全 文 :书!23" !6#
Vol.23 No.6
! " # $
ACTA AGRESTIA SINICA
2015$ 11%
Nov. 2015
犱狅犻:10.11733/j.issn.10070435.2015.06.001
!"#$%&()*+,-./01234
56789:;<=>?@AB
! "1,#$%2,&(3,) *3,+,-4
(1.&()*+*,)-,./ 01434025;2.23()45)-,23 67810016;3.23895:
;<)-
,
23 67810016;4.=><)-?@<)ABCDEFGHIJKLMNAOPQRSTU,/V100101)
CDEF
:20140717;GHEF:20141208
IJKL
:
>WXY<)Z[
“
\]^_`abcdefghijk]lmnhoDE
”(31270520);“2p^q`?rstuvwxyz
{|}~DE
”(41261064)B
MNOP
:
(1965),,./
,,,G@GH)DE,Email:wuchuchu2001@126.com; Au
thorforcorrespondence,Email:jbwang@igsnrr.ac.cn
QR
:
2p^qC`?
,
tOPt
,
¡¢£¤¥H¦w
(
§H¦e¨H¦
)
o©l
¦ª
,
hQ«¬®
(犛犪狌狊狊狌狉犲犪犽犪狋狅犮犺犪犲狋犲)l¯°±²、³´wµ¯¶·¸¹Gº»¼DE,½¾
¿À@
`Á¡ªÂÃÄÅ
。
ÆÇÈÉ
:
Q«¬®l¯°±²Ê§H¦o©ËÌÍÎ
,
iÏÅÐÑË
。
ÒiÓÔ
ÕÖ×ØÙÚÛ~k]
。
¯IJII(PSII)¯ ])ºÜݺ(ΦPSII)§H¦o©¾0%Þß(,à¯])áâ
(犖犘犙)ÑʧH¦o©(Ì(。Q«¬®F·¸l¹Gº§H¦e¨H¦o©ãäÞåæß(。
ÆÇÈÉ£¤o©¦w¡ªçh2p^q`al诰±²e·¸¹GºÝGém
。
STU
:
¿OPt
;
iÓÔÕ
;
¦w¥Ho©
;
Q«¬®
;
2p^q
VWXYZ
:Q945.11 [\]^_:A [`aZ:10070435(2015)06112907
犈犳犳犲犮狋狊狅犳犇犻犳犳犲狉犲狀狋犚犪狋犻狅狊狅犳犖犻狋狉狅犵犲狀犉狅狉犿狊狅狀犌犪狊犈狓犮犺犪狀犵犲狅犳犛犪狌狊狊狌狉犲犪
犽犪狋狅犮犺犪犲狋犲犕犪狓犻犿犪狀犱犜狅狋犪犾犅犻狅犿犪狊狊狅犳狋犺犲犆狅犿犿狌狀犻狋狔
犝狀犱犲狉狋犺犲犈狓狆犲狉犻犿犲狀狋犪犾犠犪狉犿犻狀犵
WUChu1,LUGuangxin2,DEKejia3,ZHANGMing3,WANGJunbang4
(1.ColegeofHorticulture&Gardening,YangtzeUniversity,Jingzhou,HubeiProvince434025,China;
2.AgricultureandAnimalHusbandryColege,Xining,QinghaiProvince810016,China;
3.QinghaiAcademyofAnimalandVeterinaryScience,Xining,QinghaiProvince810016,China;
4.InstituteofGeographicSciencesandNatureResourcesResearch,CAS,Beijing100094,China)
犃犫狊狋狉犪犮狋:TheQinghaiTibetPlateauistheregionwhereissensitivetotheglobalwarming.Theclimate
changesaffectalaspectsofplantsintheregionandthusaffecttheproductivityofalpinemeadow.The
opentopchamberswereusedtosimulatetheincreasingtemperature,andthefertilizerswithdifferentrati
osofnitratetoammoniumwereappliedintheplots.Thegasexchangeandchlorophylfluorescenceof
犛犪狌狊狊狌狉犲犪犽犪狋狅犮犺犪犲狋犲 Maximandtotalbiomassofthecommunityweredetermined.Theresultsshowed
thatnetphotosyntheticrateof犛.犽犪狋狅犮犺犪犲狋犲decreasedastheratiosofnitratetoammoniumincreased,but
stomatalconductanceincreased.Otherparametersofgasexchangeshowedirregularchanges.ΦPSIIreached
thepeakwhentheratioofnitratetoammoniumwas0%.Nonphotosynthesisquenchingincreasedasthe
ratiosofnitratetoammoniumincreased.Inthecommunitycontaining犛.犽犪狋狅犮犺犪犲狋犲,thetotalbiomass
reachedthepeakwhennitrateandammoniumwasequal.Altheresultssuggestedthatnitrogenfertilizers
ofdifferentratiosofnitratetoammonium mightaffectnetphotosyntheticrateof犛.犽犪狋狅犮犺犪犲狋犲andthe
communitybiomass.Nitrogenfertilizerapplicationisofsignificancetoincreaseproductivityofalpine
meadowinQinghaiTibetPlateau.
犓犲狔狑狅狉犱狊:Simulationoftemperatureincreasing;Gasexchange;Nitrogenformsratio;犛犪狌狊狊狌狉犲犪
犽犪狋狅犮犺犪犲狋犲Maxim.;TheQinghaiTibetPlateau
! " # $ !23"
^3ê(>4000m)GHIJhëìijk]
àíîï
。
2p^qðhëìijk]ßîïl?
ñò
。
ëìkólôõÍ
,
2p^qlij
ö÷×ø$ùúGûük]
[12],
ýþ?lijk
]ÿÙ!"#$
[34]。
%þ?GH&l()~
,
ijk]Å*+,|-Ql./
,
0
123
[2]、
4?
[5]
e`Á\]
[67]、^
5`Á·¸67
[8]
e
b8
[9]
lk]
、
GÝ9ÍÎ
[10]、
:;j#<
=
[11]
¶>?@ABúGk]
[12]。
1CDAi
jk]Ëü+þ?GH&lE]
[13]。
%F
,
G
HIJKL
,
òÁ´M¬NO"2p^q
[14],
P
QRS+òTGH¿UÚV
[15]。
¹Ó
,
XYWhijk]lXnðàí
YZl
。
òTJl[Ó׺·¸\GHI
J=çÍÎ
,
Ì]^òTçË
,
ýòT_lJ
1`çSa
[16],
I}
,
·¸\GHIJlÆ
bcúGd(lk]
。
òTJ1hijk
]lmne9f(UÐghHiP£¤
ijjñùlkle_lmn?ople9
,
`ghHiPqrG@e¥Hst~un
k]l&vwle9
[17]。
hëìijk
]lXnxyémæ·¸\GHIJlz{G
Ý9e|lR}~L
。
IJ(ôõÍ
,
0
v2p^q`?GÝ9°@?ém
!
¾Q
。
2p^q`?èz{GÝ9
lDE(Ðã
。
,|×)O¢
Hèz{GÝ9
,
0¯e¢²O
[18]、
LPJCN O [19]、CarnegieAmesStanford Ap
proachO[20]、GLOPEM O[21]。FÙIT
ZHOlèz{GÝ9ll
~
,
%¾è¯°±²
、
Gº¶x
|&%Ülém
,
ÌaÙºDE
л¼
。
¡
[22]
DE+¡ªh&2
3.?`a·¸G&lém
,
¢¯°¢
±²mnx£
,`
ØÙ¤¥ijsekólé
m
。
GHIJa~
,
˦ÐlDEhH+
y2p^q`Áhëìitk]lXn¶0
vèz{GÝ9!àíQ
。
§¨©
¢
¿OPtvwÍ»¼
¿¡ª
(
£¤¦w
¥Ho©
),
DEijkóKõÍ
,
2p^q
`a`Ál¯°eGºh¡ªls
eXn
,
IhHÄÅþ?95ªú«¶¬on
hëìijk]un~¡ÿÙQaS®¯
。
1 bcdef
1.1 ghijk
°T±23()-²³()C^_`?
GH I J ´ ^ M N µ » ¼
,N 33°24′30",
E97°18′00",3ê^о4270m。ij¾¶l^
q(·~ij
,
$ã¸it¾-5.6~3.8℃,$¸Î
º¾562.2mm,$Îx¹6—9%º,
»¼ë$Îl75%。°TJ¾218½,
?¾¿ÀÍlÁ{Â?
,
/ ?Ã^ýÄÐd
(
,
ã¸Äо15~20°,Å ?ÃsýÆÇãÈ,
ÉÊ6¥7ò[ËÄ
,
ã¸Äо5~10°,ÄÊ
/Ì610°,A;¶ÎÍA,È[JÏÐd
|
。
`?¾ÑÐ\]`?
,
67ÙQ«¬
®
(犛犪狌狊狊狌狉犲犪犽犪狋狅犮犺犪犲狋犲Maxim.)、ÒÓÔ(犌犲狀
狋犻犪狀犪狊狋狉犪犿犻狀犲犪 Maxim.)、Õ Ö × (犘狅犾狔犵狅狀狌犿
狏犻狏犻狆犪狉狌犿 L.)、^ 5 Ø ` (犓狅犫狉犲狊犻犪狆狔犵犿犪犲犪
Clarke.)、|ÙÚÛÜ(犘狅狋犲狀狋犻犾犾犿狌犾狋犻犳犻犱犪L.)、Ý
Þ`
(犜犺犪犾犻犮狋狉狌犿犪狇狌犻犾犲犵犻犳狅犾犻狌犿 L.‘狊犻犫犻狉犻犮狌犿’)、
ßàá
(犘狅犪spp.),âãäå`(犈犾狔犿狌狊狀狌狋犪狀狊
Griseb.)、æçè (犘犲犱犻犮狌犾犪犻狉狊spp.)、é³Ø`
(犓狅犫狉犲狊犻犪犮犪狆犻犾犾犻犳狅犾犻犪(Decne.)C.B.Clarke.)、ê
ë ì
(犛狋犻狆犪犪犾犻犲狀犪 Keng.)、í î (犗狓狔狋狉狅狆犻狊
spp.)、ï`(犆犪狉犲狓spp)、ð`(犓狅犲犾犲狉犻犪犮狉犻狊狋犪狋犪
(Linn.)Pers.)¡。
1.2 !"#$lm
¿OPt©¢>ñ@qV
(theInterna
tionalTundraExperiment,ITEX)l(the
opentopchamber,OTC)tò[23]。°Tµ
l^_`aóôOPt°T}?
,
¢õö÷
ø
。
}?ùút
(
û1)。ü¢ýþÿ
¬tl!"#$
,
È%ù&(t)
。
t^*+,¾@l}?¾h-
。
W1 no,pqr$stuW
Fig.1 DiagramoftheOpenTopChamber
0311
!6# ¡:
¿tvwÍ£¤¦w¥HohQ«¬®iÓÔÕ¶·¸Gºlém
v1 ()*+,-.w9:x?
Table1 Theratiosofdifferentnitrogenformsandappliedamount
o© Ratio/% ¢ºAppliedamount/g·m-2
N1(./0)
N1(Ammoniumsulphate)
N2(§/1)
N2(Sodiumnitrate)
N1(21.18%) N2(17%)
100 0 142 0
70 30 99.15 52.95
50 50 70.8 88.23
30 70 42.49 123.5
0 100 0 182
0 0 0 0
1.3 yzlm
°Txteh-
,
t¾@eh-=x2
Ù£¤ol¡§H¦A¨H¦2J¥H¦w6[
°T¾@
,
3[¾@34QY,536[,
2m×2m。§H¦A¨H¦lo©¶¢º0
È1F6。
1.4 5678{|}+~
iÓÔÕ©¢g78¯°¢x£9
(Li
Cor6400,LiCorInc.,Lincoln,NE,USA)No,ü
¢:;³U
(
³2cm×3cm)。©¢XY¯¾
¯C
,
<9∶00—12∶00eÍ<2∶00—4∶00
No
。
=ø³U2~3min>,?¯°¢±²@
o>ANo
。
3[No5~8BB。N
oiÓÔÕl¤Þ
,
No³´wµ¯Ö×
。
³´w
µ¯©¢78³´wµ¯9
(JuniorPAM,C>
Walz D E )N o; N o Þ,PAR ù ú ¾
190μmol·m
-2·s-1。Fµ¯Ö×l0Í:
犉狏/犉犿= (犉犿-犉0)/犉犿[24]
ΦPSII=(犉犿′-犉′)/犉犿′ [25]
狇犘 = (犉犿′-犉′)/(犉犿′-犉0′)[26]
狇犔=狇犘×犉0′/犉′[27]
犢(犖犗)=1/[犖犘犙+1+狇犔(犉犿/犉0-1)][27]
犢(犖犘犙)=1-ΦPSII-犢(犖犗)[27]
犈犜犚 =ΦPSII×犘犉犇犪×0.5[25]
IG
,犉犿:¯ IJIIHë=øÞlß(µ¯
I
;犉0:¯ IJIIHëgÞlßµ¯I;犉犿′:J
eK¿¯LÅlß(µ¯I
;犉′:JeK¿¯¾@
lµ¯I
;犉0′:JeK¿¯¾@Þlßµ¯I;
犉狏/犉犿:¯ IJIIlß(¯ºÜݺ;狇犘:¯ ])µ
¯áâI×
;狇犔:A¯IJIIéMwM=l¯]
)µ¯áâI×
;犘犉犇犪:¯ ºÜNOÐ;ΦPSII:¯
IJII¯ºÜݺ;犖犘犙 (nonphotochemical
quenching):à¯])µ¯áâ;犢(犖犗):Ò%w
PQl൯áâl¯ºÜݺ
;犢(犖犘犙):¯ RS
TeÍÎÞ൯áâl¯ºÜݺ
;犈犜犚 (elec
trontransportrate):MhUÜVW±²。
1.5 X
F©Xl×Yü¢SPSS17.0Jx£Zw¾
@
。
|Qod ANOVAlLSD[Tx£,犘 <
0.05¾!"~[Tã。
2
dX
2.1 #$%&()*+,-.wyz/567
8@AB
¿OPt¾@Í
,
£¤¦w¥Ho©¡
ªhQ«¬®liÓÔÕémf(
。
Ê\§H¦
h¨H¦lo©Ë
,¯
°±²]aÍÎ^Ã
,
Hë
¡¢¨H¦ª
(
_§H¦
/¨
H¦¾0%)eHë¡
¢§H¦ª
(
_§H¦
/¨
H¦¾100%)Å*¯°
±²`!"aê
(
û2A,犘<0.05)。§H¦o
©0%Ëæ70%,iÏÅÐØÙ!"aê,Ì
Ëæ100%Þ,iÏÅÐ!"Ë(û2B,犘<
0.05)。£¤§H¦/¨ H¦o©¡ªhbùÁc]
bdÐlémØÙÚÛ~
,
¢Hë¡¢§H¦l
vwÍ
,
bùÁc]bldÐåæß(
(
û2C),
!"^HÒo©¡ª
(犘<0.05)。
£¤¦wo©¡ªhef±²lém`ØÙÚ
Û~k]
(
û3A),̧H¦/¨ H¦o©0%
Ëæ70%Þ,ghi]jkËl^Ã,¢l
o©åæ100%Þ,hiXÌÍÎæßs,!"
sHÒo©
(
û3B,犘<0.05)。
1311
! " # $ !23"
W2 ()*+.wyz/01234(犃)、
5
(犅){犆犗2(犆)@AB
Fig.2 Effectsofdifferentratiosofnitrogenformsonnet
photosyntheticrate(A),stomatalconductance(B),
andintracelularCO2concentrations(C)
2.2 #$%&()*+,-.wyz/~
@AB
¿OPtvwÍ
,
¹Ó
,
³´wµ¯Ö
×犉,犉0,犉犿,犉0′,犉犿′ʧH¦o©ËÌË(û
4A,B)。§H¦o©x2¾30%e70%Þ,犉
IñùØÙ!"aê
,
ÒFo©ñùl犉I`
!"aê
(
û4A,犘<0.05)。m+§H¦o©
¾50%e70%ñùØÙ!"aê^(û4B),Ò
Fo©ñùl犉0 `!"aê(û4B,犘<
0.05)。%¾犉0 ð¯IJII(PSII)Xn=n¾H
HëgÞlµ¯Ýº
,
I(A³o³´wd
ÐÙ=
[28],犉0 h§H¦o©lXnÈɧH¦o
©hQ«¬®l³´wpºÝG+ém
。
§H¦
o©¾100%Þ,犉犿 !"^HÒFo©(û4
B,犘<0.05)。FÆÇÈÉ,£¤¦w¥Ho©¡ª
hITµ¯Ö×ÿÙd(lém
。
W3 ()*+.wyz/01234
(犃){(犅)@AB
Fig.3 Effectsofdifferentratiosofnitrogenforms
ontranspiration(A)andvpdL(B)
µ¯Ö×ΦPSIIe犉狏/犉犿 lk]ØÙÚÛ~,¢
ΦPSII§H¦o©¾0%Þß(,m+A100%Þl
IØÙ!"aê^
,
AÒFo©¸`!"aê
(
û5A,犘<0.05)。犈犜犚lk]^ÃAΦPSIIM¤,
aêk]`AñM¤
(
û5B)。
tvwÍ
,
£¤¦w¥Ho©¡ªhQ
«¬®lµ¯Ö×狇犘e狇犔lémØÙ]aÚ
Û~k]
(
û6A),ÌSternVolmerà¯])µ
¯áâ
(犖犘犙)ÑʧH¦lo©ËÌË(û
6B)。#2l§H¦o©¾0%,30%,50%Þ,
犖犘犙H0。¢]^2Jà¯])µ¯áâ
lIqr
,
sà¯PQlà¯])áâ
[犢(犖犗)]
(H0,tYiPʧH¦o©ËØÙ]aÚ
Û~k]
(
û6C),Ìs¯PQlà¯])áâ[犢
(犖犘犙)]§H¦£¤o©¡ªÞ,I¸H0
(
û6C)。sFsu,à¯])áâH0,seð
òJvíaw
。
2311
!6# ¡:
¿tvwÍ£¤¦w¥HohQ«¬®iÓÔÕ¶·¸Gºlém
W4 ()*+.wyz/01234
|}+~@AB
Fig.4 Effectsofdifferentratiosofnitrogenforms
onchlorophylfluorescenceparameters
W5 ()*+.wyz/01234
|}+~@AB
Fig.5 Effectsofdifferentratiosofnitrogen
formsonchlorophylfluorescenceparameters
W6 ()*+.wyz/01234
|}+~@AB
Fig.6 Effectsofdifferentratiosofnitrogenforms
onchlorophylfluorescenceparameters
2.3 #$%&()*+,-.wyz/012
34;<=>?@AB
tvwÍ£¤¦wo©¡ªhá§<G
ºlémØÙÉ!lÚÛ~
,
Ìhx`<l
émÑðü]ÍÎ^Ã
(
û7A)。¹GºeZ
`Gº§H¦o©¾50%Þåæß(。
§H¦o©¾50%Þ,Z`Gºåæß^,A
Ò¾@aê!"
(
û7B,犘<0.05),̹GºA
Ò¦wo©lGºy!"aê
(
û7B)。s
û7Asu,21Jh£¤¦wo©lXn£¤,
á§<o©¾30%Þåß(,Ìx`Ñ50%Þ
åß(
。
sHá§<¼zÃ
,
ÌÅ*¹Gº
50%Þåß(,Fo©ÍZ`lGº`åß(。
3311
! " # $ !23"
{ÆÇÈÉ
,
¿OPtvwÍ¡ªs
Ë`?l¹Gº
,
̧H¦e¨H¦¡o©¡
¢¾ß|
。
W7 ()*+.wyz/01234
;<=>?@AB
Fig.7 Effectsofdifferentratiosofnitrogen
formsonthecommunitybiomass
3
£¤h¦w¥HÿÙòolÌ|~,òT
Ì|¨H¦
[2930],
Ì]òTÑÌ|§H
¦
[3132],
%F
,
£¤¦w¥Hl¦ªo©çém
h§H¦e¨H¦lcd
,
ß}ém¯°¢¶G
ºl
。
IJaw`SaQ«¬®
。
Ê
\§H¦~°¦w=lo©Ë
,
诰±²
jkÍÎ
,
IÈÉQ«¬®Ì|¨H¦
。
IÄ
Slð
,`
a`Á£¡¢,ª)
,
¯°±²AH
ë¡¢¨H¦ªy!"aê
,
ÌAHë¡¢§H¦
ªaê!"
。
IÈɧ°TFü¢l¨H¦ª×º
£k`Áª9~L
,
̧H¦lËÑé
mæQ«¬®l¯°±²
。
Hë¡¢§H¦ªlKLÍ
,
iÏÅÐl!
"ËØÙÅ*¯°±²lË
,
IÈÉHë
¡¢§H¦ªlKLÍ
,
iÏÅÐË£
kQ«¬®l¯°~L
。
SaIJKL
,
seð
%¾Hë¡¢§H¦émæ+1,5Á/
]
/
ËclG°7
。
¢»òG@G
]°TS
。
§H¦o©¾100%Þ,bùÁc]bdÐ
åæß(
,
ÌFÞ¯°±²ßs
,
IÈÉHëÃ
§H¦lvwÍ
,
Ác]bbùl¬+
¯°¢
。
SaIJKL
,
seð§H¦lÃé
m+Q«¬®h¦lcd
,`
seémæ+b/
(carbonicanhydrase)lC~\׺,%
¾b/Ác]bl]¢
,
³´Ób/
hHCO2 æ1,5Á/
]/Ë
cð=Ql
[33]。
od¯°±²Ahi
lk]^Ã
,
£rS£¤¦w¥Ho©¡ªv
wÍ
,
hi£ðém¯°±²lQ%Ü
。
¦ª¡¢hQ«¬®liÓÔÕÝG+é
m
,`
çh·¸=ÒliÓÔÕÝGém
,
ÌémæÈ[·¸lGºl
。
%F
,
§
H¦e¨H¦¡o©lKLÍ
,
·¸¹Gº
¶Z`Gº¸åæß(
,
¤Þx`<lG
º`åæß(
。
4
¿OPtvwÍ,§H¦~°¦ª=
lo©ËçÅ*Q«¬®¯°¢±²ÍÎ
,
ef±²Îs
,¯
e¢²Â^
;
·¸ã
,
á
§<§H¦
/¨
H¦¾30%Þåß(,Ìx`Ñ
¦wo©¾50%Þåß(。sHDEá§<
¼zÃ
,
ÌÅ*¹Gº¦wo©¾50%Þåß
(
,
Fo©ÍZ`lGº`åß(
。
ÆÇÉ
Ë`?¹Gº¾ll`?¡ªÀ@=
,
§
H¦e¨H¦¡o©¡¢¾ß
。
[[1] YuC,ZhangY,ClausH,犲狋犪犾.Ecologicalandenvironmental
issuesfacedbyadevelopingTibet[J].EnvironmentalScience
andTechnology,2012,46(4):19791980
[2] BaiL,Cirendunzhu,Pengcuociren,犲狋犪犾.RapidwarminginTi
bet,China:publicperception,responseandcopingresources
inurbanLhasa[J/OL].EnvironHealth,2013,12(1):71.doi:
10.1186/1476069X1271
[3] YuH,XuJ,OkutoE,犲狋犪犾.Seasonalresponseofgrasslandsto
climatechangeontheTibetanPlateau[J/OL].PLoSOne,
2012,7(11):e49230.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0049230
[4] HaoZ,JuQ,JiangW,犲狋犪犾.CharacteristicsandScenariosProjec
tionofClimateChangeontheTibetanPlateau[J/OL].TheScien
4311
!6# ¡:
¿tvwÍ£¤¦w¥HohQ«¬®iÓÔÕ¶·¸Gºlém
tificWorldJournal,2013,129793.doi:10.1155/2013/129793
[5] GaoJ,LiXL,CheungA,犲狋犪犾.Degradationofwetlandsonthe
QinghaiTibetPlateau:Acomparisonoftheeffectivenessof
threeindicators[J].JournalofMountainScience,2013,10(4):
658667
[6] HarrisRB.RangelanddegradationontheQinghaiTibetan
plateau:Areviewoftheevidenceofitsmagnitudeandcauses
[J].JournalofAridEnvironments,2010,74(1):112
[7] WenL,DongS,LiY,犲狋犪犾.Effectofdegradationintensityon
grasslandecosystemservicesinthealpineregionofQinghai
Tibetan Plateau,China[J/OL].PLOS One,2013,8(3):
e58432.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0058432
[8] YangZ,GuoH,ZhangJ,犲狋犪犾.Stochasticanddeterministic
processestogetherdeterminealpinemeadowplantcommunity
compositionontheTibetanPlateau[J].Oecologia,2013,171
(4):495504
[9] WenL,DongS,LiY,犲狋犪犾.Theimpactoflanddegradationon
theCpoolsinalpinegrasslandsoftheQinghaiTibetPlateau
[J].PlantSoil,2013,368(12):329340
[10]LiuY,MuJ,NiklasKJ,犲狋犪犾.Globalwarmingreducesplant
reproductiveoutputfortemperatemultiinflorescencespecies
ontheTibetanplateau[J].NewPhytology,2012,195(2):427
436
[11]YuH,LuedelingE,XuJ.Winterandspringwarmingresultin
delayedspringphenologyontheTibetanPlateau[J].Proceed
ingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesoftheUnitedStates
ofAmerica,2010,07(51):2215122156
[12]ChenG,WuT.Responsesofpermafrosttoclimatechangeand
theirenvironmentalsignificance,QinghaiTibetPlateau[J/
OL].JournalofGeophysicalResearch:EarthSurface,2007,
112:F02S03.doi:10.1029/2006JF000631
[13]DuM,KawashimaS,YonemuraS,犲狋犪犾.Mutualinfluencebe
tweenhumanactivitiesandclimatechangeintheTibetanPlat
eauduringrecentyears[J].GlobalandPlanetaryChange,
2004,41(34):241249
[14]XinH.China'senvironmentalchalenges.Agreenfervorsweeps
theQinghaiTibetanPlateau[J].Science,2008,321(5889):663
665
[15]WangH,ZhouX,WanC,犲狋犪犾.Ecoenvironmentaldegradation
inthenortheasternmarginoftheQinghaiTibetanPlateauand
comprehensiveecologicalprotectionplanning[J].Environmen
talGeology,2008,55(5):11351147
[16]ChenXW,ZhangXS,LiBL.Thepossibleresponseoflife
zonesinChinaunderglobalclimatechange[J].Globaland
PlanetaryChange,2003,38(34):327337
[17]MenzelA,SparksTH,EstrelaN,犲狋犪犾.Europeanphonologi
calresponsetoclimatechangematchesthewarmingpattern
[J].GlobalChangeBiology,2006,12(10):19691976
[18]GaoY,ZhouX,WangQ,犲狋犪犾.Vegetationnetprimaryproduc
tivityanditsresponsetoclimatechangeduring20012008in
theTibetanPlateau[J].ScienceofTotalEnvironment,2013,
444:356362
[19]ZhaoD,WuS,YinY.Responsesofterrestrialecosystems'net
primaryproductivitytofutureregionalclimatechangeinChina
[J/OL].PLOSOne,2013,8(4):e60849.doi:10.1371/jour
nal.pone.0060849
[20]GaoQZ,WanYF,LiYE,犲狋犪犾.Grasslandnetprimarypro
ductivityanditsspatiotemporaldistributioninnorthernTibet:
astudywithCASAmodel[J].ChineseJournalAppliedEcolo
gy,2007,18(11):25262532
[21]FanJW,ShaoQQ,LiuJY,犲狋犪犾.Assessmentofeffectsofcli
matechangeandgrazingactivityongrasslandyieldinthe
ThreeRiversHeadwatersRegionofQinghaiTibetPlateau,
China[J].EnvironmentalMonitoringandAssessment,2010,
70(14):571584
[22] ,¯_,ë,¡.¡ªh&23.?`a·¸G
&lém
[J].`?),2014,22(3):488493
[23]HenryGHR,MolauU.Tundraplantsandclimatechange:
theInternationalTundraExperiment (ITEX)[J].Global
ChangeBiology,1997,3(Suppl.1):19
[24]KitajimaM,ButlerW L.Quenchingofchlorophylfluores
cenceandprimaryphotochemistryinchloroplastsbydibromo
thymoquinone[J].BiochimicaetBiophysicaActa,1975,376
(1):105115
[25]GentyB,BriantaisJM,BakerNR.Therelationshipbetween
thequantum yieldofphotosyntheticelectrontransportand
quenchingofchlorophylfluorescence[J].BiochimicaetBio
physicaActa,1989,990(1):8792
[26]SchreiberU,SchliwaU,BilgerW.Continuousrecordingof
photochemicalandnonphotochemicalchlorophylfluorescence
quenchingwithanewtypeofmodulationfluorometer[J].
PhotosynthesisResearch,1986,10(1):5162
[27]KramerD M,JohnsonG,KiratsO,犲狋犪犾.Newfluorescence
parametersforthedeterminationofQAredoxstateandexcita
tionfluxes[J].PhotosynthesisResearch,2004,79(2):209218
[28] .³´wµ¯D9)Ö×l®¯¶¡¢[J].)
,1999,16(4):444448
[29]BoxmanA W,RoelofsJG M.Someeffectsofnitrateversus
ammoniumnutritiononthenutrientfluxesin犘犻狀狌狊狊狔犾狏犲狊狋狉犻狊
seedlings.Effectsofmycorrhizalinfection[J].CanadianJour
nalofBotany,1988,66(6):10911097
[30]BassiriradH,GriffinKL,ReynoldsJF,犲狋犪犾.Changesin
rootNH+4 andNO3absorptionratesofloblolyandpondero
sapineinresponsetoCO2enrichment[J].PlantandSoil,
1997,190(1):19
[31]SchererH W,MacKownCT.Drymatteraccumulation,up
takeandchemicalcompositionoftobaccogrownwithdifferent
NsourcesattwolevelsofK[J].JournalofPlantNutrtion,
1987,10(1):1014
[32]MarshnerH.Mineralnutritionofhigherplants[M].New
York:AcademicPress,1990:211
[33]SunderhausS,DudkinaN V,JnschL,犲狋犪犾.Carbonicanhy
drasesubunitsformamatrixexposeddomainattachedtothe
membranearmofmitochondrialcomplexIinplants[J].Jour
nalofBiologicalChemistry,2006,281(10):64826488
(
%&( )*+)
5311