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Effects of Citric Acid Treatment on Vitro Browning of Pomegranate Pericarp

柠檬酸处理对石榴果皮离体褐变的影响


[目的] 针对贮藏期石榴果实褐变严重的问题,研究不同浓度柠檬酸处理对其果皮离体褐变的影响,为石榴果实防褐变提供技术支撑。[方法] 以石榴品种‘泰山三白甜’和‘泰山三白酸’为试材,利用称重和紫外分光光度法研究不同浓度柠檬酸处理对贮藏期石榴果皮褐变度、失重率、平均散失速率、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化物酶(POD)、总酚和DPPH(1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl)自由基清除率等褐变相关生理指标的影响。[结果] 2个品种果皮褐变度和失重率随贮藏时间的延长均逐渐增加,第12天时出现峰值; 果皮平均散失速率呈现不同的变化趋势。对照、1%和2%柠檬酸处理条件下,‘泰山三白甜’果皮平均散失速率分别在第1,4和11天时出现峰值,3%柠檬酸处理条件下分别在第1,4和12天时出现峰值。对照条件下,‘泰山三白酸’果皮平均散失速率分别在第1,4,7,9和12天时出现峰值,不同处理条件下均分别在第1,4,7和12天时出现峰值。‘泰山三白酸’果皮褐变度、失重率和平均散失速率均低于‘泰山三白甜’。2个品种果皮中PPO和POD活性均呈先升高后降低,再降低又升高的变化趋势,出现峰值的时间不同。‘泰山三白甜’PPO活性分别在第2和第6天时出现峰值,‘泰山三白酸’分别在第3和第7天时出现峰值。2个品种果皮中POD活性均在第1和第8天时出现峰值。不同处理条件下,2个品种果皮褐变度、失重率、平均散失速率、PPO和POD活性均低于对照,以2%柠檬酸处理的最低,与对照差异极显著(P<0.01)。果皮中总酚含量随褐变程度的增加逐渐降低,DPPH自由基清除率呈现先降低后升高的变化趋势,均在第0和第12天时出现峰值。不同处理条件下,2个品种果皮总酚含量和DPPH自由基清除率均高于对照,以2%柠檬酸处理的最高,与对照差异极显著(P<0.01)。相关性分析表明,果皮褐变度与失重率、平均散失速率均为极显著正相关,与PPO活性、总酚含量均为极显著负相关。失重率与平均散失速率均为极显著正相关,与PPO活性、总酚含量均为极显著负相关。平均散失速率与总酚含量均为极显著负相关,与PPO活性、DPPH自由基清除率均为显著负相关。PPO活性与总酚含量均呈极显著正相关; POD活性与总酚含量均呈显著负相关; 总酚含量与DPPH自由基清除率均呈显著正相关。‘泰山三白酸’离体果皮较‘泰山三白甜’抗褐变,这可能与风味酸甜或品种自身特性有关。[结论] 不同浓度柠檬酸处理均能降低石榴果皮中褐变度、失重率、平均散失速率、PPO和POD活性,抑制总酚含量的降低,维持其抗氧化能力,延缓果实褐变进程,以2%柠檬酸处理的抑制效果最佳。

[Objective] This study investigated the effect of citric acid treatment on the browning of vitro pomegranate pericarp to provide the technical support for anti-browning of pomegranates. [Method] In this study, two pomegranate varieties, Taishansanbaitian and Taishansanbaisuan, were used as materials to investigate the effects of citric acid treatment on the browning of pomegranate pericarp during storage by measuring relevant physiological indexes, such as browning degree, weightlessness rate, average loss rate, PPO activity, POD activity, total phenols and DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity, with weighing method and ultraviolet spectrophotometry. [Result] The result indicated that browning degree and weightlessness rate of the two pomegranate cultivars pericarp increased with prolonging of storage, and the peak value occurred at the12th day. The change trends of the average loss rate were different in the two pomegranate cultivars pericarp. Under control, 1% and 2% citric acid treatment conditions, the peak value of the average loss rate of Tsishansanbaitian pericarp presented at 1st, 4th and 11th day, respectively. The peak value of the average loss rate of Tsishansanbaitian pericarp presented separately at 1st, 4th and 12th day in with 3% citric acid treatment. The peak value of the average loss rate presented separately at 1st, 4th, 7th, 9th and 12th day in Tsishansanbaisuan pericarp under the control condition. Under different citric acid treatment conditions, the peak value of the average loss rate presented at 1st, 4th, 7th and 11th day in Tsishansanbaisuan pericarp, respectively. The browning degree, weightlessness rate and average loss rate of Tsishansanbaisuan pericarp were less than that of Tsishansanbaitian pericarp. The activities of PPO and POD in two pomegranate cultivars pericarp both showed first increased and decreased, and then decreased and increased again with prolonging of storage, with different timing when the peak values occurred. The peak value of PPO activity in Taishansanbaitian pericarp appeared respectively at the 2nd and 6th day, and that in Taishansanbaisuan pericarp appeared respectively at the 3rd and 7th day. The peak value of POD activity in two pomegranate cultivars pericarp both appeared respectively at the 1st and 8th day. Under different citric acid concentrations, the browning degree, weightlessness rate, average loss rate, PPO and POD activity of two pomegranate cultivars pericarp were lower than the control, and the differences were all significant (P<0.01). The browning degree, weightlessness rate, average loss rate, PPO and POD activity of two pomegranate cultivars pericarp were the lowest with 2% citric acid treatment. The content of total phenols in two pomegranate cultivars pericarp decreased with the increasing of browning degree. DPPH radical scavenging activity of two pomegranate cultivars pericarp first decreased and then increased, and the peak value appeared respectively at the treating day and 12th day. Under treatments with different citric acid concentrations, total phenols content and DPPH radical scavenging activity of the two pomegranate cultivars pericarp were significantly higher than the control (P<0.01). The total phenols content and DPPH radical scavenging activity were highest in two pomegranate cultivars pericarp with 2% citric acid treatment. Correlation analysis indicated that the degree of pericarp browning in the two pomegranate cultivars had significantly positive correlation with weightlessness rate and average loss rate. There were significantly negative correlation between browning degree and PPO activity, total phenols of the two pomegranate cultivars. The weightlessness rate had significantly positive correlation with average loss rate, and had significantly negative correlation with PPO activity and total phenols. There was significantly negative correlation between average loss rate and total phenols, PPO activity, DPPH radical scavenging activity of the two pomegranate cultivars. The PPO activity had significantly positive correlation with total phenols. The POD activity had significantly positive correlation with total phenols. The content of total phenols had significantly positive correlation with DPPH radial scavenging activity. The anti-browning capacity of Taishansanbaisuan pericarp was higher than that of Taishansanbaitian, which might be related to sour-sweet flavor of pomegranate fruit or own characteristics of pomegranate cultivars. [Conclusion] Under treatments with different citric acid concentrations, the browning degree, weightlessness rate, average loss rate, PPO and POD activity were decreased in the two pomegranate cultivars pericarp. The reduction in total phenols content was inhibited with the citric acid treatments. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of the two pomegranate cultivars pericarp could be maintained during storage. The browning process of pomegranate fruits was postponed with treatments of different citric acid concentrations. The inhibitory effect on the pericarp browning of the two pomegranate cultivars was best with 2% citric acid treatment.


全 文 :第 51 卷 第 9 期
2 0 1 5 年 9 月
林 业 科 学
SCIENTIA SILVAE SINICAE
Vol. 51,No. 9
Sep.,2 0 1 5
doi:10.11707 / j.1001-7488.20150906
收稿日期: 2015 - 01 - 13; 修回日期: 2015 - 04 - 03。
基金项目: 山东省自然科学基金(ZR2015YL056,ZR2014YL022,ZR2012CL01) ; 山东省果树研究所所长基金(2013KY04)。
* 尹燕雷为通讯作者。
柠檬酸处理对石榴果皮离体褐变的影响*
冯立娟1 尹燕雷1 杨雪梅1 武 冲1 孙立平2
(1. 山东省果树研究所 泰安 271000; 2. 泰山医学院化工学院 泰安 271016)
摘 要: 【目的】针对贮藏期石榴果实褐变严重的问题,研究不同浓度柠檬酸处理对其果皮离体褐变的影响,为
石榴果实防褐变提供技术支撑。【方法】以石榴品种‘泰山三白甜’和‘泰山三白酸’为试材,利用称重和紫外分光
光度法研究不同浓度柠檬酸处理对贮藏期石榴果皮褐变度、失重率、平均散失速率、多酚氧化酶( PPO)、过氧化物
酶(POD)、总酚和 DPPH(1,1 - Diphenyl - 2 - picrylhydrazyl)自由基清除率等褐变相关生理指标的影响。【结果】
2 个品种果皮褐变度和失重率随贮藏时间的延长均逐渐增加,第 12 天时出现峰值; 果皮平均散失速率呈现不同的
变化趋势。对照、1%和 2%柠檬酸处理条件下,‘泰山三白甜’果皮平均散失速率分别在第 1,4 和 11 天时出现峰
值,3%柠檬酸处理条件下分别在第 1,4 和 12 天时出现峰值。对照条件下,‘泰山三白酸’果皮平均散失速率分别
在第 1,4,7,9 和 12 天时出现峰值,不同处理条件下均分别在第 1,4,7 和 12 天时出现峰值。‘泰山三白酸’果皮褐
变度、失重率和平均散失速率均低于‘泰山三白甜’。2 个品种果皮中 PPO 和 POD 活性均呈先升高后降低,再降低
又升高的变化趋势,出现峰值的时间不同。‘泰山三白甜’PPO 活性分别在第 2 和第 6 天时出现峰值,‘泰山三白
酸’分别在第 3 和第 7 天时出现峰值。2 个品种果皮中 POD 活性均在第 1 和第 8 天时出现峰值。不同处理条件
下,2 个品种果皮褐变度、失重率、平均散失速率、PPO 和 POD 活性均低于对照,以 2%柠檬酸处理的最低,与对照差
异极显著(P < 0. 01)。果皮中总酚含量随褐变程度的增加逐渐降低,DPPH 自由基清除率呈现先降低后升高的变
化趋势,均在第 0 和第 12 天时出现峰值。不同处理条件下,2 个品种果皮总酚含量和 DPPH 自由基清除率均高于
对照,以 2%柠檬酸处理的最高,与对照差异极显著(P < 0. 01)。相关性分析表明,果皮褐变度与失重率、平均散失
速率均为极显著正相关,与 PPO 活性、总酚含量均为极显著负相关。失重率与平均散失速率均为极显著正相关,与
PPO 活性、总酚含量均为极显著负相关。平均散失速率与总酚含量均为极显著负相关,与 PPO 活性、DPPH 自由基
清除率均为显著负相关。PPO 活性与总酚含量均呈极显著正相关; POD 活性与总酚含量均呈显著负相关; 总酚含
量与 DPPH 自由基清除率均呈显著正相关。‘泰山三白酸’离体果皮较‘泰山三白甜’抗褐变,这可能与风味酸甜或
品种自身特性有关。【结论】不同浓度柠檬酸处理均能降低石榴果皮中褐变度、失重率、平均散失速率、PPO 和
POD 活性,抑制总酚含量的降低,维持其抗氧化能力,延缓果实褐变进程,以 2%柠檬酸处理的抑制效果最佳。
关键词: 石榴; 柠檬酸; 褐变; PPO; POD; 总酚
中图分类号: S665. 4 文献标识码: A 文章编号: 1001 - 7488(2015)09 - 0042 - 09
Effects of Citric Acid Treatment on Vitro Browning of Pomegranate Pericarp
Feng Lijuan1 Yin Yanlei1 Yang Xuemei1 Wu Chong1 Sun Liping2
(1. Shandong Institute of Pomology Tai’an 271000; 2. School of Chemical Engineering,Taishan Medical University Tai’an 271016)
Abstract: 【Objective】This study investigated the effect of citric acid treatment on the browning of vitro pomegranate
pericarp to provide the technical support for anti-browning of pomegranates. 【Method】In this study,two pomegranate
varieties,Taishansanbaitian and Taishansanbaisuan,were used as materials to investigate the effects of citric acid
treatment on the browning of pomegranate pericarp during storage by measuring relevant physiological indexes,such as
browning degree,weightlessness rate,average loss rate,PPO activity,POD activity,total phenols and DPPH (1,1-
Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity,with weighing method and ultraviolet spectrophotometry. 【Result】
The result indicated that browning degree and weightlessness rate of the two pomegranate cultivars pericarp increased with
prolonging of storage,and the peak value occurred at the12th day. The change trends of the average loss rate were
different in the two pomegranate cultivars pericarp. Under control,1% and 2% citric acid treatment conditions,the peak
value of the average loss rate of Tsishansanbaitian pericarp presented at 1st,4th and 11th day,respectively. The peak
第 9 期 冯立娟等: 柠檬酸处理对石榴果皮离体褐变的影响
value of the average loss rate of Tsishansanbaitian pericarp presented separately at 1st,4th and 12th day in with 3% citric
acid treatment. The peak value of the average loss rate presented separately at 1st,4th,7th,9th and 12th day in
Tsishansanbaisuan pericarp under the control condition. Under different citric acid treatment conditions,the peak value of
the average loss rate presented at 1st,4th,7th and 11th day in Tsishansanbaisuan pericarp,respectively. The browning
degree,weightlessness rate and average loss rate of Tsishansanbaisuan pericarp were less than that of Tsishansanbaitian
pericarp. The activities of PPO and POD in two pomegranate cultivars pericarp both showed first increased and decreased,
and then decreased and increased again with prolonging of storage,with different timing when the peak values occurred.
The peak value of PPO activity in Taishansanbaitian pericarp appeared respectively at the 2nd and 6th day,and that in
Taishansanbaisuan pericarp appeared respectively at the 3rd and 7th day. The peak value of POD activity in two
pomegranate cultivars pericarp both appeared respectively at the 1st and 8th day. Under different citric acid
concentrations,the browning degree,weightlessness rate,average loss rate,PPO and POD activity of two pomegranate
cultivars pericarp were lower than the control,and the differences were all significant (P < 0. 01) . The browning degree,
weightlessness rate,average loss rate,PPO and POD activity of two pomegranate cultivars pericarp were the lowest with
2% citric acid treatment. The content of total phenols in two pomegranate cultivars pericarp decreased with the increasing
of browning degree. DPPH radical scavenging activity of two pomegranate cultivars pericarp first decreased and then
increased,and the peak value appeared respectively at the treating day and 12th day. Under treatments with different
citric acid concentrations,total phenols content and DPPH radical scavenging activity of the two pomegranate cultivars
pericarp were significantly higher than the control (P < 0. 01) . The total phenols content and DPPH radical scavenging
activity were highest in two pomegranate cultivars pericarp with 2% citric acid treatment. Correlation analysis indicated
that the degree of pericarp browning in the two pomegranate cultivars had significantly positive correlation with
weightlessness rate and average loss rate. There were significantly negative correlation between browning degree and PPO
activity,total phenols of the two pomegranate cultivars. The weightlessness rate had significantly positive correlation with
average loss rate,and had significantly negative correlation with PPO activity and total phenols. There was significantly
negative correlation between average loss rate and total phenols,PPO activity,DPPH radical scavenging activity of the two
pomegranate cultivars. The PPO activity had significantly positive correlation with total phenols. The POD activity had
significantly positive correlation with total phenols. The content of total phenols had significantly positive correlation with
DPPH radial scavenging activity. The anti-browning capacity of Taishansanbaisuan pericarp was higher than that of
Taishansanbaitian,which might be related to sour-sweet flavor of pomegranate fruit or own characteristics of pomegranate
cultivars. 【Conclusion】Under treatments with different citric acid concentrations,the browning degree,weightlessness
rate,average loss rate,PPO and POD activity were decreased in the two pomegranate cultivars pericarp. The reduction in
total phenols content was inhibited with the citric acid treatments. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of the two
pomegranate cultivars pericarp could be maintained during storage. The browning process of pomegranate fruits was
postponed with treatments of different citric acid concentrations. The inhibitory effect on the pericarp browning of the two
pomegranate cultivars was best with 2% citric acid treatment.
Key words: pomegranate; citric acid; browning; PPO; POD; total phenols
石榴(Punica granatum)种质资源丰富,在整个
热带、亚热带和暖温带等地区均可栽培(Yuan et al.,
2007; Cam et al.,2009; 杨尚尚等,2013)。果实含
有极为丰富多样的酚类物质,如安石榴苷、类黄酮和
酚酸等,保健功能强,被誉为超级水果,市场发展前
景广阔(冯立娟等,2014; Gil et al.,2000)。果实褐
变是石榴贮藏中极易发生的生理病害,严重影响其
商品价值,制约石榴产业的发展(张立华等,2007)。
石榴褐变是酚类物质酶促氧化的结果,受果实自身
发育状况和环境条件的影响(胡青霞等,2014)。酚
类物质的氧化关键在于细胞膜透性的改变和区域化
的破坏; 随着采后果实的衰老或环境胁迫,在多酚
氧化酶 ( polyphenol oxidase,PPO ) 和过氧化物酶
(peroxidase,POD)等一系列酶作用下,膜系统被破
坏,酶与底物区域化被解除而发生酶促褐变(高雪,
2006)。PPO 先氧化酚类物质成为醌类,而后醌类
聚合形成褐色物质,从而导致组织变色的生理生化
过程(杨巍等,2010; Maghoumi et al.,2013)。POD
是植物体内一类非常重要的氧化酶,可与 PPO 协同
作用引起植物组织褐变(Venkatachalam et al.,2012;
34
林 业 科 学 51 卷
Nokthai et al.,2010)。褐变使石榴果实中酚类物质
含量和抗氧化能力降低 ( Meighani et al.,2014;
Ghasemnezhad et al.,2013)。
柠檬酸处理对果蔬褐变有明显地抑制作用,相
关研 究 在 香 蕉 ( Musa paradisiaca ) (李 胤 楠 等,
2013)、猕猴桃 ( Actinidia chinensis ) (刘程 惠等,
2014)、西兰花 ( Brassica oleracea) ( Ansorena et al.,
2014)和莴苣(Lactuca sativa) (Ali et al.,2014)等作
物上已有相关报道。张立华等(2007)研究表明,柠
檬酸处理能有效抑制石榴果皮中 PPO 活性,延缓褐
变进程,但柠檬酸处理影响贮藏过程中石榴果皮离
体褐变效果的研究尚未见相关报道。石榴离体果皮
极易发生褐变,不仅影响其外观品质,而且影响相关
生理生化和分子指标的测定结果。本研究以石榴品
种‘泰山三白甜’和‘泰山三白酸’为试材,研究不同
浓度柠檬酸处理对其果皮离体褐变的影响,旨在为
揭示石榴贮藏期果实褐变机理提供理论依据和防褐
变提供技术参数。
1 材料与方法
1. 1 试验材料
试验于 2014 年 9—12 月在山东省果树研究所
进行。供试品种为商品成熟期的‘泰山三白甜’和
‘泰山三白酸’,每个品种选取 20 个大小、成熟度基
本一致,外表无任何缺陷的果实,采摘于山东省果树
研究所石榴种质资源圃。
1. 2 试验方法
1. 2. 1 样品处理 果实用蒸馏水洗净擦干后,果皮
用不锈钢刀切成 1 cm × 2 cm(长 × 宽)厚度均匀的
组织小块,分别在 1%,2%,3% 的柠檬酸溶液中浸
泡处理 10 min 后取出,室温下沥干后装入保鲜盒并
用 PE 保鲜膜封装,置于 4 ℃下贮藏,使用去离子水
作为对照,每天分别取样测定经过不同浓度柠檬酸
处理石榴离体果皮的各项指标,每个指标重复测定
3 次,取其平均值,而其中 0 天时测定值为放4 ℃贮
藏 2 h 后的测定值。
1. 2. 2 果皮失重率和平均散失速率的测定 参考
杨巍等(2010)的方法。失重率采用称量法,每个样
品 50 g,重复称量 3 次,取其平均值。
失重率(% ) = (不同时间样品质量 -样品初质
量) /样品初质量 × 100% ;
平均散失速率(% /d) = 失重率 /存放时间; 其
中:%为散失百分率; d 为存放时间(d)。
1. 2. 3 果皮褐变度测定 参考谭谊谈等(2014)方
法,称取新鲜样品 2 g,切碎,研磨后加入质量比1∶ 10
的预冷蒸馏水,在 20 ℃条件下、以 8 000 r·min - 1离
心 20 min,取上清液待测。用蒸馏水作为空白对照,
利用美国 GE Ultrospec 2100 pro 型紫外分光光度计
测定波长 410 nm 处的吸光度,以 A410 nm表示褐变度。
这是由于酶促褐变主要是氧化产物醌的积累和进一
步聚合及氧化,形成黑色素。这个黑色素在 410 nm
处具有最大的吸收峰,果蔬发生褐变都可以通过分
光光度法测定 OD 值进而判断褐变程度。每个样品
重复测定 3 次,取其平均值。
1. 2. 4 多酚氧化酶(PPO)和过氧化物酶( POD)活
性测定 取石榴果皮 0. 5 g,置研钵中,加入 5 mL
4 ℃下预冷的 pH7. 0 的磷酸缓冲液(含 1%聚乙烯
吡咯烷酮和 10 mmol·L - 1的抗坏血酸)和少量石英
砂,冰浴研磨成匀浆,4 ℃ 下 12 000 r·min - 1 离心
20 min,上清液即为 PPO 和 POD 粗提液,4 ℃下保
存备用。
PPO 活性测定参考张立华等 (2007)的方法并
改进。取上述粗酶液 50 μL 与 2. 95 mL 底物(邻苯
二酚,浓度为 0. 2 mol·L - 1 ),使用美国 GE Ultrospec
2100 pro 型紫外分光光度计在 410 nm 波长处进行
酶动力学分析,测定 0 ~ 1 min 吸光度的变化,共记
录 5 次,然后以每分钟内 A410变化 0. 01 为 1 个酶活
性单位(U)。每个样品重复测定 3 次,取其平均值。
酶活性 =△A /(0. 01 × t × W) × D。 (1)
式(1)中,△A 为反应时间内吸光值的变化; W 为试
验材料鲜质量( g); t 为反应时间(min); D 为稀释
倍数。酶活性单位为 U·min - 1 g - 1 FW。
POD 活性测定参考印芳等 (2008)的方法并改
进: 取上述粗酶液 50 μL 与 2. 95 mL POD 反应液
(0. 125 mL 愈创木酚 + 0. 255 mL 30% H2O2,用
pH7. 0 磷酸缓冲液稀释至 250 mL),使用美国 GE
Ultrospec 2100 pro 型紫外分光光度计在 470 nm 波
长下比色,每隔 1 min 记录 1 次吸光度,共记录 5
次,然后以每分钟内 A470变化 0. 01 为 1 个酶活性单
位(U)。每个样品重复测定 3 次,取其平均值。
酶活性 = (△A470 × VT) /(W × VS × 0. 01 × t)。
(2)
式(2)中,△A470为 470 nm 条件下,反应时间内吸光
值的变化; VT为酶液总体积(mL); W 为试验材料
鲜质量( g); VS为测定时所取的酶液体积(mL); t
为反应时间(min); 酶活性单位为 U·min - 1 g - 1 FW。
1. 2. 5 总酚含量的测定 参考张立华等(2010)的
方法,取 1 g 石榴果皮研磨成匀浆,加入 20 mL 60%
的乙醇于 50 mL 三角瓶中,超声波 60 ℃ 提取
40 min,后过滤至 25 mL 容量瓶并定容。测定时取
44
第 9 期 冯立娟等: 柠檬酸处理对石榴果皮离体褐变的影响
1 mL 0. 5 mol·L - 1福林酚试剂加入 50 μL 提取液振
荡混匀,再加入 4 mL 0. 5 mol·L - 1的 Na2CO3 溶液室
温下反应 60 min,后于 750 nm 比色测定其吸光值
A750。以没食子酸( gallic acid,GA)为标准品制作标
准曲线。
总酚含量(mg·g - 1) = (X × V1 × V2) /W。 (3)
式(3)中,X 为根据标准曲线算得样品浓度值(mg·
mL - 1); V1 为提取液稀释倍数; V2 为提取液总体积
(mL); W 为试验材料鲜质量( g)。
1. 2. 6 DPPH 自由基清除法测定抗氧化活性 参考
韩玲玲等(2013)的方法,略有改进。取 1. 2. 5 方法制
备的酚类物质提取液 2. 0 mL,再加入0. 8 mmol·L - 1
DPPH 试剂 2. 0 mL,强烈振荡后静置 30 min,以无水
乙醇为空白,于 517 nm 处测定反应液的吸光度值。
按下式计算清除率:
DPPH清除率(% ) =[l - (Ai - Aj) /Ao] ×100。
(4)
A i 为提取液与 DPPH 试剂混合液的吸光值;A j
为提取液与无水乙醇混合液的吸光值;A0 为 DPPH
试剂与无水乙醇混合液的吸光值。
2 结果与分析
2. 1 柠檬酸处理对 2 个石榴品种果皮褐变度的
影响
不同浓度柠檬酸处理对 2 个石榴品种果皮褐变
度的影响如图 1 所示。果皮褐变度随贮藏时间的延
长逐渐增加,第 12 天时最高,‘泰山三白酸’(图 1B)
果皮褐变度低于‘泰山三白甜’(图 1A)。与对照相
比,第 12 天时 1%,2%和 3%柠檬酸处理的‘泰山三
白甜’果皮褐变度分别降低了 32. 32%,43. 35% 和
19. 20%,‘泰山三白酸’果皮褐变度分别降低了
33. 33%,40. 90%和 21. 27%。不同处理条件下,2 个
品种果皮褐变度均低于对照,与对照差异极显著
(P < 0. 01),以 2%柠檬酸处理的果皮褐变度最低。
图 1 柠檬酸处理对‘泰山三白甜’(A)和‘泰山三白酸’(B)果皮褐变度的影响
Fig. 1 Effects of citric acid treatment on the browning degree of Taishansanbaitian(A) and Taishansanbaisuan(B) pomegranate pericarp
图 2 柠檬酸处理对‘泰山三白甜’(A)和‘泰山三白酸’(B)果皮失重率的影响
Fig. 2 Effects of citric acid treatment on the weightlessness rate of Taishansanbaitian(A) and Taishansanbaisuan(B) pomegranate pericarp
2. 2 柠檬酸处理对 2 个石榴品种果皮失重率的
影响
‘泰山三白甜’和‘泰山三白酸’果皮失重率与褐
变度变化趋势基本一致,随着贮藏时间的延长均逐渐
增加,第 12 天时最高,‘泰山三白酸’(图 2B)果皮失
重率低于‘泰山三白甜’(图 2A)。不同处理条件下,
2 个品种果皮失重率均低于对照,与对照差异极显著
(P < 0. 01)。‘泰山三白甜’和‘泰山三白酸’分别在
贮藏第 9 和第 4 天后对照组失重率显著高于处理组。
2 个品种以 2%柠檬酸处理的果皮失重率最低,与 3%
54
林 业 科 学 51 卷
柠檬酸处理的果皮失重率差异极显著(P < 0. 01),与
1%柠檬酸处理的果皮失重率差异不显著。
2. 3 柠檬酸处理对 2 个石榴品种果皮平均散失速
率的影响
如图 3 所示,2 个石榴品种果皮平均散失速率
随贮藏时间的延长呈现不同的变化趋势。对照、
1%和 2%柠檬酸处理条件下,‘泰山三白甜’(图
3A)果皮平均散失速率分别在第 1,4 和 11 天时出
现峰值,3%柠檬酸处理条件下分别在第 1,4 和 12
天时出现峰值。对照条件下,‘泰山三白酸’(图
3B)果皮平均散失速率分别在第 1,4,7,9 和 12 天
时出现峰值,不同处理条件下均分别在第 1,4,7
和 12 天时出现峰值。不同处理条件下,2 个石榴
品种果皮平均散失速率均低于对照,与对照差异
极显著(P < 0. 01),以 2% 柠檬酸处理的果皮平均
散失速率最低。
图 3 柠檬酸处理对‘泰山三白甜’(A)和‘泰山三白酸’(B)果皮平均散失速率的影响
Fig. 3 Effects of citric acid treatment on the average loss rate of Taishansanbaitian(A) and Taishansanbaisuan(B) pomegranate pericarp
2. 4 柠檬酸处理对 2 个石榴品种果皮 PPO 和
POD 活性的影响
2 个石榴品种果皮中 PPO 与 POD 活性变化趋
势基本一致,随着贮藏时间延长均呈先升高后降低,
再升高又降低的变化趋势(图 4 和图 5)。不同处理
条件下,2 个品种果皮中 PPO 和 POD 活性均低于对
照,与对照差异极显著(P < 0. 01)。不同处理条件
下,以 2%柠檬酸处理的 PPO 和 POD 活性最低,与
1%和 3% 柠檬酸处理的酶活性差异显著 ( P <
0. 05)。
图 4 柠檬酸处理对‘泰山三白甜’果皮 PPO 和 POD 酶活性的影响
Fig. 4 Effects of citric acid treatment on the PPO and POD activity of Taishansanbaitian pomegranate pericarp
2 个石榴品种果皮中 PPO 活性出现峰值的时间
不同,‘泰山三白甜’分别在第 2 和第 6 天左右时出现
峰值,‘泰山三白酸’分别在第 3 和第 7 天左右时出现
峰值。第 12 天时,2 个石榴品种果皮中 PPO 活性显
著低于第 0 天时。与对照相比,第 12 天时 1%,2%和
3%柠檬酸处理的‘泰山三白甜’果皮 PPO 活性分别
降低了 25. 53%,39. 01% 和 15. 84%,‘泰山三白酸’
果 皮 PPO 活 性 分 别 降 低 了 19. 96%,28. 51%
和 14. 69%。
2 个石榴品种果皮中 POD 活性均在第 1 和第 8
天时出现峰值。在贮藏初期(第 0 ~ 1 天时) POD 活
性升高可能是由于机械伤害的胁迫,膜系统的完整
性受到破坏,细胞壁加快裂解,POD 活性得以增加,
随后处理组和对照组均在第 8 天时出现峰值,第 8
天后 POD 活性开始下降。
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第 9 期 冯立娟等: 柠檬酸处理对石榴果皮离体褐变的影响
图 5 柠檬酸处理对‘泰山三白酸’果皮 PPO 和 POD 酶活性的影响
Fig. 5 Effects of citric acid treatment on the PPO and POD activity of Taishansanbaisuan pomegranate pericarp
2. 5 柠檬酸处理对 2 个石榴品种果皮总酚含量和
DPPH 自由基清除率的影响
2 个石榴品种果皮中总酚含量随着贮藏时间的
延长逐渐降低,均在褐变初期(第 0 天时)最高,第
12 天时最低(图 6 和图 7)。不同处理条件下,2 个
品种果皮中总酚含量均高于对照,与对照差异极显
著(P < 0. 01)。2 个品种以 2% 柠檬酸处理的果皮
总酚含量最高,与其他浓度柠檬酸处理的总酚含量
差异极显著(P < 0. 01)。
2 个石榴品种果皮中 DPPH 自由基清除率随着
贮藏时间的延长均呈先降低后升高的变化趋势,均
在第 0 和第 12 天时出现峰值,第 6 天时最低(图 6
和图 7)。不同处理条件下,2 个品种果皮中 DPPH
自由基清除率均高于对照,与对照差异极显著(P <
0. 01),以 2%柠檬酸处理的果皮 DPPH 自由基清除
率最高,与其他处理组差异极显著(P < 0. 01)。
图 6 柠檬酸处理对‘泰山三白甜’果皮总酚含量和 DPPH 自由基清除率的影响
Fig. 6 Effects of citric acid treatment on the total phenols content and DPPH radical scavenging activity of Taishansanbaitian pomegranate pericarp
图 7 柠檬酸处理对‘泰山三白酸’果皮总酚含量和 DPPH 自由基清除率的影响
Fig. 7 Effects of citric acid treatment on the total phenols content and DPPH radial scavenging activity of Taishansanbaisuan pomegranate pericarp
74
林 业 科 学 51 卷
2. 6 2 个石榴品种果皮褐变各指标相关性分析
2 个品种果皮褐变度与失重率、平均散失速率
均为极显著正相关,与 PPO 活性、总酚含量均为极
显著负相关,与 POD 活性正相关,与 DPPH 自由基
清除率负相关,但均不显著(见表 1)。
表 1 2 个石榴果皮褐变各指标相关性分析
Tab. 1 Correlation analysis of various physiology indexes in two pomegranate cultivars pericarp
品种
Cultivars
指标
Indexes
褐变度
Browning
degree
失重率
Weightloss
rate
平均散失速率
Average
loss rate
PPO 活性
PPO
activity
POD
活性
POD
activity
总酚含量
Total
phenolics
content
DPPH
自由基
清除率
DPPH
radical
scavenging
rate
‘泰山三白甜’
Taishansanbaitian
褐变度 Browning degree 1
失重率 Weightloss rate 0. 992** 1
平均散失速率 Average loss rate 0. 778** 0. 755** 1
PPO 活性 PPO activity - 0. 791** - 0. 816** - 0. 611 * 1
POD 活性 POD activity 0. 484 0. 533 0. 466 - 0. 275 1
总酚含量 Total phenolics content - 0. 979** - 0. 989** - 0. 786** 0. 814** - 0. 601 * 1
DPPH 自由基清除率
DPPH radical scavenging rate
- 0. 469 - 0. 485 - 0. 659 * 0. 542 - 0. 553 0. 597 * 1
‘泰山三白酸’
Taishansanbaisuan
褐变度 Browning degree 1
失重率 Weightloss rate 0. 991** 1
平均散失速率 Average loss rate 0. 813** 0. 791** 1
PPO 活性 PPO activity - 0. 782** - 0. 785** - 0. 572 * 1
POD 活性 POD activity 0. 456 0. 451 0. 476 - 0. 354 1
总酚含量 Total phenolics content - 0. 988** - 0. 974** - 0. 905** 0. 744** - 0. 556 * 1
DPPH 自由基清除率
DPPH radical scavenging rate
- 0. 503 - 0. 420 - 0. 560 * 0. 204 - 0. 500 0. 586 * 1
2 个石榴品种果皮失重率与平均散失速率均为
极显著正相关,与 PPO 活性、总酚含量均为极显著
负相关,与 POD 活性正相关,与 DPPH 自由基清除
率负相关,但均不显著。2 个石榴品种果皮平均散
失速率与总酚含量均为极显著负相关,与 PPO 活
性、DPPH 自由基清除率均为显著负相关,与 POD
活性正相关,但不显著。2 个石榴品种果皮 PPO 活
性与总酚含量均呈极显著正相关,与 POD 活性负相
关,与 DPPH 自由基清除率正相关,但不显著。2 个
石榴品种果皮 POD 活性与总酚含量均呈显著负相
关,与 DPPH 自由基清除率呈负相关,但不显著。2
个石榴品种果皮总酚含量与 DPPH 自由基清除率均
呈显著正相关。
3 讨论与结论
3. 1 柠檬酸处理可延缓石榴贮藏期果皮褐变进程
褐变是果实品质评定的重要指标,也是果实成
熟老化、生理衰退最明显的特征。褐变度能够反映
果实的褐变程度,是酚类物质被酚酶所氧化形成褐
色聚合物的表现(谭谊谈等,2014)。失重率和易挥
发生性物质散失速率是评价果品鲜食品质的指标
(杨巍等,2010)。本研究表明,不同浓度柠檬酸处
理明显降低了石榴果皮的褐变度、失重率和平均散
失速率,延缓了褐变进程,以 2%柠檬酸处理抑制效
果较好,这与在芒果(Mangifera indica) (Chiumarelli
et al.,2010)和香蕉(李胤楠等,2013)等作物上的
研究结果一致。相关性分析表明,2 个石榴品种果
皮褐变度与失重率和平均散失速率均极显著正相
关,说明这 3 个指标能有效地反映石榴果皮褐变的
程度。‘泰山三白酸’果皮褐变度、失重率和平均散
失速率均低于‘泰山三白甜’,这说明‘泰山三白酸’
果皮较‘泰山三白甜’抗褐变,这可能与风味酸甜或
品种自身特性有关。
3. 2 柠檬酸处理能降低贮藏期石榴果皮中 PPO 和
POD 活性
柠檬酸作为一种较强的有机酸,增加反应体系
的酸度,降低 pH 值,使 PPO 和 POD 偏离最适 pH;
另一方面,柠檬酸能络合 PPO 的辅基 Cu2 +,抑制
PPO 活性,同时作为金属离子的螯合剂,使 POD 和
脂氧合酶( LOX)缺乏辅酶而降低活性 (张立华等,
2007; Benjawan et al.,2009)。POD 和 PPO 是引起
果实褐变的主要酶类,PPO 通过氧化多酚和类黄酮
产生褐色聚合物引起酶促褐变,而 POD 在 H2O2 存
在的条件下能够氧化酚类物质形成褐色聚合物产生
84
第 9 期 冯立娟等: 柠檬酸处理对石榴果皮离体褐变的影响
褐变。离体果皮由于机械伤的作用导致了 POD 和
PPO 活性升高,此时酚类物质和酚酶区域划分被破
坏,酚类与 POD,PPO 相结合导致褐变的发生
(Maghoumi et al.,2013; Jiang et al.,2004)。与对照
相比,本研究中不同浓度柠檬酸处理均显著抑制了
石榴 果 皮 中 PPO 和 POD 活 性,这 与 在 荸 荠
( Eleocharis dulcis ) ( Jiang et al., 2004 ) 和 莴 苣
(Altunkaya et al.,2008)等作物上的研究结果一致。
Zhang 等(2008)研究表明,石榴贮藏期果皮中 PPO、
POD 活性均与果皮褐变存在密切正相关性。本研
究相关性分析表明,石榴果皮中总酚含量与 PPO 活
性呈极显著正相关,这说明 PPO 是影响石榴果皮褐
变的主导酶类。总酚含量与 POD 活性显著负相关,
POD 活性增加,总酚含量降低,这可能是由于在
POD 作用下,相应的酚类物质被氧化成醌类物质
(印芳等,2008),具体机制有待进一步研究。
3. 3 柠檬酸处理可抑制贮藏期石榴果皮中总酚含
量的降低
酚类物质是酶促褐变的底物,随着褐变程度的
增加而降低 (雷鸣等,2011)。许传俊等 (2006) 研
究表明,总酚含量随蝴蝶兰 ( Phalaenopsis amabilis)
外植体褐变增强而逐渐增加。DPPH 自由基与果实
的抗氧化活性关系紧密,能在一定程度上反映果实
的总抗氧化能力(Kang et al.,2002)。本研究中,随
着石榴果皮褐变程度的增加,果皮中总酚含量逐渐
降低,这与蝴蝶兰(许传俊等,2006)和猕猴桃 (刘
程惠,2014)上的研究结果不一致,具体机理还有待
于深入研究。与对照相比,不同浓度柠檬酸处理均
显著抑制了石榴果皮中总酚含量和 DPPH 自由基清
除率的降低,以 2% 柠檬酸抑制效果最佳。相关性
分析表明,2 个石榴果皮中总酚含量与 DPPH 自由
基清除率显著正相关,这说明酚类物质含量高低与
其抗氧化能力密切相关。
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(责任编辑 王艳娜)
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