全 文 ：武汉植物学研究 2000, 18 (3) : 237～ 243
J ourna l of W uhan B otan ica l Resea rch
中国悬钩子属植物的利用价值概述Ξ
李维林　贺善安　顾　姻
(江苏省中国科学院南京中山植物园　南京　210014)
提　要　主要报道中国悬钩子属植物作为果树种质资源和药用植物的利用价值及果实色素
和香味成分的利用潜力。经过十余年的调查、引种栽培和观测评价, 发现一些种类可以作为野
生小果类果树直接利用, 其中 23 种 4 变种是悬钩子类果树选育种的优良种质。据文献记载和
民间调查发现, 45 种 4 变种悬钩子植物可以作为中草药治疗多种疾病。对灰白毛莓、高粱泡、
蓬、掌叶复盆子和黑莓果实色素的研究结果表明: 悬钩子果实色素以醇提法为佳, 水提法效
果较差; 其主要是矢车菊色素、天竺葵色素、飞燕草色素及糖苷等花色素类物质, 其中紫红—
紫黑类果实中以矢车菊色素及糖苷为主, 兼含少量飞燕草色素及糖苷; 橙红—红色类果实中
以天竺葵色素、飞燕草色素及糖苷为主; 作者认为灰白毛莓和高粱泡果实的色素提取物色泽
和稳定性较好, 值得进一步研究和开发利用。另外, 悬钩子类果实中还含有一些黄酮类物质,
值得开发。运用 GCöM C 技术分别从蓬　、高粱泡、掌叶复盆子和黑莓果实中鉴定了 83、21、
29、51 个香味成分。综合分析表明: 甲氧基次乙基乙酸酯、乙酸乙酯、甲酸乙酯、Α2蒎烯、Β2蒎
烯、莰烯及桧烯、柠檬烯、对伞花烃、芳樟醇、萜品醇类等化合物是 4 种悬钩子类果实的主要香
味成分。作者认为, 通过研究挥发性成分可以为抗病抗虫育种及提高果实品质提供线索。
关键词　悬钩子, 果树种质资源, 药用价值, 色素, 香味
中图分类号: Q 949. 95　文献标识码: A 　文章编号: 10002470X (2000) 0320237207
AN OUTL INE ON THE UT IL IZAT ION VAL UE
OF CH INESE BRAM BL E (RUBUS L. )
L iW eilin　H e Shan’an　Gu Y in
(N anj ing B otan ica l Gard en,M em. S un Y a t2sen J iang su P rov ince and
T he Ch inese A cad emy of S ciences　N anjing 210014, P. R. Ch ina)
Abstract　T he utilizat ion value of R ubus p lan ts as fru it germp lasm resources and m edicinal
p lan t, and u tilizat ion po ten tia l of p igm ent and flavo r constituen ts in the fru it is repo rted in
th is paper. A cco rding to the studies on ho rt icu ltu ral purpo se, 23 species and 4 variet ies are
considered as excellen t resources fo r breeding of raspberry and b lackberry. Som e species w ith
h igh fru it quality and vast reserves can be used directly fo r fresh m arket o r p roccessing.
Fo rty2five species and 4 variet ies are used as m edicinal p lan ts fo r mo re than 40 diseases.
Invest igation on the physical and chem ical p ropert ies, stab ilit ies and componen ts of theΞ 收稿日: 1999203211, 修回日: 1999207206。第一作者: 男, 1966 年 11 月出生, 博士, 副研究员, 主要从事植物引种驯化和资源植物开发利用等研究工作。国家自然科学基金赞助项目。
p igm ents ex tracted from the fru its of R. tep h rod es H ance, R. lam bertianus Ser. , R. h irsu tus
T hunb. and cu lt ivated b lackberry reveals that the p igm ents in bram ble fru it can be ex tracted
mo re readily w ith alcoho l than w ith w ater. T heir an thocyan idins including cyan idin,
pelargon idin, delph in idin as w ell as their glyco sides are the p rincipal p igm ents in the fru its of
b ram ble, of w h ich, cyan idin, delph in idin and their glyco sides are the m ain p igm ents in purp le
red- purp le b lack co lo red fru its w hereas cyan idin, pelargon idin and their glyco sides are the
m ain p igm ents in o range red - brigh t red co lo red fru its. Som e flavono ids ex ist in bram ble
fru its a lso. R. tep h rod es H ance and R. lam bertianus Ser. be considered good natu ral resources
of edib le p igm ents because of the good co lo r and stab ility. T heir an thocyan idins study on the
flavo r in fru it resu lted that 83, 21, 29 and 51 flavo rous componen ts have been iden tified from
the fru its of R. h irsu tus T hunb. , R. ch ing ii H u, R. lam bertianus Ser. and cu lt ivated b lackberry
by GC2M C respectively, among them , m ethoxy, sec2ethyl aceta te, ethyl aceta te, ethyl
fo rm ate, Α2p inene, Β2p inene, camphene, jun ipene, limonene, p2cym ene, linaloo l and terp ino l are
regarded as the key flavo rous componen ts causing the pecu liar sm ell and taste in the fru its of
b ram ble.
Key words　B ram ble (R ubus L. ) , F ru it germp lasm resources, M edicinal value, P igm ent,
F lavo r
W ith 202 species and 92 variet ies to ta lly 294 taxa distribu ted in 27 p rovinces and districts, Ch ina is
excep tionally rich in R ubus species and is considered to be a m ajo r cen ter of diversity fo r th is genus〔1～ 4〕.
T he h isto ry of using R ubus p lan ts as m edicines is mo re than 2000 years. How ever, as ho rt icu ltu ral
p lan ta t ions o r genetic resources fo r breeding, in Ch ina, R ubus p lan ts have been used very lit t le, though
tradit ionally peop le have co llected the fru its of these abundan t w ild R ubus species fo r personal use such
as fresh fru it. T h is paper review s the m edical value of Ch inese R ubus and repo rts the resu lts of studies
on Ch inese R ubus fo r ho rt icu ltu ral and industria l purpo ses.
1　M ed ic ina l va lue of R ubus plan ts
B ram bles have a long h isto ry in Ch inese tradit ional m edicines. T he ancien t classical m edicinal w o rk s
such as S hennong B encao J ing , B encao Gangm u , M ingy i B ielu and recen t pub licat ions reco rded m any
species of R ubus fo r their m edical value. In Ch inese tradit ional m edicines, FU PEN Z I, the unripe fru its of
R. ch ing ii H u o r R. coreanusM iq. has been commonly know n to be used in p rescrip t ions to invigo rate the
liver and k idney, p reserve essence and imp rove visual acu ity. To mo st of m edicinal b ram ble, their roo ts
and shoo ts are often used, som etim es the w ho le p lan ts are used such as R. x an thocarp us Bureau et
F ranch. T he pharm aco logical effects of mo st Ch inese tradit ional m edicines from bram ble are to
invigo rate k idney, relieve noctu rnal em ission, astringe, stop b leeding, an ti2inflamm ato ry and an ti2
bacteria l due to their rich tann in con ten t. A cco rding to our know ledge from local peop le and the reco rds
in ancien t and recen t classical m edical w o rk s〔4～ 10〕, mo re than 45 species and 4 variet ies of R ubus p lan ts
w ere used as Ch inese tradit ional m edicines against mo re than 40 diseases such as frequen t m ictu rit ion,
enuresis, em ission, impo rtence, so reness of the lo in, scrofu la, ep istax is, hemop tysis, m etro rrhagia,
hepatit is, carbuncle, b lu rring of vision and so on. Som e of them have been p roduced as p repared
m edicines including in jections. T hese species and variet ies are R. ch ing ii H u, R. p a lm atus T hunb. , R.
id aeop sis Focke, R. coreanus M iq. , R. corchorif olius L. , R. p arv if olius L. , R. m u ltibractea tus L évl. et
V an t. , R. p arkeri H ance, R. corch inch inensis T ratt. , R. tep h rod es H ance, R. siebold ii B lum e, R.
x an thocarp us Bureau. et F ranch. , R. irenaeus Focke, R. p inf aensis L évl. et V an t. , R. innom ina tus S.
M oo re var. kun tz eanus (H em sl. ) Bailey, R. am p h id asy s Focke, R. innom ina tus S. M oo re, R. m allod es
832 武 汉 植 物 学 研 究　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　第 18 卷　　
Focke, R. p elta tus M axim. , R. p ung ens Cam b. , R. am abilis Focke, R. d elavay i F ranch. , R. rosaef olius
Sm ith, R. ellip ticus Sm ith, R. ellip ticus Sm ith var. obcord a tus (F ranch. ) Focke, R. buerg eri M iq. , R.
lam bertianus Ser. , R. lam bertianus Ser. var. g laber H em sl. , R. p hoen icollasius M axim , R. euca lyp tus
Focke, R. sum atranus M iq. , R. h irsu tus T hunb. , R. p irif olius Sm ith, R. ichang ensis H em sl. , R.
a lceaef olius Po ir. , R. setchuenensis Bureau. et F ranch. , R. ref lex us Ker. , R. p ectinellus M axim , R.
trian thus Focke, R. hastif olius L évl. et V an t. , R. cra taeg if olius Bge. , R. d oy onensis H and. 2M azz. , R.
f ed d ei L évl. et V an t. , R. id aeus L. , R. leuan thus H ance, R. blin ii L évl. and R. p ung ens Cam b. var.
old ham ii (M iq. )M axim. In our recen t research〔6, 11～ 15〕, som e w ild germp lasm s have been found ex trem ely
rich in SOD (superox ide dism utase) , vitam in E and m ineral elem ents Se, Zn and Fe in their fru its and
leaves, w h ich have clo se bearing on tomo r, senescence and imm unity diseases. Som e species have been
considered to be effective fo r esophageal cancer, a common disease in Ch ina. So it is sign ifican t to
research, develop and u tilize Ch inese m edical b ram ble w ith modern m edical and pharm aceu tical
techn iques.
2　Prom ising Ch inese R ubus taxa for horticulture
W ith rich reserves and w ide variab ility, the Ch inese bram bles p rovide an abundan t source of
p reviously un tapped germp lasm fo r breeders. Studies on w ild R ubus germp lasm s in Ch ina have being
carried ou t since 1989 in N anjing Bo tan ical Garden. Som e ach ievem ents have been ob tained by the
au tho rs and o thers. Based on the field investigations, co llect ions, in troductions and evaluations of w ild
species carried ou t in the past 10 years〔3, 4, 11～ 26〕, tw en ty2seven species o r types have been iden tified to be
excellen t germp lasm resources fo r raspberry and b lackberry selection and breeding because of their
advan tages such as resistance to pests and diseases, to lerance to low and h igh temperatu res,
adap tab ility, good p lan t hab it and fru it quality (T ab le 1).
T he fru its of mo st R ubus species in Ch ina are edib le. T he determ ination of nu trien ts show ed that
the con ten ts of p ro tein, am ino2acids, o rgan ic2acids and m ineral elem ents in the fru its are very rich and
part icu larly the con ten ts of V E and SOD are rem arkab ly h igher than tho se of o thers cu lt ivated fru its and
w ild fru its〔6, 12～ 16, 18, 19, 22～ 27〕. T hese species have h igh value to be u tilized directly as sm all fru its. T he w ild
fru its of R. x an thocarp us Bureau. et F ranch. , R. corchorif olius L. , R. coreanus M iq. , R. ch ing ii H u, R.
h irsu tus T hunb. , R. cra taeg if olius Bge. , R. bif lorus Buch. 2H am. ex Sm ith and R. ellip ticus Sm ith var.
obcord a tus (F ranch. ) Focke are excellen t fo r fresh fru its o r p rocessing because of their b ig size, good
flavo r and h igh quality.
Econom ic tra its of w ild Ch inese bram bles varied greatly〔28, 29〕. T hey are valuab le germp lasm
resources fo r breeding of raspberry and b lackberry. Som e Ch inese species have also been used in
breeding p rogram s in Europe and N o rth Am erica〔30〕. A great m ajo rity of fru its fo r mo rdern breeding
p ro jects can be found in the w ild Ch inese R ubus. R. cockbu rn ianus H em sl. , R. f loscu losus Focke, R.
tep h rod es H ance and R. coreanus M iq. have po ten tia lity fo r b reeding tow ards p roductivity. R.
x an thocarp us Bureau. et F ranch. , R. corchorif olius L. , R. coreanus M iq. , R. ch ing ii H u, R. h irsu tus
T hunb. , R. cra taeg if olius Bge. and R. bif lorus Buch. 2H am. ex Sm ith m ay be good fo r breeding tow ards
fru it quality. R. corchorif olius L , R. ch ing ii H u, R. ellip ticus Sm ith var. obcord a tus (F ranch. ) Focke and
R. linea tus R einw. are erect and tho rn2free o r tho rn less. R. coreanus M iq. , R. bif lorus Buch. 2H am. ex
Sm ith and R. P arv if olius L. are good in resistance and adap tat ion.
It is deserved to be m entioned that som e excellen t w ild bram bles cou ld be directly u tilized fo r cu lt i2
vation. R . p arv if oliusL . , R . corchorif oliusL . , R . coreanusM iq. , R . ellip ticus Sm ith var. obcord a tus
932　第 3 期　　　　　　　　　　　　李维林等: 中国悬钩子属植物的利用价值概述
Table 1　 Rubus plan ts with poten tia l breed ing capabil ities in Ch ina
T axa Po ten tial b reeding capab ility
R. f loscu losus Focke V igo r, p roductivity, resistance to pests and diseases, firm fru it
R. cockbu rn ianus H em sl. V igo r, very h igh yield via h igh fru it num bers per lateral, late2ripen ing, w in terhardiness
R. id aeus L. L arge fru it w ith good flavo r, w in ter hardiness
R. id aeus L. var. g labra tus Yüet
L u L arge fru it w ith good flavo r, w in ter hardiness, sp ine2free
R. ellip ticus Sm ith var.
obcord a tus (F ranch. ) Focke
V igo r, erect hab it, p roductivity, good quality p rimocane fru it, low ch illing
requ irem en t and adap tation to h igh temperatu re
R. bif lorus Buch. 2H am. ex
Sm ith
V igo r, self2suppo rting canes, good quality fru it w ith large size, resistance to
pests and diseases
R. am abilis Focke E rect hab it, very large size fru it, w in ter hardiness, resistance to pests anddiseases, beau tifu l flow er fo r o rnam ent
R. lu tescens F ranch. Perenn ial herb, large fru it w ith good flavo r, w in ter hardiness, p remocane2fru it ing
R. lu tescens F ranch. var.
f ru ticesus X. G. Sun
U ndersized sh rub, large fru it w ith good flavo r, w in ter hardiness, p remocane2
fru it ing
R. coreanus M iq. V igo r, resistance to pests and diseases, good adap tation
R. x an thocarp us Bureau. et
F ranch. Perenn ial herb, very good flavo r fru it w ith large size, easy p ropagation
R. sum a tranus M iq. L arge fru it and sm all seed, good flavo r, adap tation to h igh temperatu re,p roductivity, p remocane2fru it ing
R. h irsu tus T hunb. L arge fru it and sm all seed, good flavo r, arom a, p roductivity, early ripen ing,p remocane2fru it ing
R. rosaef olius Sm ith L arge fru it and sm all seed, good flavo r, p roductivity, early ripen ing, p remocane2fru it ing
R. p elta tus M axim. V ery large fru it and sm all seed, good fru it co lo r, beau tifu l flow er fo r o rnam ent
R. corchorif olius L.
L arge, firm and early ripen ing fru it w ith excellen t flavo r, arom a and good co lo r,
vigo r, erect hab it, nearly sp ine2free, resistance to pests and diseases, good
adap tation
R. cra taeg if olus Bge. L arge fru it, good flavo r and co lo r, erection, w in ter hardiness
R. ch ing ii H u. L arge, firm and early ripen ing fru it, excellen t flavo r and sm all seeds, vigo r,
erection, nearly sp ine2free, resistance to pests and diseases
R. linea tus Reinw. E rect hab it, tho rn2free, vigo r, w in ter hardiness, p remocane2fru it ing, good qualityfru it
R. tep h rod es H ance V igo r, very h igh yield via h igh fru it num ber per lateral, late ripen ing fru it w ith
rich red p igm ent
R. lam bertianus Ser. L ate2ripen ing, p roductivity, good adap tation, firm fru it w ith rich and stab lep igm ent
R. setchuenensis Bureau. et
F ranch. Sp ine2free
R. p en tag onus W all. ex Focke
var. m od estus (Focke) Yüet L u Sp ine2free, erect hab it, large and good quality fru it
R. arcticus L. H erbaceous, w in ter hardiness, good fru it flavo r
R. sax a tilis L. H erbaceous, w in ter hardiness, good fru it flavo r
R. cham aem orus L. H erbaceous, w in ter hardiness
R. p arv if olius L. V ery good adap tation, low ch illing requ irem en t, resistance to drough t, h ightemperatu re, pests and diseases
(F ranch. ) Focke, R. linea tus R einw. and R. h irsu tus T hunb. can be tu rned in to dom estic fru its from w ild
p lan ts after being fo stered and imp roved on their grow ing p laces because they have rich reserves and are
w idely distribu ted over differen t zones w ith a very h igh density. R. x an thocarp us Bureau. et F ranch. and
R. h irsu tus T hunb. can be directly in troduced, dom esticated and cu lt ivated because of large fru it, good
flavour, stun ted brush, early fru it2bearing, easy p ropagation and rough cu lt ivation.
042 武 汉 植 物 学 研 究　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　第 18 卷　　
3　P igm en t in bram ble fru it
T he developm ent of food addit ives is show ing a tendency to use natu ral and edib le p igm ents instead
of art ificia l ones. T he fru its of b ram ble vary their co lo rs w ith differen t species〔31〕. T he aim of th is
research on R ubus p igm ent is to find a good natu ral p igm ent source fo r food industria l uses. T he
p igm ents w ere ex tracted from the fru its of R. tep h rod es H ance, R. lam bertianus Ser. , R. h irsu tus T hunb.
and cu lt ivated b lackberry w ith alcoho l and w ater. O n these p igm ent ex tracts (concretes) , the so lub ility,
pH reaction, spectrum characters, therm al stab ility, ox idation, reduction and m etal cations resistance and
chem ical componen ts w ere investigated. It is indicated that the p igm ents in R ubus fru it w ould rather be
ex tracted w ith alcoho l than w ith w ater. R. tep h rod es H ance and R. lam bertianus Ser. are considered as
good natu ral resources of edib le addit ive fo r ju ices, w ines and jelly p roducts because the p igm ents
ex tracted from their fru its show good co lo r and stab ility. T he m ain chem ical componen ts of p igm ents in
R ubus fru it are an thocyan idins including cyan idin, pelargon idin , delph in idin and their glyco sides (T ab le
2). It has been show n that cyan idin, delph in idin and their glyco sides are the m ain p igm ents in purp le red2
purp le b lack co lo red fru its,w hereas cyan idin, pelargon idin and their glyco sides are the m ain p igm ents in
o range red2brigh t red co lo red fru its. Som e flavono ides addit ionally ex ist in bram ble fru its.
Table 2　P igmen ts in the fruits of 4 Rubus spec ies
Species R. tep h rod es H ance R. lam bertianus Ser. R. h irsu tus T hunb B lackberry (R ubus cv. )
F ru it co lo r purp le red2b lack o range red2red red purp le b lack
P igm ent co lo r purp le red o range red red purp le red
Chem ical componen t
Cy, Dp, Cy232Glu,
Dp232Rut,
Dp232Glu
Cy232Gal Cy, Pg, Cy232Rut,Cy23, 52GG,Pg232Rut,Pg232GG,Pg232Glu Cy, Pg, Cy232Glu,Cy23, 52GG,Pg232Glu,Pg232GG Cy, Dp, Cy232Glu,Cy23, 52GG, Cy232Gal,Cy232Rut,Cy232GG,Dp232Rut, Dp23, 52GG
Stab ility good good average average
Evaluation good additive good additive
4　Flavor in bram ble fru it
T he flavo r is an impo rtan t tra it to evaluate fru it quality of raspberries and b lackberries. Better
flavo r is one of the modern breeding ob jectives. R ubus fru its are no t found to be good flavo ring
m ateria ls, how ever, the studies on its vo lat ile componen ts m ay be helpfu l fo r resistance breeding against
diseases and pests, and imp rovem ent of fru it quality〔32, 33〕. In our co llect ion, the fru its of R. h irsu tus
T hunb. , R. corchorif olius L. and R. ch ing ii H u and so on show their pecu liar flavo r bo th in sm ell and
taste. In o rder to iden tify flavo rous componen ts in bram ble fru it, the fresh fru its of several species w ere
treated by ether, and the abstracts gathered w ere exam ined by GC2M C. 83, 21, 29 and 51 flavo rous
componen ts have been iden tified respectively from the fru its of R. h irsu tus T hunb. , R. ch ing ii H u, R.
lam bertianus Ser. and cu lt ivated b lackberry, of w h ich, m ethoxy, sec2ethyl aceta te, ethyl aceta te, ethyl
fo rate, Α2p inene, Β2p inene, camphene, jun ipene, limonene, p2cym ene, linaloo l and terp ino l are regarded as
the key flavo rous componen ts resu lt ing in the pecu liar sm ell and taste in bram ble fru its (T ab le 3). R.
h irsu tus T hunb. , R. corchorif olius L. and R. ch ingii H u are the excellen t germp lasm fo r select ion and
breeding of raspberry and b lackberry tow ards fru it flavo r.
142　第 3 期　　　　　　　　　　　　李维林等: 中国悬钩子属植物的利用价值概述
Table 3　The key f lavorous con stituen ts and rela tive con ten ts in the fruits of Rubus spec ies
Key flavo r compounds R. h irsu tus T hunb. R. ch ing ii H u R. lam bertianus Ser. B lackberry (R ubus cv. )
ethyl fo rate 2. 02 3. 10 4. 32
ethyl acetate 4. 72 5. 38 18. 71
m ethoxy sec2ethyl acetate 55. 02 2. 76 17. 34
acetic m ethyl acetate 1. 67
benzo ic acid ethyl ester 0. 30
hexyl fo rate 0. 33
phenylacetaldehyde 0. 67 0. 23
camphene 11. 54 13. 22 10. 14Α2p inene 22. 08 28. 24 36. 20Β2p inene 23. 35 24. 10 11. 30
limonene 9. 02 9. 80 6. 20
jun ipene 6. 25 4. 24 4. 20Β2m yrcene 4. 86 3. 14 4. 30
p2cym ene 1. 21 0. 89
m 2cym ene 2. 33
phellandrene 3. 50 1. 57 2. 11
caryophyllene 0. 96
tinaloo l and ox ide 0. 52 0. 20 0. 21 0. 18
terp ineo l 2. 02 0. 30 0. 33 0. 05
citronello l 0. 36 0. 05
5　O ther uses
T here are som e good ground cover p lan ts (e. g. R. ca ly cinoid es H ayata ) and o rnam ental p lan ts
( e. g. R. am abilis Focke) in the genus R ubus. It is a lso believed that som e species are valuab le in so il
p ro tection and environm ent beau tificat ion.
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342　第 3 期　　　　　　　　　　　　李维林等: 中国悬钩子属植物的利用价值概述
表 2　蒿属牡蒿组 6 植物的核型公式
T able 2　T he karyo type fo rm ular of six Sect. L atilobus species of A rtem isia
分类群
Scien tific nam e
核型公式
Karyo type fo rm ular
不对称类型
T ype of asymm etry
南牡蒿A . eriop od a Bge. var. eriop od a K (2n) = 2x = 18= 12m (2SA T ) + 4sm + 2st 2A
海滨牡蒿A . littoricola Kitam. K (2n) = 2x = 18= 14m + 2sm + 2st 2A
东北牡蒿A . m anshu rica (Kom ar) Kom ar. K (2n) = 4x = 36= 30m + 6sm 2A
牡　蒿A . jap on ica T hunb. K (2n) = 4x = 36= 28m + 8sm 2A
沙　蒿A . d esertorum Sp reng. K (2n) = 2x = 18= 14m + 2sm + 2st 2A
长总苞沙蒿A . d esertorum Sp reng. var. long if lora
　G. Y. Zhang K (2n) = 2x = 18= 14m + 2sm + 2st 2A
体。据此推断本组的起源中心为中国东北或以南地区, 在向东、北两个方向扩展过程中, 受气候及地理环
境的综合作用产生了多倍体现象。
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