) could promote the growth of trees and their¹⁵N utilization rate in the current and following year significantly. Nitrogen application could promote the development of roots, benefiting the growth of shoots as a results.. The N₁₀₀ treatment has better promotion effect than the N₂₀₀ treatment on the shoot growth. The most obvious promotion of N fertilizer to the root growth happens during the period from fertilization to the vigorous growth of autumn shoots and the end of spring shoots growth stage, the obtained ratio of root to shoot is in order of N₁₀₀＞N₂₀₀＞N₀，and the allocation of¹⁵N in roots is in the same order with the value 42.93%, 37.10% and 26.39% at the vigorous growth stage of spring shoot, and 28.61%, 20.30% and 14.27% at the end stage of spring shoot growth stage, respectively. The growth vigor of N₁₀₀ treatment is superior to the N₀ treatment till the stage of vigorous growth of autumn shoots, with no significant difference is found on¹⁵N distribution ratios of both. The aboveground¹⁵N distribution ratio of the N₁₀₀ treatment (85.93%) is significantly higher than N₂₀₀ treatment (77.28%), while the root ratio (14.07%) is significantly lower than N₂₀₀ treatment (22.72%). Compared with the N₀ and N₂₀₀ treatments, the biomass weight of the N₁₀₀ treatment is increased by 75.83% and 76.41% respectively till the vigorous growth stage of spring shoots the next year, while the root to shoot ratio and root¹⁵N distribution ratio of N₁₀₀ are significantly lower than the N₀ and N₂₀₀ treatments. Even with a high root to shoot ratio and root ¹⁵N distribution ratio, N₂₀₀ treatment is not suitable for growth. The defoliation in winter is the main nitrogen loss of dwarfed interstock apple saplings, accounting for 44.56%-51.25% of total nitrogen uptake in current year.

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