作 者 ：何文寿,马琨,代晓华,何进智,马仁彪
期 刊 ：植物营养与肥料学报 2014年 20卷 6期 页码：1477-1487
Keywords:potato, growth stage, N, P, and K nutrients, absorption, accumulation,
摘 要 ：【目的】马铃薯氮、 磷、 钾养分吸收累积特点国内外已有不少报道,但在宁夏地区的生产条件下尚缺乏系统研究,马铃薯配方施肥技术推广中也缺少施肥参数,难以确定合理的施肥量。因此,针对宁夏地区马铃薯种植基地的土壤条件,系统分析马铃薯干物质累积和氮、 磷、 钾养分含量,探明其对氮、 磷、 钾养分吸收累积特点,以期为马铃薯的精准施肥提供科学依据。【方法】采用田间试验和室内测定相结合的方法。于2012年分别在宁夏西吉县、 原州区、 红寺堡和同心县马铃薯种植基地进行肥料田间试验,按照当地推荐的施肥量统一施肥量和施肥方法(农家肥、 70%氮肥、 全部磷、 钾肥基施,30%氮肥在现蕾期追施),在马铃薯不同生育期采集植株样品,测定不同器官干重和氮、 磷、 钾含量,分析不同生育期马铃薯干物质累积量、 氮、 磷、 钾含量及其吸收累积量的变化特点。【结果】1)从不同种植基地来看,红寺堡区马铃薯干物质累积量最高,其次是原州区和西吉县,同心县最低;马铃薯干物质累积量随生育期的推进而增加,符合Logistic曲线,幼苗期、 块茎形成期、 块茎膨大期和淀粉累积期的干物质累积量分别占总累积量的5%、 20%、 40%和35%。2)马铃薯植株氮含量随生育期而降低,其变异系数较大; 磷、 钾含量随生育期呈先增后减的变化态势,但变异系数较小; 氮、 磷含量叶片高于其他器官,钾含量茎秆中较高。3)马铃薯氮、 磷、 钾吸收累积量在红寺堡区最高,原州区和西吉县居中,同心县最低;苗期氮、 磷、 钾的吸收量分别占全生育期总吸收量的11%、 6%、 8%,块茎形成期占28%、 23%、 31%,块茎膨大期占36%、 39%、 41%,淀粉积累期占25%、 31%、 20%;成熟期块茎中氮和磷的累积量分别占各自总累积量的60%以上,钾的累积量占50%。【结论】供试土壤条件下,马铃薯干物质累积量及养分吸收量因种植基地、 生育期和器官不同而异。从不同种植基地来看,红寺堡区马铃薯的干物质及氮、 磷、 钾累积量较高,原州区和西吉县居中,同心县最低;干物质及氮、 磷、 钾累积量随生育期的变化符合Logistic曲线,具有明显的阶段性特点,块茎膨大期累积最多,块茎形成期和淀粉积累期次之;马铃薯根、 茎和叶中吸收累积的氮、 磷、 钾占同期总累积量的比例随生育期而降低,但块茎则相反,氮、 磷、 钾吸收累积量随生育期而增加,成熟期块茎中吸收累积的养分量占全株的一半以上。
Abstract:【Objectives】Characteristics of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) uptakes of potato plants have been researched worldwide, but few did in Ningxia region.There are not necessary parameter for potato formula fertilization technology, resulting in blind fertilization in production practice. Therefore,characteristics of absorption and accumulation of N, P, and K nutrients were studied according to soil condition of potato planting bases in Ningxia for providing a scientific basis for the potato precise fertilization.【Methods】Field experiments were conducted in potato bases in four counties of Ningxia in 2012. The fertilizer applying rates were made in accordance with the local recommended fertilization. 70% nitrogen fertilizer, total farmyard manure and phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are basal applied, and 30% nitrogen are topdressed at the budding period of potato. Plant samples were collected to test fresh weights and dry matters of different organs at different growth stages. The contents of N, P, and K in roots, stems, leaves and tubers were determined after the plant samples were dried at 70℃. The dry matter accumulation of N, P and K was calculated.【Results】1) The amount of dry matter accumulation increases with potato growth period and can be modeled as a Logistic curve. The accumulated amounts of dry matter at the seedling, tuber formation, tuber bulking and starch accumulation stages account for 5%, 20%, 40% and 35% of total cumulative amount, respectively. 2) The nitrogen contents in potato plant decrease with potato growth and the coefficient of variation is high. The phosphorus and potassium contents in potato plant increase first and then decrease with potato growth, but the coefficients of variation are low. Thehighest contents of nitrogen and phosphorus are in leaves, while the highest potassium content in stems. 3) The absorptive amounts of N, P and K at the seedling stage account for about 11%, 6% and 8% of the total amount in the whole stages, about 28%, 23% and 31% at the tuber formation, and about 36%, 39% and 41% at the tuber expansion stage, and about 25%, 31% and 20% at the starch formation.The accumulation amounts of N and P in tubers account for more than 60% of the total accumulation at the maturity period and K about 50%. 【Conclusions】Under the tested soil condition, the accumulated amounts of dry matter and absorptive amounts of nutrients (N, P and K) by potato are different in different growth stages and potato organs.The accumulation of dry matter and absorption of nutrients of potato are in accordance with Logistic curves,showeing obvious stage characteristic for nutrients absorption. The nutrient absorption at the tuber expansion stage is the largest, and those at the tuber formation and starch accumulation stages are low. The ratios of N, P and K uptakes in roots, stems and leaves in the totaluptake decrease with growth stage, while the ratios of uptakes of N, P and K in tubers increase, and the accumulated amounts of nutrients in tubers at the maturity account for more than half of the total nutrients in whole plant.
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