全 文 ：栾树属植物药学研究概况
王乐 1*，侯恩太 1，徐文进 2，黄海艳 2，马亚荣 2，
雷博宇 2，张峡 2，巩江 3*，倪士峰 2** （1.西安交
通大学生命科学与技术学院 ， 陕西西安
710049；2.西北大学生命科学学院，陕西西安
710069；3. 西藏民族学院医学院 ， 陕西咸阳
712082）
摘 要 栾树是一类重要的园林绿化树种 。
目前对栾树的成分研究较多，而药理学研究和
养生价值研究还比较少。 在广泛文献检索的
基础上，对栾树属植物的种类、成分、药理和临
床应用等研究资料进行了概述，为深入开发利
用栾树属植物提供科学资料。
关键词 栾树属；成分；药理；临床应用
基金项目 西部资源生物与现代生物技术实
验室教育部重点实验室基金（KH09030）；西藏
自治区科技厅重大科技专项基金（20091012）；
陕 西 省 教 育 厅 专 项 科 学 研 究 计 划 项 目
（2010JK862）。
作者简介 王乐（1986-），男，陕西汉中人，在
读博士研究生， 研究方向： 药物分析。 巩江
（1975-），女，甘肃人，高级实验师，硕士，研究
方 向 ： 民 族 药 化 学 与 资 源 学 ，E-mail：
flysnow002001@163.com.* 共同第一作者 。 **
通讯作者，倪士峰，副研究员，博士，硕士研究
生导师，从事中药化学、中药资源学、中药现代
化 、 中医学方向研究 ，E-mail：nsfstone@126.
com.
收稿日期 2014-12-17
修回日期 2015-04-27
Overview of Pharmacological Research on
Koelreuteria Spp.
Le WANG18*, Entai HOU1, Wenjin XU2, Haiyan HUANG2, Yarong MA2, Boyu LEI2, Xia ZHANG2,
Jiang GONG3*, Shifeng NI2**
1. College of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China;
2. College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China;
3. School of Medicine, Tibet Nationality College, Xianyang 712082, China
Supported by Open Fund of Ministry of Education’s Key Laboratory for Western
Resource Biology and Biotechnology Laboratory (KH09030); Major Science and
Technology Program of Science and Technology Office of the Tibet Autonomous
Region (20091012); Scientific Research Plan Project of Shaanxi Education Department
(2010JK862).
*Corresponding author. E-mail: nsfstone@126.com, flysnow002001@163.com.
Received: December 17, 2014 Accepted: April 27, 2015A
Agricultural Science & Technology, 2015, 16(5): 1002-1005, 1010
Copyright訫 2015, Information Institute of HAAS. All rights reserved Forestry
I ntroduction of Koel-reuteria spp.Taxonomy
Koelreuteria spp. (Sapindaceae)
is deciduous tree. A total of 4 species
belonging to Koelreuteria have been
found across the world. Among them,
3 species and 1 variant are distributed
in China, including Koelreuteria inte-
grifoliola Merr, K. bipinnata Franch,
K. minor Hem and Koelreuteria henryi
Dummer. In China, the Koelreuteria
spp. is distributed in Jiangsu, Zhejiang,
Anhui, Hunan, Hubei, Henan and
Shandong. Koelreuteria spp. has up-
right shape, leafy canopy, vigorous
growth, but fewer pests and diseases.
It can be used in road greening, land-
scaping, overshadowing and shelter
belt. In addition, Koelreuteria spp. can
also be used as raw material for ex-
tracting tannin[1].
Chemical Composition
Leaves
The main constituents in leaves of
Koelreuteria spp. are flavonoids, lig-
nans, gallic acid derivatives and sitos-
terol derivatives, including kaempferol-
3-O-rhamnoside, kaempferol-3-O-
arabinoside, 2-galloylhyperin, 2-gal-
loylquercitrin, hyperin, quercitrin, koel-
reuterin-1, austrobailignan-1, aus-
trobailignan-2, ethyl-p-digallate, p-di-
galloyl acid, ethyl-m-digallate, m-di-
galloyl acid, gallic acid, methyl galloyl
acid, ethyl galloyl acid, β-sitosterol and
β-sitosterol-3-O-glucoside[2].
Mahmoud[3] ever isolated success-
fully two kinds of flavonol glucoside
from leaves of Koelreuteria henryi
Dummer.
Seeds
Ma[2] reported that the main con-
stituents isolated from seeds of Koel-
reuteria spp. are cyanolipids, sapo-
nins, flavonoids and glycerides, such
as 3-O-myristoyl-1-cyano-2-methyl-1,
2-propene, 3-O-14, 15-eicosylenoyl-1-
cyano-2-methyl-1, 2-propene, 3-O-14,
15-eicosylenoyl-4-O-stearoyl-1-cyano-
2-oxymethyl-1, 2-propene, quercitrin,
1-O-hexadecanolenin, triolein, 14, 15-
eicosenic acid, paniculatonoid A, pan-
Abstract Koelreuteria spp. is an important kind of landscape tree. The composition
of Koelreuteria spp. has been studied relatively thoroughly. However, there are rare
reports on its pharmacological and health values. On the basis of reviewing exten-
sive literatures, the species, composition, pharmacology and clinical application of
Koelreuteria were summarized in this paper so as to provide scientific information
for further development and utilization of Koelreuteria spp.
Key words Koelreuteria; Composition; Pharmacology; Clinical application
DOI:10.16175/j.cnki.1009-4229.2015.05.031
Agricultural Science & Technology2015
iculatonoid B, 3-O-(6’-linoleicoyl-D-
glycopyranoside)-β-sitosterol, β-sitos-
terol, Koelreuteria saponin A and
Koelreuteria saponin B.
Gao et al. reported that the con-
tents of crude fat, crude protein and
crude fiber in seeds of Koelreuteria
paniculata Laxm. and Koelreuteria
bipinnata Franch in Zhengzhou,
Henan were up to 51% , 24.3% and
26.13%-28.12%, respectively[4]. They
also determined the vitamins contents.
The results showed the contents of
VA, VD2 and VE in seeds of Koel-
reuteria bipinnata Franch were 22.29-
70.28, 0.223 -2.117 IU/g and 0.245 -
3.059 mg/100 g, and in seeds of Koel-
reuteria paniculata Laxm. were 43.95-
91.71, 0.035 -2.707 IU/g and 0.165 -
7.002 mg/100 g, respectively[5].
The ripe seeds of Koelreuteria
paniculata Laxm. were pink or red.
They were good resources of natural
pigments. Under conditions of 1 ∶40
(g/ml) of solid-liquid ratio, 1.0 of pH
(adjusted with 10% hydrochloride),
60 ℃ of extraction temperature, 60
min of extraction time and 50%
ethanol as extraction solvent, the ex-
traction efficiency was higher [ 6 ] . The
maximum absorption wavelength of
acid ethanol crude extract of natural
pigments from seeds of Koelreuteria
paniculata Laxm. and Koelreuteria
bipinnata Franch in Zhengzhou was
336 nm[7].
There were studies showing that
the oil content in seeds of Koelreuteria
integrifoliola Merr reached 54.40% .
The seed oil contained 5 kinds of satu-
rated fatty acids and 3 kinds of unsatu-
rated fatty acids. Among them, the un-
saturated fatty acids content account-
ed for more than 75.26% , including
oleic acid (31.07% ), eicosenoic acid
(35.07%) and erucic acid (9.12%)[8].
Yuan[9] reported that the optimum
conditions for extracting flavonoids
from seed peel of K. paniculata Laxm.
were as follows: 40% ethanol as ex-
traction solvent, solid-liquid ratio of
1 ∶30 and refluxing time of 120 min.
Sutiashvili [10] identified the flavon-
oids and cycloartane-type saponins
newly found in seeds of Koelreuteria
paniculata Laxm.
Bark
Lei isolated a new anhydride con-
stituent, paniculatic anhydride from
bark of Koelreuteria paniculata
Laxm [11]. The paniculatic anhydride-like
components have certain dangers for
human bodies. So the operators
should be much careful during the ex-
traction of chemical components from
the bark of Koelreuteria paniculata
Laxm. He also isolated 3 saponins
from the bark of Koelreuteria panicula-
ta Laxm. The 3 saponins were identi-
fied as 3β-hydroxy-28-lupine, 3β, 28-
dihydroxy-lupane and 3β-hydroxy-28-
lupinicacid. They are all first found in
Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm.
Branches
The chemical components in
branches of Koelreuteria paniculata
Laxm. included p-digalloyl acid, m-di-
galloyl acid, 2″ -galloylquercitrin, gallic
acid, ethyl galloyl acid, ellagic acid,
quercitrin, hyperin, 2″ -galloylhyperin,
β-sitosterol and β-sitosterol-3-O-gluco-
side[13].
Flowers
A total of 9 components were ex-
tracted from the position of flowers of
Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm. where
large amounts of ethyl acetate was
extracted. They were daucosterol,
gallic acid, kaempferol, luteolin,
kaempferol-3-O-(6-acetyl)-β-D-gluco-
sidase, 2-O-acetylhyperin, 2-galloyl-
hyperin, hyperin and kaempferol-3-O-
β-D-glucoside [14]. In the position of
flowers of Koelreuteria paniculata
Laxm. where chloroform was extract-
ed, coumarins were also isolated, in-
cluding acetyl umbelliferone and 6-
benzoyl-umbelliferone [14-15]. Lee [16] iso-
lated galloylRh and a new lignin-gluco-
side from leaves of Koelreuteria henryi
Dummer. They all have certain resis-
tance against DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-
picrylhydrazyl).
Pharmacology
Protecting cardiovascular system
Ethyl galloyl acid has certain anti-
platelet aggregation effect. It can en-
hance the dissolution of fibrin and pro-
mote the dissolution of thrombus[2, 17]. In
addition, flavonoids can also improve
blood circulation and reduce choles-
terol content[2, 17-18].
Antioxidation and antiaging
The oxygen free radicals inside
bodies have oxidative effects on cells
and tissues. So the scavenging of oxy-
gen free radicals will protect cells from
oxidative damage, thereby fighting
aging. Studies have shown that the
2-O-galloylquercitrin in leaves of
Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm. can
scavenge xanthine oxidase (XO) radi-
cals[2]. Gallic acid and ethyl galloyl acid
have characteristics of phenolic con-
stituents. They can be used as hydro-
gen donors for oxidizing free radicals.
In addition, they can also provide hy-
drogen atoms for free radicals in the
lipid oxidation reaction chain, terminat-
ing the chain reaction, thereby fighting
oxidation[19]. Flavonoids can also scav-
enge oxygen free radicals inside
bodies, and they are relatively strong
antioxidants[2, 18-19]. Chen et al.[20] found
that the antioxidants inside Koel-
reuteria spp. can be rapidly screened
out by combining the DPPH (or XOD)
and LC-MS/MS. They also found that
the polyphenols in the ethanol extract
of Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm. have
antioxidant effects[21]. Kumar et al.[22] re-
ported that the chloroform and ethyl
acetate extracts of Koelreuteria panic-
ulata Laxm. have certain DNA-protec-
tion and anti-oxidation potentials.
Anticancer
Protein tyrosine kinase(PTK) is re-
lated to occurrence of cancers. But the
kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside, kaemp-
ferol-3-O-arabinoside and quercetin
extracted from leaves of Koelreuteria
paniculata Laxm. can inhibit the activi-
ty of PTK[2, 17, 23].
Koelreuterin-1 has specific toxicity
to human ovarian cancer and
melanoma cells[2, 17]. Song et al. [24] re-
ported the cytotoxic activities of three
cochinchins, koelreuterin-1, austrobai-
lignan-1 and austrobailignan-2, ex-
tracted from leaves of Koelreuteria
henryi Dummer. The three
cochinchins, isolated from the weakly
polar of extract of Koelreuteria panicu-
lata Laxm., all have cyclolignan lac-
tone structure. In vitro, they all have
cytotoxicity to 8 cell lines through in-
hibiting the activity of microtubule
polymerization protease[1, 2, 25]. Chin et
al.[26] found the ethanol extract of Koel-
reuteria paniculata Laxm. can inhibit
the metastasis of renal cancer cells
(RCCs). Chiang et al. [27] found the ex-
tract of Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm.
can enhance the anti-cancer effect
through inhibiting the activity of dihy-
drodiol dehydrogenase (DDH).
1003
Agricultural Science & Technology 2015
Antivirus
It has been proved that a new
saponin, isolated from leaves of Koel-
reuteria paniculata Laxm. has antiviral
activity[28].
Antibacteria
The antibacterial tests showed
that the antibacterial effects of leaves
of Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm. on
the 11 kinds of pathogenic bacteria
are much better than those of Coptis
chinensis, Viola mandshurica and
Senecio scandens, which are com-
monly used in clinic as anti-inflamma-
tory drugs. Moreover, the inhibiting ef-
fects of ethyl galloyl acid on E. coli and
B. subtilis are all better than those of
other esters of gallic acid[2, 29-30]. Howev-
er, the inhibiting effects of flavonoids
extracted from flowers of Koel-
reuteria paniculata Laxm. have certain
selectivity on pathogenic bacteria [31].
Mostafe et al. [32] found that the ethyl
galloyl acid, isolated from the ethanol
extract of Koelreuteria paniculata
Laxm., has certain antibacterial effect.
Anti-inflammation
Flavonoids can inhibit the exuda-
tion of inflammatory enzymes, thereby
promoting healing of wounds and re-
lieving pain. The flavonoids contents in
seeds, branches and leaves of Koel-
reuteria paniculata Laxm. were 1.78%,
0.27% and 0.45%, respectively [18]. In
addition, two new components, panic-
ulatonoid A and paniculatonoid B were
found in seeds of Koelreuteria pan-
iculata Laxm [33]. A total of 11, 7 and 8
flavonoids spots were isolated in
leaves, seeds and nutshell of Koel-
reuteria paniculata Laxm[34]. The gal-
loylRh and a new lignin-glucoside iso-
lated from leaves of Koelreuteria hen-
ryi Dummer have certain resistance
against DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-
hydrazyl)[16].
Inhibiting activity of tyrosine kinase
Abou-Shoer reported that the
flavonoids extracted from K. henryi
Dummer can be used as inhibitors
against protein tyrosine kinase.
Clinical Application
The “Shen Nong’s Herbal”
records that Koelreuteria spp. is bitter
in taste, cold in nature and nontoxic. It
has functions of removing heat from
the liver, improving eyesight, reducing
swelling and relieving pain. It is mainly
used to treat swelling and pain of eyes,
tearing and canthus fester.
In the private sector, the flowers
and roots of Koelreuteria paniculata
Laxm. are commonly used to disperse
wind, clear heat, suppress cough and
kill insects. The roots and flowers of
Koelreuteria integrifoliola Merr all can
be used as drugs for suppressing
cough and expelling roundworms.
Others
Excellent nectar source
Koelreuteria integrifoliola Merr
and K. bipinnata Franch have long
flowering phase and rich pollen.
Even till the fruits are ripe and the
membranous pods start to split , a
small amount of honey will also be
secreted[37-38].
Woody vegetable
The buds of Koelreuteria panicu-
lata Laxm., also called as Muli buds,
are a kind of natural and non-contami-
nation green vegetable. It can prevent
diabetes, cancers and cardiovascular
diseases, and has high medical value
of health care[39-40].
Extracting natural pigments
The ripe seeds of Koelreuteria
paniculata Laxm. are pink or red, so
they are excellent and natural pig-
ments resources[4-7].
Purifying the air
Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm. can
be used on control SO2 pollution. At
the same time, it also has antibacterial
bactericidal effects. In some epidemic
areas where the pathogenic bacteria
is mainly spread by air, the planting of
Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm. plays
an important practical role in disease
control[41].
Processing wastewater
The seeds of Koelreuteria panic-
ulata Laxm. can be used as natural
and organic polymer flocculants. They
have strong flocculating activity and
good development prospect[42-43].
Corrosion inhibitor
The seed extract of Koelreuteria
paniculata Laxm. is an environment-
friendly corrosion inhibitor. It is char-
acterized by wide source, low cost,
easy biodegradation, direct emission
and little harm to environment[44].
Processing mine waste
The biological absorption coeffi-
cients of Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm.
differ greatly among different trace el-
ements. The Koelreuteria paniculata
Laxm. has higher enrichment capacity
for manganese and iron[45].
Conclusions and Prospects
Koelreuteria spp. is an important
class of landscape tree. Currently, the
researches on composition of Koel-
reuteria spp. have been relatively
thoroughly. However, there are rare
reports on the pharmacology and
health value of Koelreuteria spp. So
there have been no medicines or for-
mulations developed from Koelreuteria
spp. Therefore, the pharmacology and
health value of Koelreuteria spp. are
needed to be further discussed in
depth so as to develop related phar-
maceutical products, thereby better
serving human health.
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