免费文献传递   相关文献

Identification of East Asian and European Types of Bursaphelenchus mucronatus by Morphological and ITS PCR-RFLP Methods

东亚型和欧洲型拟松材线虫的形态学和ITS PCR-RFLP鉴定


对宁波口岸截获的不同来源木质包装中的东亚型和欧洲型拟松材线虫进行形态学和ITS PCR-RFLP研究。选用5种限制性内切酶Rsa I,Hae Ⅲ,Msp I,Hinf I,Alu I对各株系单条线虫ITS区PCR扩增产物进行酶切,发现限制性内切酶Rsa I有3种酶切结果,表明ITS区段存在DNA序列异质性。研究再次证明ITS PCR-RFLP不但是伞滑刃线虫鉴定十分可靠的辅助手段,还可有效区分种内不同地理型。 对拟松材线虫与松材线虫(包括"M"型和"R"型株系)、豆伞滑刃线虫、伪伞滑刃线虫等近似种的区别进行讨论。

Morphological and ITS PCR-RFLP methods were used to identify East Asian and European types of Bursaphelenchus mucronatus isolated in Ningbo, China from packaging wood imported from different countries. Five traditional restriction endonucleases: Rsa I, Hae Ⅲ, Msp I, Hinf I and Alu I were applied to digest the PCR products of ITS region from single nematode of different isolates. It is first reported that there are 3 different patterns after Rsa I digestion, which may be caused from DNA sequence heterogeneity in ITS region. ITS-RFLP method is an efficient assistant method for Bursaphelenchus identification, and can be used for analyzing intraspecific different geographic types. Morphological characters of B. mucronatus compared with similar species, such as B. xylophilus (including "R" and "M" forms), B. doui and B. fraudulentus, were also discussed.


全 文 :!!"
" !
"
#
# $ % #
$
"
%
& ( )
&()*+(, &(-.,) &(*(,)
./01!"!*/1"
,234! # $ % #
*+,#
" #$%% 5$# 5%%#
-.,#
" #$%# 5$% 5#=$
/012
"
34öl˙ôšô¤à(>12
#$%$(r#6; (#
r+ˆ€„()/012
#$%$,6%$$%" (#
34(89:ɖ
#$%#8,r%%8$=($
"̀˜u,˜2p
$
KKÐe5]СۻH’[7Ã)e
(+& cfXfg-c
¾g
"
DŽÇ
<
ȁÉ
<
=ÊÉ
<
ËÌÍ

r+@ç/ôšô¤
<
r+
=%7$%#(
!
<
"
!<
‹r+ Yʺ[£qSTWö[!=[KKÐe5]СۻH’îÔ7Ã)e
(+& cfXfg-c
>
?
$
an
7
¾¸]÷½Âê
?#- (!6-
)
!T#S(!6%")(!17& (
‹Y`gûVH’
(+&
G
cf
(‰`åîÔêÂ
!
L
Q¸]÷½Âê
?#- (
Á
=
¾êÂvw
!
xy
(+&
G͘Z
9*,
T(õö÷
$
>?þ—uy
(+& cfXfg-c
£>®
¥•¦H’¾g5R­–[P=ûÍ
!
?­ÁÆGR¾½£qŒaÐ
$
‹¡Û»H’¡Û»H’

[%K&
Ðe
%f&
Ð`g
()
ù¥•¦H’
)
§¥•¦H’În%¾[GŸîÔ.-
$
#$%
"<
¡Û»H’
#
¾g
# (+&Xfg-c#
õö÷
&()*
!&A6=<<<
+,-./
!,<<<
+01*
!%$$% 5A!""##$%#$$" 5$%%= 5$7
N4$-#.*.)"#.-*3"/#0/."-"-43(%B$"-?;B$/*B-+4":A*#*/A-4(-/+$"1-4
9; T%B2,5.)","-4N?&+R]^]LY+T$#24/
WEG3HIEG30IG3< 2` HIEGQNG3Q%"5>(P"$+9EP8%$!"#S,$%(" -"/ U&-+-"$%"3&+-&(=%7$%#(
09/#%")#"E0EGS (+& cfXfg-c?NMC/SPLNON2PNS M/ISNGMIQT)EPM,PIEG EGS )2O/UNEG MTUNP/Q
3&+#-SD7",D&#:&,+("-$&#IP/0EMNS IG *IG3V/! CIGEQO/? UE>ZE3IG3L//S I?U/OMNS QO/? SIQNONGM>/2GMOINP4gIYN
MOESIMI/GE0ONPMOI>MI/G NGS/G2>0NEPNP" ?#- (! 6-
)
! T#S(! 6%")(EGS 17& (LNONEUU0INS M/SI3NPMMCNcfUO/S2>MP/Q
(+& ON3I/G QO/?PIG30NGN?EM/SN/QSIQNONGMIP/0EMNP4(MIPQIOPMONU/OMNS MCEMMCNONEON= SIQNONGMUEMNOGPEQMNO?#- (
SI3NPMI/G! LCI>C ?ETVN>E2PNS QO/?9*,PNJ2NG>NCNMNO/3NGNIMTIG (+& ON3I/G4(+&Xfg-c?NMC/S IPEG NQI>INGM
EPPIPMEGM?NMC/S Q/O3&+#-SD7",D&#ISNGMIQI>EMI/G! EGS >EG VN2PNS Q/OEGE0T[IG3IGMOEPUN>IQI>SIQNONGM3N/3OEUCI>MTUNP4
K/OUC/0/3I>E0>CEOE>MNOP/Q3;:&,+("-$&#>/?UEONS LIMC PI?I0EOPUN>INP! P2>C EP3;897(SD%7&#IG>02SIG3%f& EGS
%K& Q/O?P(! 3;/(&%EGS 3;)+-&/&7"$&#! LNONE0P/SIP>2PPNS4
:$; <%4/"<3&+#-SD7",D&#:&,+("-$&## ISNGMIQI>EMI/G# (+& cfXfg-c# CNMNO/3NGNIMT
<<
¡Û»H’
3&+#-SD7",D&#:&,+("-$&#(
[7
Ã
)
•å)-a¡Û»H’
3;897(SD%7&#(
T©0
%
!
_­Ÿ‹Ûì
@%"&#(
XR¾$Áµg[°
‘÷
$
ÆÜ
!
¡Û»H’7Ã-a?¡ù¥•¦H’
3;/(&%(
§¥•¦H’
3;)+-&/&7"$&#(
ÎT©0
%
8OEEP>C $-74! #$$!(!
ûb7Ã)céLVîÔ
ä^[¾g
8OEEP>C! #$$"#
d*Î
! #$$" ($
8OEEP>C%;;%(
8é7Ã)›RF•å)Ît²[
óõ
!
¢å¡Û»H’Ru
#
¶ŒaÐ
"
KKÐ
NEPM,PIEG MTUN(
e5]Ð
)2O/UNEG MTUN($
ƕ
ÁLÂ)p[>?u¹Þ¬µC
:CNG3$-74!
#$$=# (LEC/OI$-74! #$$!# tONZ $-74! #$$A#
82O3NO?NIPMNO$-74! #$$7# #$$;(!
¬A‰ŠÞ¡Û
»H’[¾gVé
$
¾~3½²@ÁcÍ-K¡Û»H’
#
¶Œa
пô[óõ
!
_¿\p>?LQ5]СۻH
’[
(+& cfXfg-c
!ޘZ5V
$
uŽ~Á>¹
šº‹PH’îÔä^¾g
!
QåvwBCō
$
%<
»¼¡tu
=D=>
W˜·O
AnH’zur+ Ybî/Wö[!=R„
A<
!
À3Ax
%$
& ( )
!"
"
<
2
=>
¯csB°±sc2W˜·OŽ
N?&^]LY+
²ˆ’)
?"9@=>8.*$%$-#$"/#0/."-"-43(%B$"-#;B$*B7(-/+$"1-4./,"#$/"-4#2$.%N?&^]LY+B"#$%-/

*/4

+TUN
ST
fNP/2O>N
ʺô
9EMN
5õÐ
,
+TUN,
5õÐ
,p8
+TUN,p8
5õÐ
8
+TUN8
!#!8
KKÐ
)EPM,PIEG
,S
HEUEG #$$; 5%$ 5 5 5
=;7A%
KKÐ
)EPM,PIEG
33
r/ONE #$%$ 5%# 5 5 5
%"$# 5%
5]Ð
)2O/UNEG
®3
N`O?EGT #$%$ 5$!
-
5 5
%7$!;
5]Ð
)2O/UNEG
¨®º
f2PPIE #$$; 5$6
-
5
-
7;$A$
5]Ð
)2O/UNEG
¨®º
f2PPIE #$$; 5%#
-
5 5
=%=;;
5]Ð
)2O/UNEG
"=
a/0EGS #$$; 5%% 5
- -
!6$ 5%
5]Ð
)2O/UNEG
"=
a/0EGS #$%$ 5$%
- - -
$!;=%
5]Ð
)2O/UNEG
=3}+EILEG! CIGE #$%$ 5%$
- -
5
="6#!
5]Ð
)2O/UNEG
<%=
tZOEIGN #$$; 5$"
- -
5
#AA#7
5]Ð
)2O/UNEG
<%=
tZOEIGN #$$; 5%$
- -
5
7=%$6
5]Ð
)2O/UNEG
<%=
tZOEIGN #$$; 5%$
- -
5
;!7#
5]Ð
)2O/UNEG
<%=
tZOEIGN #$%$ 5$!
-
5 5
#6;$
5]Ð
)2O/UNEG
‰+m
&UEIG #$%$ 5$%
-
5 5
7!7;
5]Ð
)2O/UNEG
šO(
(POEN0 #$$; 5$A 5
- -
=DE>
pá³´
n
:NIPP,RI/(?E3NO:%
{´¸e
:NIPP,RI/E?
Kf?9
Õ©0w‹H’[º37Ãe½X-a
îÔiˆ
)
¸ü
$
=DC>N?&^]LY+

%1=1%<
Üì
9*,
VST
!
Ê!"#
$ #$%$"<
åH
’°ç
SSa
#
h
Ñh
!
ªÝûVH’°ç
#$$
,
-cf
X=
+
k
"
,
-SSa
#
h
e
%
,
-%$ ecf82QNOK3
#p
QONN(,!"7 _
Šœ
7 ?IG!5A$ _
° 
=$ ?IG!"7 _
Šœ
# ?IG!
=
cf
X=Šç
%
,
-% ?3-?-
5%
ôD
ê
r!76 _
Šœ
# C!;7 _
Šœ
%$ ?IG! %= $$$ O-
?IG
5%
„÷
cf
X
% ?IG!

9*,
6ÜA
!5#$ _
¼˜]n
$
%1=1#V
(+&
$
cf
%&
(‰›n
7$
,
-
òm3g
"SSa
#
h%;1!
,
-! %$ ecf82QNO
K3
#p
QONN( 7
,
-! #7 ??/0--
5%
K30
#
7
,
-!$1%
??/0--
5%
S*+c!
,
-! %$
,
?/0--
5%
Q—æå
g%;!
gNOIP $ -74! %;;= ( 7]5 ` +,,,,` +`
,` +`+,` 5=]( =
,
-! %$
,
?/0--
5%
—æå
7=6"O .OEIG! %;;= ( 7] 5 +++,+
` ` ++,+,,` `5=]( =
,
-!7 t-
,
-
5%
+EJ
ê
$16
,
-!
 ¢
9*,%$
,
-$
(‰¼Tu
";! _ ! ?IG# ;! _ !$ P!7# _
% ?IG!A# _ %17 ?IG!=6
¶¸õ
# A# _ " ?IG$
%1=1=MN
<
ÝQK
cf
(‰`å
"
,
-
Š
ç
$17
,
-SSa
#
h! %
,
-
¸]÷½Âê‹m
82QNO!
_RŸn
$17
,
-
[¸]÷½Âê
?#- (!6-
)
!
T#S(!6%")(!17& (
~
=A _
êÂ
= C!
ê•[
9*,
nŠç
)8
[
%17b
Iñ(òPÅó
7 .->?
5%
!7$
?IG(!
„ÜôfßQiˆÎÏvw_úí
!
º’[
(+&Xfg-c

$
#<
vw¡Rd
ED=>
s"páÕÖ
¡Û»H’
#
¾ŒaÐ[’7Ã/Sµ°
!
|’3±ä
)
q1…±ä
)
«=ªé
)
/C¡q1…
AEcéÁµg5V
!
>ÊÁjk
$
¡Û»H’
#
¾ŒaÐ[GŸ˜™®w’ÖX

"
KKÐw’ÖX:„Æ7
!
֞=¡Ö«¬Ž
ç
!
™F£y{
#
“5]Ðw’Ö:K„v7
!
֞
=¡ÖO™Fy{

!
%($
EDE>+R]
uJõ&
£qST[5]СۻH’
O9*,X(+&

cf
(‰•
!
fTvw{,(‰`åzuM
;#7 VU
[;Í
$
KKСۻH’Mu
;#$ VU$
EDC>+R]^]LY+
õ&›(—
an‹¥•¦H’ÀÁ¾Ÿ2n[
7
¾¸]÷
½Âê
?#-

!6-
)
!T#S

)6%")
e
17&

!
‹Y
¶ST[KKÐe5]СۻH’
O9*,X(+&
G
[
cf
(‰`åîÔêÂRd
!

=
¾êÂ!Þ

!
#($ =
¾êÂ!ÞGŸZ~
?#- (
êÂ`å±
äóõ
!
RŸu
"!
V

5õÐ
,()=
V

5õÐ
8()
7
V

5õÐ
,p8(
x
#($
§=5õÐ
,
¡
82O3NO?NIPMNO
Î
#$$;(
vwµ°
$
,^‹£qST5]СۻH’îÔêÂ>
?
!
Y`gH’<¦[5õÐêÂ!ÞAx
#$
Î
!6$ 5%
<¦Þ%X
=
¾5õÐêÂ!ÞÜ
!
§?/

%
¦
#
¾êÂ!Þ

x
%($
hÉ{,
"
<¦5
õÐ
,
êÂ!ÞNϱÂÕ
$
šð[>?±Âa
n±lH’2u
9*,
ST
!
£ŸxQ@û¶H’
!%%
"
# ìbyÎ
"
KKÐe5]СۻH’[7Ã)e
(+& cfXfg-c
¾g
9*,
T([´äóõ
!
¸ÆÁÂ<¦5õÐ
,
ê !Þ[vw
$
!
%<
KKÐe5]СۻH’w’ÖX

ã¥
i%$
,
?(
gI34%<)EPM,PIEG EGS )2O/UNEG MTUN/Q3;:&,+("-$&#QN?E0NMEI0P&>E0NVEOPi%$
,
?(
,59"
KKÐ
)EPM,PIEG MTUN# )5a"
5]Ð
)2O/UNEG MTUN4
!
#<
KKСۻH’e5]СۻH’
=
¾5õÐ
(+&Xfg-c

gI34#<(+&Xfg-c/QNEPM,PIEG EGS )2O/UNEG MTUN/Q3;:&,+("-$&#
E4
KKСۻH’
)EPM,PIEG MTUN82O3NO?NIPMNO$-74! #$$;(# V4
5õÐ
,+TUN,# >4
5õÐ
,p8+TUN,p8# S4
5õÐ
8+TUN8# K" KEOZNO%$$ VU 0ESSNO(# %"
u@êÂ[
(+&
G
cf

O*9,E?U0I>EMI/GUO/S2>M# # 56" fPE

!
6-
)
!T#S(!6%")(
e
17& (7
¾¸]÷½Âê[êÂ`å
9I3NPMI/G UO/S2>MP/VMEIGNS LIMC ?#-

! 6-
)
!T#S

! 6%")

! EGS 17&

$
7%%
& ( )
!"
"
<
2
E>
¯csB°±sc2W˜
8\0N?&
|
+R]^]LY+
²KæGH
!
?"9@E>8\0*%"51$-#/.a$/*%1+R]^]LY+"-",;/./*N?&%$5.-/*%8\0*%1$"/#0/."-"-4
3(%B$"-#;B$*B7(-/+$"1-4 VU

+TUN
cf

cfUO/S2>MPdVU
êÂ;Í
9*,QOE3?NGMPI[N
?#-( 6-
)
T#S

6%")

17&

KKСۻH’
;#$ !"6 6#% =77!$" 6A!
)EPM,PIEG MTUN/Q !%# #;; =$# #=# #!6
3;:&,+("-$&# %# #6= %#%
"6
!;
#!
5]СۻH’
;#7 !%=! #6=! ##A! ##
5õÐ
,MTUN,( 6#7 =76 !%# 6A"
)2O/UNEG MTUN/Q !;$! !%=! ##
5õÐ
8+TUN8( %;7 =$= #=# #!A
3;:&,+("-$&# !;$! !%=!#6=! ##A! ## %$7 #66 %#%

5õÐ
,p8+TUN,p8( "A
!;
#!
<<
! #‡
82O3NO?NIPMNO
Î
#$$;(&NNMCNONQNONG>N" 82O3NO?NIPMNO$-7;#$$;(4
<<
bšQvw­šC@
"
¿Aš5]СۻH
’Á
=
¾¸]÷½Âê
?#- (
[vw
!
®¸uP¾H
’[XRC3˜Z~(3
(+&
GÍT([õö÷o
´£zµ÷
?I>O/CNMNO/3NGNIMT( 82O3NO?NIPMNO$
-74! #$$;(!
¨qµ¾½
)
¶3ôop¶3½X
(+&
GÍZ0qr ˜Z
9*,
T([óõ
$
Z5õÐ
8
[/¹Q
!
5õÐ
,
Z
!;$ VU
[`åQÂÞµ¶
?#- (
êÂrC
!
å§RE
#6= VU
e
##A VU #
¶;
Í
#
“5õÐ
,p8
:®Ý13
!
{,qµVH’
[
cf
(‰`å=
!
ÂÕ`åQ

{,êÂ`åV
`NOUi
(
ÊÁ܋
!;$ VU
[`å[êÂrC
!
>×Õ`åQ˜ZêÂrC
$
=<
.-
2ðSLQ
3;,(+"(7&#! 3;#%"5-S(+"#%#! 3;
#8/"$-$%! 3;/(&%
¦H’˜Z
(+&

T([õö÷QR
-EG3N$-7;! #$$A# rEG[EZI$
-7;! #$$"# 82O3NO?NIPMNO$-74! #$$;(!
>@JÁ>~
5]СۻH’
(+&
GÍT([õö÷QR[B
C
$ tONZ
Î
#$$A(
·,5]СۻH’mì~
5õÐ
,p8!
>c=£ÊÁ‹Æ2îµ=Rd
!
¢
¥‘Þ
#6= VU
e
##A VU #
¶V`
$
WXPQR5E¥•¦ìH’
(+& cfX
fg-c
!Þ[M´óõ
!
>æ~¬µQRU×A
!
_
¿Š/®§=µ¾êÂvw‘Áóõ
!
¸Æ¬‹–
é
(+& cfXfg-c
!ÞîÔ¾$¾gü6ž´
$ (+&
cfXfg-c
ù®¥•¦ìH’¾g5R­–[P=
ûÍ
!
<¦ÞÇÈ[mn
$
Z7Ã)¾g
!
¡Û»H’¾¡§¥•¦H
’
)
ù¥•¦H’ݪ
$
§¥•¦H’’3A6¬

w’e’
- i==17
e
=616!
“¡Û»H’
- n
!$(!
O•Öž=Â՜•~n‹²¿´=‹²Ì
e
!
ªM
%17 @#16
,
?!
ô*ÖO˜„
!
U¡Û»H
’v

¡Û»H’Öž=ªéåze^
!
,
?(!
_
¿Â’q1…ÎO­‹=½±£y{
$
ù¥•¦H
’w’Öž=Âr~‹²
!
ª
# @!
,
?!
7ÃÂ5

øê7
)
«¬˜„
)
‹
)
t7
)
®¯7
(#
q1…±

ª
=6 @!$
,
?(!
¿=XUåì
$
¡Û»H’¡§
¥•¦H’
)
ù¥•¦H’[
(+& cfXfg-c

Á{|óõ
82O3NO?NIPMNO$-74! #$$;($
WIG3QIN0S
Î
%;"=(
BCbÂ3y¦á­e
1ºbέ[†ñ²t
1>%#>-7#-:-(
=R„¦
K
ÐÛ»H’
$
PH’7Ã-a¡5]Сۻ
H’5R&n
!
§w’AÁ¶3ŠÁy{[֞=
!
åzàu
# @=
,
?
Á>
K
ÐÛ»H’[7ÃeR
F-a¨Zîµ=>?
(!
“5]СۻH’[
åzàµÄe^
!
,
?$
>>?xy
K
ÐÛ»H’
[
(+& cfXfg-c
!Þ¡Û»H’%µ°
-I$
-74! #$$;($
Û»H’w’ô*ÁÁ5Á֞=
!
掜e
^
#
,
?!
>˜ZµP-ú‹f
$ 8OEEP>C
Î
%;;6(
BCµ¾„Ö7[Û»H’
t&%7
`g
(
&¾¦¦
!=Û
@%"&##97C#$+%#(
þ3Q•
!=
¶%•b½3
QR„¦[w’=
!=7b
:„Ö7
!"b
Ö:Æ7
!
!$b
Áv֞=

M
%
,
?(!
“
%Ab
Á{|[֞
=
!
ªá
! @7
,
?$
bcLÎ
#$$7(
ÁBCµ¾„
Ö7Û»H’&¾¦ÕÛ
@%"&#$->&7-)(+:%#(
Q
•
!
b—½QR„¦[w’=
"7b
ÀÁ֞=

P
cÊÁý@À3Õé
($

#$$A(
ÁBCb§
br+$ÖÛ
@;:-#("%-"-(
=R„¦µ¾Û»

!
§w’Öž=åzàá
%1A
,
?!
4ªá
#1;
,
?!
>Íð)*8°
3($+9$%#,%"+-(
ž@•
!
6%%
"
# ìbyÎ
"
KKÐe5]СۻH’[7Ã)e
(+& cfXfg-c
¾g
AÁ[w’Öž=z1î
$
ÆÜ
!
hˆÎ
%;;7(
BC
%
¾Šõ±[Û»H
’`gZ¡­ÂU8
@#$-7($%(S#%#PU4(
Qž@•
!
!!b
:„Ö7
!==b
Á£¦
%
,
?
[֞=
! #=b
Ö
ž=á
%1!6 @=1!%
,
?$
WXÛ»H’w’Ö7Â5
!
>
f
ÐÛ»H’
w’=àÁµP¶3®„Ö7[
$
æÆ­A
!
>~
Û»H’
)
¡Û»H’›§n%¾[7þg5R
UV
$
S>?xy
"(+& cfXfg-c
tu®5R­–
[P=ûÍ
!
v17Ã)¾gtu
!
­ÁÆGR¡Û
»H’›§n%¾
!
_¿?­ä^GR¾½£qŒ

!
u¡Û»H’[¾gÜ`Þ­––é
$
X Y + ,
h
<
ˆ
!
_Æ4
4%;;74
Û»H’e¡Û»H’Â’q1¥7‹[
U
4
&()>?
!"#("##= 5##74
ìby
!
̀˜
4#$%$4
r+ Yö—ʺ±´¥•¦H’
4
dåô
¤
! #!=("=# 5=64
d
<
*
!
æ
<
G
!
dܲ
!
Î
4#$$"4
Û»H’¾gtu[>?¡
U
4
LJ±))B
"
€„()‰
!!%7("!= 5!;4
bcL
!
_Æ4
4#$$74
Û»H’w’ÖX7Ãe ˜[>g
4
&
()>?
! %"=("=6# 5=6=4

<
4
!
̀˜
!

<
H
!
Î
4#$$A4
r+$ÖÛ=Û»H’7Ã5
õ>?
4
§b&(8
! #A=("=" 5!$!!!4
8OEEP>C a4%;;%4)OPMNO*E>CLNIPY/G 3&+#-SD7",D&#:&,+("-$&#
KE?ITE2GS )GSE! %;A; IG SNO99O2GS PNIG ./OZ/??NG IG
a/0[I?U/OMNG E2PSNOtS&&fGNVPM)O3G[2G3NG [2O8NP>CONIV2G3
SINPNO,OM4,O>CIYQ€OcCTM/UEMC/0/3IN2GS cQ0EG[NGP>C2M[! #A=("
#$; 5#%"4
8OEEP>C a4%;;64cEMC/3NGIMMPMNPMP?IM3&+#-SD7",D&#:&,+("-$&#EG
rINQNOG2GS gI>CMNGP?0IG3NG IG 9N2MP>C0EGS4)2O/UNEG H/2OGE0/Q
g/ONPMcEMC/0/3T! #6!(" #$7 5#%64
8OEEP>C a! 2` H! 82O3NO?NIPMNOW! $-74#$$!43&+#-SD7",D&#/(&%
PU4G4*N?EM/SE" cEOEPIMEUCN0NG>CISEN( IG UE>ZE3IG3L//S QO/?
+EILEG EGS &/2MC r/ONE*EGNLPUN>INP/QMCN897(SD%7O/2U4
f2PPIEG H/2OGE0/Q*N?EM/0/3T! %##(" %; 5#A4
8OEEP>C a4#$$"4+CNNG0EO3N?NGM/QMCN897(SD%7O/2U IG MCN3NG2P
3&+#-SD7",DK/MEK K! .INIOEc
&
cIGNWI0M9IPNEPN" ,
L/O0SLISN+CONEMM/g/ONPMN>/PTPMN?P4&UOIG3NO&>ING>Np82PIGNPP
<<
KNSIE8.! %=; 5%!;4
82O3NO?NIPMNOW! KNM3Nr! 8OEEP>C a! $-74#$$74(+&Xfg-cUEMNOGP
Q/OSIQNONGMIEMI/G /Q#6 3&+#-SD7",D&#PUN>INP *N?EM/SE"
cEOEPIMEUCN0NG>CISEN( EGS /VPNOYEMI/GP/G MCNIO SIPMOIV2MI/G4
f2PPIEG H/2OGE0/Q*N?EM/0/3T! %=%(" #; 5!#4
82O3NO?NIPMNOW! 8OEEP>C a! KNM3Nr! $-74#$$;4(+&Xfg-c
EGE0TPIP! EG NQI>INGMM//0Q/OSIQNONGMIEMI/G /Q3&+#-SD7",D&#
PUN>INP4*N?EM/0/3T! %%7(" 6!; 566"4
gNOIP. f! gNOIPHK! gE3CICIH4%;;=4.EOIEMI/G IG PUE>NO
OIV/P/?E09*, IG P/?N>TPMXQ/O?IG3PUN>INP/QU0EGMUEOEPIMI>
GN?EM/SNP4g2GSE?NGME0EGS ,UU0INS *N?EM/0/3T! %6 #(" %AA
5%"!4
(LEC/OIa! rEG[EZI*! g2MEIr4#$$!43&+#-SD7",D΁(SD%7&#EGS
3;:&,+("-$&#IG HEUEG" LCNONEONMCNTQO/?6 *N?EM/0/3T
K/G/3OEUCP|cNOPUN>MIYNP! #" A;= 5"$=4
rEG[EZI*! ,IZELE+! KENCEOE*! $-74#$$"43&+#-SD7",D&#/(&%
8OEEP>C! 2`! 82O3NO?NIPMNO| :CEG3! #$$7 ,UCN0NG>CISE"
cEOEPIMEUCN0NG>CISEN(! EG EPP/>IEMN/QT("(,D-:&##&>)-#,%-$&#
8EMNP/0N/UMNOE" NOE?VT>ISEN( EGS @%"&#/"#%)7(+- &INV4|
:2>>4*N?EM/0/3T! %$%(" 6; 5A"4
-EG3N! 82O3NO?NIPMNOW! KNM3Nr! $-74#$$A4cCT0/3NGNMI>EGE0TPIP
/QIP/0EMNP/QMCN3&+#-SD7",D&##8/"$-$%3O/2U 2PIG3OIV/P/?E0
IGMNO3NGI>MOEGP>OIVNS PUE>NO9*,PNJ2NG>NP4H/2OGE0/Q*N?EM/SN
K/OUC/0/3TEGS &TPMN?EMI>P! ;#(" ;7 5%$;4
-IaK! +OIGC cB! WENTNGVNO3N-!$-74#$$;4CEOE>MNOIPEMI/G /Q
3&+#-SD7",D&#PUU4(P/0EMNS QO/? UE>ZE3IG3L//S I?U/OMNS EM
*EGFIG3! CIGE4*N?EM/0/3T! %%=("=A7 5!$"4
tONZ !` IO>E&! N`OI>84#$$A4K/OUC/?NMOI>E0EGS ?/0N>20EO
>CEOE>MNOI[EMI/G /Q 3&+#-SD7",D&# PUN>INP QO/? &0/YNGIE4
aN0?IGMC/0/3IE! !!#(" =A 5!#4
.OEIG +4%;;=4fNPMOI>MI/G QOE3?NGM0NG3MC U/0T?/OUCIP?PNUEOEMNP
PUN>INP/QMCNY%SD%":- -:+%,-"O/2U4H/2OGE0/Q*N?EM/0/3T!
#7=(" =6% 5=6!4
WIG3QIN0S KH! 80EG>CNMN,! r/GS/)4%;"=4/?UEOIP/G /QMCNUIGN
L//S GN?EM/SN!3&+#-SD7",D΁(SD%7&#QO/? UIGNEGS VE0PE?
QIO4)2O/UNEG H/2OGE0/Qg/ONPMcEMC/0/3T! %=7d6(" =6$ 5=A#4
:CNG3H! &2VV/MIG & ,!aN&!$-74#$$=4K/0N>20EO>CEOE>MNOI[EMI/G /Q
P/?N,PIEG IP/0EMNP/Q3&+#-SD7",D΁(SD%7&#EGS 3;:&,+("-$&#
2PIG3cfXfg-cPEGS PNJ2NG>NP/QOIV/P/?E09*,4f2PPIEG
H/2OGE0/Q*N?EM/0/3T! %%%(" %A 5##4
!
!"#$
<
…†‡
"
A%%